Defiant Brides: The Untold Story of Two Revolutionary-Era Women and the Radical Men They Married
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Parliament, British, 136–137, 138
patriots: disgust for Quakers, 4–5; drabness of women, 44; exodus from Philadelphia, 7; fear of, in Philadelphia, 39–40; Neddy Shippen’s capture by, 12–13; Peggy ill-treated by, 107, 157; scorn for “disaffected,” 43–44; suspicious of Shippen, 11; view of flirtations with British officers, 6
patronage, 171
Paulding, John, 105
Peale, Charles Willson, 37
Peirce, Joseph, 171
Pennsylvania, militia subdues food riot, 70; Peggy exiled from, 111–112; Whiskey Rebellion in, 173. See also Philadelphia; Supreme Executive Council (of Pennsylvania)
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 108, 211
Pennsylvania Packet, 15, 48, 51, 52, 57, 109, 110
Penobscot tribe, 180–181
Pepperrell, Andrew, 20
Petty-FitzMaurice, William (Earl of Shelburne), 137
Philadelphia: Arnold as governor of, 40–43; curfew in, 42; life of Shippen family in, 11–12, 40; need for order in, 39; regains former splendor, 165–166; shops closed in, 42, 43; social life under British, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12; summer heat and disease, 165, 168, 172; surrenders to Howe’s troops, 3–4, 7, 12, 33
Phipps, Pownall, 209, 210
Pickering, Thomas, 6–7, 80
Pitt, William “the Younger,” 137, 175, 190
Pluckemin Artillery Cantonment, 55–56, 150, 205
Poellnitz, Lady Anne, 152
Pollard, Mary Johnson (Lucy’s friend), 26, 28, 30
Portland, Duke of, 187
portraits: of Benedict Arnold, 38; of Henry Knox, 18; of Maj. John André, 102; of Peggy Arnold, 134; Peggy receives father’s portrait, 177–178
President (American frigate), 173
Prevost, James Marcus, 83
Prevost, Theodosia, 83, 108
prisoners of war: slaughtered by British, 126, 140–141
protests: Arnold burned in effigy, 109–110, 121, 158; mutiny in Continental army, 118–119, 122–123; Philadelphia food riot, 69–70; Shays’s Rebellion, 152–153, 159; Whiskey Rebellion, 173
Public Advertiser (London newspaper), 133
Quakers (Society of Friends), 3, 4–5
Rawson, Francis Lord, 4
Rebel (American privateer), 133
Redman, Becky (Peggy’s friend), 5, 13
Reed, Eliza Taylor, 196
Reed, Joseph: accusation against Peggy, 109; accusations against Arnold, 48, 61; complaints against “disaffected,” 44; compromise with mutineers, 119; demands delay of court-martial, 61–62; distrust of Arnold, 42, 43; food riot and, 70; as greedy and ambitious, 42–43; Matlack’s complaints to, 47; outrage at dropped charges, 52–53; proposed hanging of Loyalists, 44; Shippen family suspicious of, 51; threats to Supreme Executive Council, 48–49
Reed, Josiah, 196
The Republican Court. . . (Griswold), 159–160, 161
Revere, Paul, 17, 185, 198
Robinson, Beverly: defense of André, 112–113; fears for André, 94; home as place for Arnold’s treason, 88–89; meeting with Arnold, 81, 82; seditious letter to Arnold, 89, 90–91; signal to Arnold, 89
Robuste (British ship), 130–131, 133
Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, 87, 117, 125, 128
La Rochefoucauld, Francois de la, 181–182
Roebuck (British ship), 4
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 186
Royal Gazette (New York newspaper), 119, 120, 154
Sabine, Lorenzo, 205–206
Sage, John, 201, 203
Saint John Gazette (Canadian newspaper), 154, 156
St. Mary’s Church at Battersea, 191, 210–211
Saltonstall, Gurdon, 126
Saratoga, Battle of, 210
Saratoga National Historic Park, 210
Scammel, Alexander, 107
Schaack, Peter Van, 137
Schuyler, Philip, 49, 50, 52, 53, 76, 88
Second Continental Dragoons, 7
Secret History of the American Revolution, The (Van Doren), 212
Sewall family, 155
Shays, Daniel, 152
Shays’s Rebellion, 152–153, 159
Shelburne, Earl of (William Petty-FitzMaurice), 137
Shewell, Robert, 42
Shippen, Edward (Peggy’s father), 4; Arnold disinterested in wealth of, 46; attempts to prevent Peggy’s exile, 111, 112; on Betsy’s marriage to Neddy Burd, 47; as chief justice of Penna. Supreme Court, 201–202; fear of Continental army, 40; friendship with Washington, 12–13; introduced to Arnold, 45; lack of communication with Peggy, 189; meeting with Quaker women, 3; Peggy admits sacrifices to, 140; Peggy as favorite of, 10, 11; on Peggy’s wedding, 50, 54; political views of, 11, 12; portrait of, 177–178; removes family from Philadelphia, 11–12; repurchase of Mount Pleasant, 138–139; return to Philadelphia, 12; told of Peggy’s illness and death, 204; view of Peggy’s popularity, 5–6
Shippen, Edward (Peggy’s grandfather), 50
Shippen, Edward V. “Neddy” (Peggy’s brother), 12–13
Shippen, Elizabeth (Peggy’s sister). See Burd, Elizabeth (née Shippen)
Shippen, Margaret, “Peggy.” See Arnold, Margaret, “Peggy” (née Shippen)
Shippen, Margaret Francis (Peggy’s mother), 5–6, 157
Shippen, Mary (Peggy’s sister), 4, 5, 11
Shippen, Sally (Peggy’s sister), 4, 5, 11
Shippen, William (Peggy’s uncle), 12
Shippen family: on accusations against Peggy, 109; charges against Arnold and, 51, 53; disgust with Benedict, 111; fears for Peggy’s situation, 139; preoccupied with marriage of Betsy, 46–47
Shoemaker, Rebecca Warner Rawle, 121, 123–124, 131
“Sketch of Mrs. Henry Knox” (Ellet), 206
smallpox: contracted by Knox infant, 140; outbreak of, 28; “variolation” against, 28, 31–32
Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby,” 160–161
Smith, Elizabeth Gordon, 82
Smith, Joshua Hett: abandons André behind American lines, 93, 104, 116; capture and imprisonment of, 101, 112; “loose character” of, 94; ordered to escort André, 92–93; quarrels with Arnold and Varick, 90, 93–94; questionable loyalties of, 82; on Robinson’s property, 88; tenant farmers of, 88, 89, 91
Smith, Oliver, 171
Smith, William, 82
Society of Friends (Quakers), 3, 4–5
Society of the Cincinnati, 144, 179
“Soldier’s Joy,” 141
Southwark Theatre (Philadelphia), 5
Sparks, Jared, 126–127
Spencer, George (Lord Spencer), 188
“stag dance,” 141
Stanley, William, 211
Stansbury, Joseph, 62–63, 64
Stedman, Charles, 14
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Von, 39, 142
Stirling, Dorothy Willing (Peggy’s cousin), 135
Stirling, Lord (William Alexander), 142
Stirling, Walter, 135, 136
Stony Point: captured by Clinton, 58, 67; recaptured by Wayne, 68, 78
“Strictures Upon the Philadelphia Meschianza [sic]. . .,” 14
Strong, Caleb, 196
Sullivan, William, 205
Sun Assurance Company, 156, 158
Supreme Executive Council (of Pennsylvania): Arnold’s application for pass from, 48; exiles Peggy from Pennsylvania, 111–112; formal charges against Arnold, 51, 60; orders search for Arnold’s papers, 109; Pennsylvania governed by, 42–43; Reed’s presidency of, 48; smear campaign against Arnold, 50–51, 61, 107; Washington’s relations with, 64–65
Surrey, Lord, 136–137
Sutherland, Andrew, 92, 94
Swan, James (Caroline Knox’s husband), 199, 206
Symonds, Commodore Thomas, 123
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de (Prince Talleyrand), 176
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 105–106, 115
Tarleton, Banastre, 135
Tarrantines, 180–181
Ternay, Charles-Henri-Louis d�
�Arsac, 87
Thacher, James, 21, 57; on André’s execution, 116; on battle of Yorktown, 129; on blizzards of 1779–1780, 72; on Continental army mutineers, 118; on discovery of Arnold’s treachery, 103; eulogy for Knox, 198; on Peekskill encampment, 124; on poor conditions in Philadelphia, 127
Thatcher, Ebenezer, 196
Thatcher, Henry Knox (Knox grandson), 196, 208
Thatcher, Julia (Knox granddaughter), 196, 197
Thomaston, Maine, 185, 208
Tilghman, Elizabeth (Peggy’s cousin), 46–47, 50, 53, 54
Tilghman, Tench (Shippen cousin), 78–79
Tories, 137
“Tory rides,” 26
“To the Inhabitants of America” (Arnold), 119
“To the Officers and Soldiers. . .” (Arnold), 120
Travels in North-America (Chastellux), 117
Travels through the United States of North America (Rochefoucauld), 181–182
United States (American frigate), 173
Unmasked Nabob of Hancock Country, The, 186
Upham, Joshua, 158
Urquart, Hannah Flucker (Lucy’s sister), 19, 20, 21, 145, 152
U.S. Military Academy at West Point, 205
Valley Forge, 15, 32, 35; Continental army at, 7, 14, 33; fortification of, 39; life of officers and families at, 37, 39
Vandeveer, Jacobus, 55, 59
Van Doren, Mark, 212
Van Wart, Isaac, 105
Varick, Richard, 88; attempts to calm Peggy, 96–97; illness of, 94, 96; quarrels with Smith, 90, 94; suspicious of Arnold, 89, 90, 93
“variolation” against smallpox, 28, 31–32
Vassal, William, 191
Vergennes, Charles Gravier de, 87
Vigilant (British ship), 9
Vimeur, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de (Gen. Rochambeau), 87
Vulture (British ship), 81, 82, 89, 90, 112, 113; Arnold’s escape to, 97, 98; damaged and repaired, 92, 94
Waldo, Samuel, 145
Waldo, Hannah. See Flucker, Hannah (née Waldo)
Waldo Patent: attempts to settle, 169; Henry’s land grab of, 171, 186; Henry’s tour of, 145, 149; Lucy’s interest in, 152, 166; squatters on, 186, 195
Walker, Lewis Burd, 108, 211
Walsingham, Thomas, 136
Ward, Samuel, Jr., 37, 39
Warren, Henry, 171
Warren, James, 22
Warren, Mercy Otis, 144, 171
Warren, Winslow, 171
Washington, George, 37, 39, 83, 127, 172; André’s confession to, 106; appoints Arnold to special command, 78–79; asks Arnold for guard, 87–88; belief in Peggy’s innocence, 109; biography of, 205; crossing the Delaware, 29; dance at celebration of dauphin’s birthday, 141; death of, 195; despair at Arnold’s treachery, 97; dispatches artillery to West Point, 81; farewell to troops, 146–147; fondness for dancing, 57; friendship with Henry and Lucy, 22, 24, 26; friendship with Shippen family, 12–13; inaugural ball for, 161; informed of André’s capture, 95; march through New York City, 145–146; orders André’s execution, 114; orders army to leave Boston, 25; orders army to Peekskill, 124; orders Arnold to West Point, 79; Peggy’s opinion of, 12; plan for attack on New York, 87; pleads for aid to army, 118; relationship with Arnold, 34, 40–41, 51–52, 71, 76, 120; reprimand of Arnold, 73, 75–76; speech against strike by army, 144; on state of army, 29; support of Society of the Cincinnati, 144; sympathies on death of Knox child, 167; tour of Roxbury fortifications, 21; trip to Peekskill, 89–90; at Valley Forge, 7, 14, 32; watches battle of Yorktown, 129
Washington, John “Jackie,” 130
Washington, Martha, 32, 141, 172; absent from inauguration, 161; first “levee” of, 167; friendship with Henry and Lucy, 22, 24, 26, 57; hospitality to Lucy, 127–128; life at Valley Forge, 37
Waste Lands of the Crown in Upper Canada, 187, 209–210
Watkins, Anne, 83
Wayne, Anthony “Mad Anthony,” 57, 173; mutineers and, 118, 119; re-takes Stony Point, 68, 78; scorn for women of Mischianza, 44
weather: blizzards of 1779–1780, 72, 73; summer heat in Philadelphia, 165, 168, 172
Webber, John, 150
Welles family, 147
West India Planters and Merchants, 187
Westminster Abbey, 137
West Point, 60, 77, 79; “Great Chain” at, 76; Knox’s artillery sent to, 81; poor condition of fort, 80; security tightened for, 103; U.S. Military Academy established, 205
Wharton, Joseph, 9
Whigs, 137
Whiskey Rebellion, 173
Whitehall Evening Post (London newspaper), 136
Whiting, Thurston, 194
William IV, King, 209
Willing, Mary (cousin), 12
Wilson, Barry, 201
Wilson, James, 69, 70
Winslow, Elizabeth, 56
Winslow, Sarah, 56
Winslow family, 149
Wister, Sally, 42
Women of the American Revolution (Ellet), 168, 205–206
Yorktown, Virginia: battle of, 129–130; Cornwallis surrenders, 130; Knox on battle of, 52; preparations to attack, 125, 127–128
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© 2013 by Nancy Rubin Stuart
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Text design and composition by Kim Arney
Spelling and punctuation modernizations appear in certain quotations to enhance readability.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rubin Stuart, Nancy.
Defiant brides : the untold story of two revolutionary-era women and the radical men they married / Nancy Rubin Stuart.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN: 978-0-8070-0118-9
ISBN 978-0-8070-0117-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Arnold, Margaret Shippen, 1760–1804. 2. Knox, Lucy Flucker, 1760–1824. 3. Arnold, Benedict, 1741–1801. 4. Knox, Henry, 1750–1806. 5. United States— History—Revolution, 1775–1783—Biography. I. Title.
E278.A72R83 2012
973.3092′52—dc23
2012027734