by Ron Chernow
Ink and watercolor on paper, 1818
Collection of The New-York Historical Society (1961.13, negative #38794)
James Madison (1751–1836), by Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827)
Oil on canvas, 1792
Collection of the Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma
John Jay (1745–1829), by Joseph Wright (1756– 1793)
Oil on canvas, 1786
Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift of John Pintard (1817.5, negative #6066)
790 Illustration Permissions
The Federalist number 1
From the New-York Independent Journal, October 27, 1787
Collection of The New-York Historical Society (negative #52128) George Clinton (1739–1812), by Ezra Ames (1768– 1836)
Oil on canvas, 1814
Collection of The New-York Historical Society,
gift of George Clinton Tallmadge (1858.84, negative #6108) Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), by Mather Brown (1761–1831)
Oil on canvas, 1786
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
(99.66)/Art Resource, New York
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), by James Sharples,
Sr. (ca. 1751–1811), from life
Pastel on paper, 1796–1797
Independence National Historical Park
Philip Morin Freneau (1752–1832)
Reprinted from Philip Morin Freneau, Poems
Relating to the American Revolution (New York:
W. J. Widdleton, 1865)
James Monroe (1758–1831), by Jean-Baptiste-Claude
Sené, (1748–1803)
Watercolor on ivory, 1794
Courtesy of James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia
William Branch Giles (1762–1830), after Gilbert
Stuart (1755–1828)
Photogravure, n.d.
Collection of The New-York Historical Society
(PR 052 Portrait File, negative #75966) Edmond Charles Genêt (1763–1834), by GillesLouis Chrétien (1754–1811) after Jean Fouquet
(active 1793–1798)
Engraving, restrike from the original copper plate
of 1793
Albany Institute of History and Art, bequest of
George Clinton Genet through the estate of
Augusta G. K. C. Genet (1912.2.4)
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–
1838), by Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758–1823) Oil on canvas, 1817
Metropolitan Museum of Art, purchase, Mrs.
Charles Wrightsman, gift in memory of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (1994.190) John Adams (1735–1826), by Charles Willson Peale
(1741–1827), from life
Oil on canvas 1791–1794
Independence National Historical Park
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the
Public Conduct and Character of John Adams,
Esq., President of the United States
New York: printed for John Lang by George F.
Hopkins, 1800
Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift
of Gulian E. Verplanck, 1809 (negative #51097)
Timothy Pickering (1745–1829), by Hezekiah W. Smith after Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) Engraving, ca. 1860
Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift
of Henry O. Havemeyer (PR 025, negative #75964) Oliver Wolcott, Jr. (1760–1833), by Joseph Andrews (1806–1837) and W. H. Tappan after John Trumbull (1756–1843)
Engraving, ca. 1850 Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift of Henry O. Havemeyer (PR 025, negative #75965) James McHenry (1753–1816), by James Sharples, Sr. (ca. 1751–1811), from life
Pastel on paper, ca. 1796–1800
Independence National Historical Park Aaron Burr (1756–1836), attributed to Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1792
Collection of The New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey, gift of David A. Hayes for John Chetwood (1854.1)
Aaron Burr (1756–1836), by John Vanderlyn (1775– 1852)
Oil on canvas, 1802
Collection of The New-York Historical Society,
gift of Dr. John E. Stillwell (1931.58, negative #6227) Aaron Burr (1756–1836), by James Van Dyck (active nineteenth century)
Oil on canvas, 1834
Collection of The New-York Historical Society,
gift of Dr. John E. Stillwell (1931.57, negative #6832) Philip Hamilton (1782–1801)
Reprinted from Allan McLane Hamilton, The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911)
Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), by Ezra Ames (1768–1836)
Oil on canvas, 1810
Special Collections, Schaffer Library, Union
College, gift of General Alexander Hamilton, 1875 Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton (1757–1854), attributed to John D. Martin Charcoal and chalk on paper, 1851
Museum of the City of New York, gift of Mrs.
Alexander Hamilton and General Pierpont Morgan Hamilton (1971.31.6) Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), by Giuseppe Ceracchi (1751–1802)
Marble, ca. 1793
Collection of The New-York Historical Society, gift
of James Gore King (1928.18, negative #50044) Hamilton Grange, New York, by Randall Comfort Photograph, 1891
Collection of The New-York Historical Society
(PR 020 Geographic File, negative #75963)
Index
abolitionism, 35, 94, 210–16, 285, 306–8, 391, 450, 485, 580–82, 614, 628
of AH, 5, 6, 23, 27, 33, 41, 94, 121–22, 210–12,
239, 307, 495, 514, 580–82, 629, 662, 730 American Revolution and, 121–23, 210, 212 British, 122, 123
Adams, Abigail, 305, 338, 517, 524, 550, 560, 571,
592, 614, 638
on AH, 383, 400, 419, 511, 535–36, 566, 598, 602,
617
election of 1800 and, 616–17
health problems of, 596
husband of, see Adams, John
Jefferson and, 515, 664
on Philadelphia sensuality, 362–63
on slavery, 122–23
on Washington, 88, 279
Adams, Charles, 188, 278, 597, 638
Adams, Henry, 3, 635, 648, 690, 703
Adams, John, 112, 172, 188, 192, 240, 241, 247, 324,
344, 514–25, 683
Abigail’s correspondence with, 88, 420, 454, 493,
497, 509, 511, 523, 535
Abigail’s views on, 271, 597
absenteeism of, 420, 525, 558, 578, 579, 594,
596–97, 638
on AH, 115, 163, 334, 363, 511, 520, 521–22, 524,
525, 536, 537, 553, 558, 559, 562, 568, 571, 579,
615–16, 620, 624–25, 626, 632, 713, 714 AH compared with, 17, 205, 517, 521, 547, 599, 640 AH’s correspondence with, 420, 455–56, 524,
560–61, 563–64, 621–22
AH’s feud with, 2, 5, 273, 419, 510–11, 515–16,
521, 524, 525, 556–61, 566, 573, 579, 596–600,
611–26, 713
AH’s pamphlet about, 619–26, 636, 638
Alien and Sedition Acts and, 570–71, 573, 663
anarchy feared by, 65, 518
in army organization battles, 554–62, 596, 602 background of, 517–18
on British constitution, 393, 398
cabinet of, 516, 523–25, 547, 554, 555–56, 565–66,
593–94, 596, 597, 623
cabinet purge of, 610–16, 619–20
Continental Congress and, 57, 99, 518, 555 death of, 631
diary of, 99, 104–5, 518, 519
Dutch loan arranged by, 175, 518
in election of 1789, 271–73
in election of 1792, 419–21, 423–24
in election of 1796, 509, 510–11, 514–16, 609 in election of 1800, 562, 579, 594–95, 606, 610–12,
614–18, 628, 631, 632, 634, 638
as Federalist, 392, 420, 509, 510–11, 514–16, 523,
525, 550, 562, 579, 594–95, 625–26, 627, 635 French Revolution and, 434, 439, 521, 546–53,
592–95, 630
on Jefferson, 320, 453–54, 519
Jefferson’s correspondence with, 390, 519 Jefferson’s relationship with, 515, 518, 519, 547 judiciary and, 647–48
on Madison, 305–6
military experience lacking in, 555, 557
military promoted by, 547, 548, 550, 553
monarchist leanings of, 234, 278, 514, 517, 519, 578 on New York City, 50–51, 77
peace initiative of, 592–99, 611, 620, 623, 630–31,
657
as president, 5, 398, 451, 511, 514–17, 520,
523–25, 530, 536, 546–63, 565–73, 575, 577–79,
592–602, 610–26, 630–31, 635, 638, 647–48,
657, 663
Reynolds affair and, 535–36, 537
slavery and, 212
Adams, John ( cont.)
Society of the Cincinnati and, 217
vanity of, 272–73, 334, 519, 520, 547, 593, 599, 625 as vice president, 271–73, 277, 278, 283, 289,
305–6, 419–21, 423–24, 439, 482, 487, 522–23,
525, 660
on Washington, 89, 104–5, 290, 520, 524, 593, 601,
624
Washington’s correspondence with, 557, 559–60 Adams, John Quincy, 233, 278, 321, 420, 557, 722,
727
on AH, 334, 481, 677
on Jefferson, 321, 627, 637
Adams, Samuel, 62, 104, 174, 217, 714
Addison, Joseph, 107, 206
Additional Army, 553
see also Army, U.S.
Africa, 213, 538
African Free School, 214
agriculture, 342, 391
AH’s views on, 32, 257, 294, 370, 375–76 bank bill and, 349, 352
Bank of New York and, 201
Jeffersonian democracy and, 3, 6, 352, 375 trade embargo and, 57–58
see also farmers
Ajax (Hamilton’s house slave), 23
Albany, N.Y., 101–3, 134, 146, 204, 641, 678 AH’s legal work in, 501, 502, 669–70
City Tavern in, 673, 681
Dutch character of, 147
riot in, 268
Schuyler mansion in (the Pastures), 102–3, 129,
135, 136, 148, 154, 159–60, 167, 169, 183–84,
210, 246, 261, 292, 363, 449, 451–52, 470, 472,
482, 484–85, 543, 544, 554, 583–84, 723 as state capital, 607
Tayler dinner in, 680, 681, 688
Albany Common Council, 451, 452
Albany Plan, 70
Albany Register, 681, 686
alcohol:
consumption of, 92–93
taxes on, 300, 342–44, 403, 423, 460, 468–78, 480 Alexander, William, see Stirling, Lord
Alien Act (1798), 570, 571, 572
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 570–77, 599–600,
608, 614, 626, 646, 667–69
Alien Enemies Act (1798), 570
Alien Landowners Act, 589
Allan, Richard, 14
Alston, Aaron Burr, 721
Alston, Joseph, 721
Alston, Theodosia Burr, 170, 637, 682, 721 father’s correspondence with, 674, 677, 698–99,
716–19
Hamilton-Burr duel and, 689, 691, 698–99 André, John (“John Anderson”), 140–45, 158, 259 Anglicanism, see Church of England
Annapolis conference (1786), 222–24
anthrax, 283
antifederalists, 243–45, 261–69, 273–75, 279, 310–11
despotic militarism feared by, 253–54
New York Ratifying Convention and, 261–68 speculation and, 303
use of term, 243
Antill, Fanny, see Tappan, Fanny Antill
antislavery societies, 210, 212, 306
in New York, 214–16, 239, 581
Argus, 491, 493
AH’s libel suit against, 575–77
aristocracy, 150, 257, 396, 446
AH linked with, 3, 23–24, 211, 216–18, 232–34, 314, 350, 397, 400, 402, 405, 460, 616, 662 of bank paper, 346
Burr’s links to, 191
Constitutional Convention and, 232–34 of Federalists, 391, 405, 651
French, 96, 119–20, 316–18, 463–67
in New York, 91, 195
Scottish, 12–15
Society of the Cincinnati and, 216–18
southern, 211, 312, 531
Arkwright, Sir Richard, 370–72, 374
Army, British, 62, 76, 79–82, 100, 109, 127, 140, 197–99
retreat of, 112–15
see also specific battles
Army, French, 119, 139, 148, 566
Army, U.S., 550–68, 608, 651
AH as inspector general in, 555–68, 573, 576–79, 592–603, 614, 619, 633
AH’s imperialist escapade in, 566–68, 595, 671 bureaucratic problems of, 565–66, 595, 596 command vacancy in, 601, 623
creation of, 290, 459–60, 475, 546, 550–53, 626 disbanding of, 602, 615
domestic disturbances and, 577–79
dueling curbed in, 652–53
Washington’s command of, 555–64, 566, 567, 593, 595
Arnold, Benedict, 140–44, 158, 198, 313
Arnold, Jacob, tavern of, 85, 91
Arnold, Margaret Shippen (Peggy), 140–42, 169, 198 Articles of Confederation, 138–39, 149, 169, 241, 247, 269, 299, 345, 610
Federalist critique of, 253–54, 255, 257
money problems and, 124, 171, 224–26
revision of, 139, 157, 179, 183, 223–24, 230, 231, 243, 310
Astor, John Jacob, 718
atheism, 463, 507, 546, 609, 633, 659
Auldjo, John, 238
Aurora, 476, 507, 529, 531, 548, 551, 575–77, 609, 616, 620
anti-Adams letter leaked to, 621–22
Reynolds affair and, 535, 542–43, 558, 576–77, 583 Bequia, 40, 148, 580
Bethune, Joanna Graham, 582, 729
Biddle, Charles, 673, 677, 682, 691, 692, 699, 710,
716, 717
Biddle, Nicholas, 717
Bill of Rights, U.S., 244, 260, 280, 304, 307, 552 bimetallism, 356
Bingham, Anne Willing, 362–63
Bingham, William, 362–63
blacks:
AH’s early exposure to, 17, 19, 23, 32–33, 210 in American Revolution, 78, 121–23, 125, 164,
172, 210, 212, 285
education of, 214, 581, 698
free, 23, 213–14, 581, 635, 675
Jefferson’s views on, 210, 513–14
see also slavery, slaves
Blackstone, Sir William, 52, 71–72, 168
Bland, Martha, 93
Bloomfield, Joseph, 719
Board of Regents, New York, 206
Board of Treasury, 293, 381
Board of War, 106
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I, emperor of France
bonds, 296, 298, 300
in American Revolution, 297–98
U.S., 280, 297, 307, 379, 380, 428
Boston, Mass., 489, 726
colonists’ struggle against British in, 54–57, 59, 62,
74
port of, 54, 55
“scrippomania” in, 357, 358
size of, 50, 185
Boston Massacre (1770), 42, 517
Boston Tea Party, 54–55, 59
Boudinot, Anna Maria, 45–46
Boudinot, Annie, 45
Boudinot, Elias, 43, 45–46, 47, 72, 113, 114, 181, 334 AH’s warning from, 387
in Congress, 280–81, 350
Rush’s correspondence with, 450–51
Boudinot, Elisha, 472
Boxwood Hall, 45
boycott of British goods, 55, 57–58
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 477, 635
Braddock, Edward, 87
Bradford, William, 458, 471, 501
Bradhurst, Samuel, 641
Brandywine Creek, Battle of (1777), 98, 104 Brissot de Warville, J. P., 119, 130–31, 251, 279 Brooklyn, Battle of (1776), 45, 78–80
Brooks, John, 124
Brown, Andrew, 680
Brown, Moses, 371
Browne, Joseph, 586, 588–89
Bunker (Breed’s) Hill, Battle of (1775), 65–66, 103 as vice president, 644, 660–62, 672, 677, 682, 714–19
Washington’s relationship with, 74, 562
womanizing and sexual escapades of, 74, 192, 637, 661–62, 675–76, 677, 682, 698, 699, 716, 717, 720, 722
Burr, Aaron, Sr., 35, 46, 191, 722
Burr, Esther Edwards, 191
Burr, Theodosia, see Alston, Theodosia Burr Burr, Theodosia Prevost, 142, 169–70, 186, 191, 193, 637
Burwell, William A., 532
Butler, Pierce, 233, 717
American Citizen, 662–63, 673–76
American colonies, 36
development of unity in, 55, 61, 65
independence declared by, 77–78, 112, 243, 312–13
opposition to British in, 42, 44, 46, 53–77 opposition to independence of, 35, 46, 57 taxes in, 44, 54–55, 59, 60, 281, 319, 468–69 see also specific places
American Daily Advertiser, 408, 444, 472–73
American Indians, 442, 468, 502
in American Revolution, 159–60, 337
education of, 337–38
Philip Schuyler’s negotiations with, 131, 337
American Philosophical Society, 337
American Revolution, 45, 54–185, 243–44, 281, 296, 312–13, 344, 364, 393, 434, 450, 507, 521, 646, 691, 712
AH accused of betrayal of, 196–97, 662
blacks in, 78, 121–23, 125, 164, 172, 210, 212, 285 bonds in, 297–98
corruption of, 318–19
debt from, 170, 175–76, 177, 224, 225, 297, 323, 394–95, 425
development of unity in, 157, 158, 194
espionage in, 42, 70, 81, 140–43, 185
foreign loans in, 138, 175, 518
France in, 61, 96, 100, 112, 118, 119–20, 126, 139, 148, 150, 151, 154, 160–65, 392, 433–34, 436, 446, 506
international influence of, 316, 317, 431, 432 military strategy in, 61, 66, 83, 97
pamphlet warfare in, 58–60, 70–72
peace treaty in (1783), 174, 176, 180, 195, 198–99, 213–14, 247, 295, 394–95, 462, 493, 495 personal opportunities in, 166
political alignments of 1789 forged in, 86 prisoner exchanges in, 109, 129, 136, 143–44, 158 prison ships in, 194, 396
profiteering in, 108, 118
Spain in, 61, 118–19, 566
trade issues in, 55, 57–58, 59, 371
as transatlantic conflict, 118–20
see also Articles of Confederation; Constitutional Convention; Continental Army; Continental Congress; Declaration of Independence; Second Continental Congress; specific battles and places