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Alexander Hamilton

Page 124

by Ron Chernow


  AH as Washington’s adjutant in, 5, 66, 85–129, 137–47, 149–54, 207

  Dallas, Alexander J., 286, 441

  Dana, Francis, 124

  Danish West India and Guinea Company, 10

  Danish West Indies, 226

  see also St. Croix

  Danton, Georges Jacques, 434

  Davie, William, 594, 597

  Davis, Matthew, 717

  Dawson, Henry, 653, 654

  Day, Thomas, 307

  Dayton, Jonathan, 572, 599–600

  Deas, William, 700

  debt, 4, 219, 226, 229, 282, 403, 461, 646

  AH’s alleged buying back of, 423

  English public, 295–96

  of farmers, 224–25

  foreign loans in repayment of, 425–27

  national, 156, 225, 280, 286, 290, 297, 298–99, 400, 407, 408, 639, 646

  public, retirement of, 480–81

  of states, 225, 297, 298–99, 301, 303, 308, 321–31, 342, 423

  war, 170, 175–76, 177, 224, 225, 297, 323, 394–95, 425

  see also specific people

  Dechman, James, 14

  Declaration of Independence, 47, 77, 181, 312–13, 319, 518, 552, 651

  slavery and, 211, 212, 214

  Declaration of the Rights of Man, French, 446

  “Defence, The” (Livingston, Livingston, and Hamilton), 493–97, 499

  Defoe, Daniel, 13

  de Haert, Balthazar, 188

  deism, 205, 659

  de la Tour du Pin, Madame, 464

  Delaware, 261, 637–38

  Delaware River, 84, 99, 114, 441

  democracy, 3, 6, 181, 251, 376, 390, 477, 481, 521, 599, 627

  AH’s fears about, 219, 220–21, 231–32, 253–54 American Revolution and, 99, 171, 197

  Montesquieu’s theory of, 254

  “Democratic” (“Republican”) societies, 438, 445, 478, 489

  Denmark, colonialism of, see St. Croix

  de Nully, Bertram Pieter, 12

  Eacker, George I., 651–55, 701

  Earl, Ralph, 206–7, 337

  East India Company, 54

  East River, 78, 79, 194, 641

  education:

  of American Indians, 337–38

  of blacks, 214, 581, 698

  of child laborers, 386

  military, 564–65, 599, 602

  in New York, 206, 214, 337–38, 581, 582, 729 Fair Hill, 449

  Fairlie, James, 678

  “Farmer Refuted, The” (Hamilton), 59–61 farmers, 108, 263, 273, 283, 303

  Edwards, Esther, see Burr, Esther Edwards Edwards, Evan, 117

  Edwards, Jonathan, 191, 682

  Edwards, Rhoda, 721

  Edwards, Rev. Timothy, 191

  elections, 257

  of 1789, 270–76

  of 1792, 419–24

  of 1796, 508–16, 609, 632

  of 1800, 562, 579, 590, 594–95, 601, 606–12,

  616–18, 621–28, 631–35, 646

  of 1801, 644–45, 650

  of 1804, 662, 672–82, 719

  AH’s role in, 5, 221–22, 270–73, 419–24, 509–16,

  606–10, 612, 616–18, 621–26, 631–38, 644–45,

  672–82

  George Clinton in, 91, 149, 272, 273–76, 420–23,

  607, 610, 644–45, 650

  real estate requirements and, 607

  Elizabethtown, N.J., 42–46, 276

  Elizabethtown Academy, 42–43, 45

  Elkins, Stanley, 390, 391, 395, 487

  Ellis, John, 596

  Ellis, Joseph, 486, 498, 520, 623, 639, 690

  Ellsworth, Oliver, 181, 280, 594, 597

  embargoes:

  against British, 55, 57, 59, 459

  against French, 553

  Embuscade (French frigate), 437, 438

  England, 170, 293

  central bank of, 138, 156, 295, 347, 370 French refugees in, 464, 465

  public debt in, 295–96

  Scotland’s union with, 14

  see also Great Britain; London

  Enlightenment, 51, 161, 314, 659

  Episcopalians, Episcopal Church, 205, 391, 695,

  706–7, 708

  espionage:

  in American Revolution, 42, 70, 81, 140–43, 185 industrial, 14, 370–74

  Essex Junto, 678

  Eustace, John Skey, 116

  “Examination, The” (Hamilton), 648–49, 650, 658 excise tax:

  carriage, 491, 501–2

  on whiskey, 342–44, 403, 423, 460, 468–78, 480 executive branch, 351, 436, 498

  AH’s views on, 3, 6, 139, 183, 232–34, 310, 320,

  429, 442, 459, 466, 498

  Federalist and, 248, 257–59

  Franklin’s views on, 230

  Genêt’s views on, 440–41

  Jefferson’s views on, 310, 320, 634–35, 647 in Virginia Plan, 230

  see also president, U.S.; specific presidents and vice presidents

  banks feared by, 201, 221, 307

  small, 91, 221, 307, 391, 521

  uprisings of, 224–25, 253, 255

  in Whiskey Rebellion, 468–79

  see also agriculture

  Faucette, Ann, see Lytton, Ann Faucette

  Faucette, John, Jr., 8–9

  Faucette, John, Sr., 8–10

  Faucette, Mary Uppington, 8–10, 12, 17, 23 Faucette, Rachel, see Hamilton, Rachel Faucette Lavien

  Fauchet, Joseph, 463, 465, 466

  Faulkner, William, 469

  federal government:

  Adams’s views on, 224

  AH’s vision for, 3, 6, 90, 103, 108–9, 171, 176, 183, 195, 198–99, 221, 225, 226, 230, 254–56, 290, 320, 330–31, 351–54, 378–79, 552, 628 Jefferson’s views on, 320, 351–52, 354

  Madison’s views on, 175, 350, 351

  Morris’s efforts at strengthening of, 170–71 slavery issue and, 216

  state debts assumed by, 225, 298–99, 301, 308, 321–31, 342, 423

  in Virginia Plan, 230–31

  Washington’s views on, 228, 241, 290

  weakness of, 124, 127

  see also specific branches

  Federalist Papers, The, 4, 168, 222, 223, 239, 246–64, 274, 281, 289, 293, 310, 315, 319, 355, 390, 393–94, 440, 468, 493, 497, 648, 720

  book form of, 665–66

  Jay’s work on, 247, 248, 251, 253, 254, 257, 261, 270, 310

  Madison’s work on, 4, 223, 247–52, 254–57, 261, 270, 304, 310, 321, 350, 390, 408, 442, 497, 666 origins of, 158, 198, 246–47

  “Pacificus” essays in, 442

  Shays’s Rebellion in, 225, 253, 255

  survey of contents of, 252–60

  Washington’s views on, 248, 270–71

  federalists, 243–69, 273–75

  Jefferson’s views on, 310–11

  New York Ratifying Convention and, 261–69 use of term, 243, 391

  Federalists, Federalist party, 5, 30, 90, 216, 405, 425–27, 504, 539, 569–75, 581, 621–28, 644–50, 657–59, 661–64

  AH as head of, 523, 524, 529, 598, 599, 634, 665 AH’s death and, 714, 715, 716

  Alien and Sedition Acts and, 570–77, 646 army organization and, 459–60, 550–66 British seizure of seamen and ships and, 459 France (cont.)

  Church family in, 200, 204, 205

  Franklin in, 96, 150, 161, 204, 314, 518

  Jefferson in, 222, 225, 261, 310, 314–18, 356, 515, 518, 519

  Monroe as minister to, 461, 463, 529, 539, 540 Protestants of, see Huguenots, French

  royal mint in, 356

  trade of, 170, 496, 547, 553

  U.S. relations with, 295, 392–95, 425, 431–47, 458–59, 462, 465, 494, 495, 506, 539, 546–68, 592–99, 602, 611, 626, 630–31, 634, 645, 651, 657

  U.S. vessels seized by, 546, 547, 553

  see also French Revolution; Paris

  Franklin, Benjamin, 7, 70, 192, 205, 217, 247, 278, 338, 570, 623, 683

  Adams’s views on, 518, 519, 522

  AH compared with, 17,
33, 60, 344, 345, 392, 522 at Constitutional Convention, 229–30, 234, 235 in France, 96, 150, 161, 204, 314, 518

  Lafayette promoted by, 96

  Schuyler family and, 129, 131

  slavery and, 212, 306

  Fraunces, Andrew, 428–30

  Frederick the Great, 335, 594

  free blacks, 23, 213–14, 581, 635, 675

  Freeman, Joanne, 637, 662, 682, 684

  free trade, 183, 377

  Frémont, Jessie Belmont, 728, 729

  French and Indian War, 7, 65, 68, 87, 119

  French Revolution, 69, 206, 316–18, 392, 421, 425, 431–47, 470, 480, 484, 507, 511–12, 521, 529, 539, 611, 627, 630, 659

  AH’s essays on, 459, 546

  Directory in, 546, 548–51, 597, 598, 602

  end of, 602

  Jay Treaty and, 487, 488, 546, 547

  Miranda’s views on, 566–67

  Quasi-War and, 553–66, 578, 592–95, 630, 651, 657 refugees from, 463–67, 502–3

  September Massacres in, 432–34, 465

  XYZ Affair and, 549–52, 569–70, 592, 595 French West Indies, 30, 160, 161, 459

  Freneau, Philip, 395–97, 400, 402–5, 407, 412, 424, 433, 445, 446, 453, 476, 498

  excise taxes and, 468–69

  Fries’s Rebellion, 578–79

  Frothingham, David, 576

  “Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress, A” (Hamilton), 58–59, 61

  Callender’s attacks on, 529–38

  demise of, 626–27, 727

  electoral tie of 1801 and, 635–38

  “federal ratio” and, 239

  fracturing of, 525, 557, 573, 594, 601, 626 French Revolution and, 431, 434–35, 438, 439,

  446, 547, 549–52, 569–70, 592–95, 602, 630 High, 523, 574, 601, 612, 620, 630, 648

  Jay Treaty and, 485–501

  Jefferson’s deal with, 638, 639

  judiciary and, 647–49, 718–19

  legacy of, 628, 638, 639, 646–48

  Louisiana Purchase and, 671–72, 678

  Manhattan Company and, 586–88

  medicine and, 450

  Neutrality Proclamation and, 435–37

  origins of, 330, 391–92

  Pamphlet Wars and, 661–64

  press freedom and, 667–71

  progressive landowner–former Tory alliance in, 195 public debt and, 480

  Republicans’ violent clashes with, 569–70, 590 secession threat and, 672, 678–79, 697

  XYZ Affair and, 549–52, 569–70, 573

  see also specific elections

  federal ratio, 239, 628

  Fenner, Arthur, 617

  Fenno, John, 395–96, 403, 407, 453, 570, 585 Ferling, John, 212, 420, 594, 596–97, 611

  Fillmore, Millard, 730

  financial panic of 1792, 379–84, 387, 410

  Findley, William, 474–77

  First Continental Congress, 55, 57–59, 87

  Fish, Nicholas, 53, 63, 119, 159, 162–63, 216, 334,

  472, 693 AH’s duels and, 491, 492, 695

  FitzSimons, Thomas, 178, 330

  Flavinier, Eliza, 417–18

  Fleming, Edward, 63

  Flexner, James T., 95, 96, 391

  Flint, Royal, 384

  Florida, Spanish, 566, 568, 595, 718

  Folwell, Richard, 366

  Ford, Gabriel, 129

  Ford, Jacob, 127

  Fort Christiansvaern, 11, 12, 21, 32–33

  Fort Lee, 82

  Fort Ticonderoga, 85, 97, 149

  Fort Washington, 82

  Fourth of July, 268, 283–85, 487, 651, 652, 654 Fox, Charles James, 282, 465, 466

  France, 7, 66, 138, 295, 480

  Adams’s peace initiative with, 592–99, 611, 620, 623, 630–31, 657

  American Revolution and, 61, 96, 100, 112, 118, 119–20, 126, 139, 148, 150, 151, 154, 160–65, 392, 431–34, 436, 446, 506

  Gage, Thomas, 55

  Gallatin, Albert, 322, 455, 488, 529, 559, 571, 608 as treasury secretary, 639, 646–47, 658, 718

  Whiskey Rebellion and, 468, 477

  Garrison, William Lloyd, 215 Gates, Horatio, 97, 100–106, 129, 138, 556, 562, 607

  Conway letter to, 105

  Washington’s rivalry with, 104–6, 272

  Gazette of the United States, 395–96, 403–4, 407, 453, 529, 542, 664

  “Pacificus” essays in, 441–43

  “Phocion” essays in, 511–14

  Gelston, David, 539–40

  Genêt, Cornelia Clinton, 447

  Genêt, Edmond Charles (Citizen Genêt), 437–48,

  453, 463, 478, 487

  privateers recruited by, 437–38, 440, 441 Geneva, 94, 145

  George II, king of England, 17, 85

  George III, king of England, 33, 66–67, 76, 97, 212,

  244, 396, 398, 548, 578, 674

  New York City statue of, 77–78

  George IV, king of England, 281–82

  Georgia, 207, 261

  colonial, 57

  slavery in, 238

  German immigrants, 578–79, 607 Gerry, Elbridge, 234, 281, 511, 552, 568

  in diplomatic mission to France, 548–51, 592

  Giles, William Branch, 425–28, 440, 455, 530, 532, 550, 648, 719

  Gimat, Jean-Joseph Sourbader de, 162–63

  Girondists, 437, 446–47

  Glasgow, 13–14, 21

  Glasgow Inkle Factory, 14

  Glassford, John, 14

  Goebel, Julius, Jr., 5, 190

  Goodenough, Ephraim, 413

  Goodhue, Benjamin, 561, 617, 623

  Gordon, William, 124–25

  Gorham, Nathaniel, 221

  government, federal, see federal government

  Gracie, Archibald, 649

  Graham, Isabella, 582, 585

  Graham, Joanna, see Bethune, Joanna Graham

  Grange, the (castle near Kilmarnock), 12, 641

  Grange, the (Hamilton residence), 641–44, 654, 660, 665–67, 688, 693–94, 695, 705, 706, 724, 725 description of, 642–43, 666

  dinner parties at, 679, 693, 699

  Grange, the (St. Croix), 10–11, 22, 25, 641

  Grasse, comte de, 160, 161, 185

  Graydon, Alexander, 93, 135

  Great Britain, 246, 458–62, 539, 566–67, 651 abolitionist proposals of, 122, 123

  Adams’s views on, 112, 521, 548

  AH asylum tale and, 429

  AH’s imitation of, 287, 370–72, 374, 377, 378 AH’s views on, 3, 233, 287, 294–96, 302, 319, 392–95, 397–98, 435, 440, 443, 460, 466, 490, 495, 521, 532, 620–21, 623, 674–75

  Caribbean colonies of, 7–12, 14–16, 295, 458, 462, 580

  colonists’ struggle against, 42, 44, 46; see also American Revolution

  constitution of, 53, 59, 393, 394, 398, 529

  credit of, 156, 313, 393

  debt of, 59

  foreign loans of, 138

  French Revolution and, 432–33, 435–40, 442, 443, 464, 465, 547, 611

  industrial secrets of, 370–72, 374

  Jefferson’s hatred of, 313, 319, 392, 435, 446, 458, 460

  laws of, 168

  northwest forts of, 394, 486

  shipping of, 294

  textile industry of, 108, 277, 374, 376, 730–72

  trade of, 60, 221, 341, 370–71, 393, 458, 459, 462, 496

  U.S. ships and seamen seized by, 459–62, 485, 495

  U.S. threat of war with, 459–62, 487–88, 494, 551, 631

  U.S. treaties with, see American Revolution, peace treaty in; Jay Treaty

  Greene, Nathanael, 73–74, 85, 92, 100, 102, 138, 141, 150, 154, 177, 183

  AH’s eulogy for, 166, 284, 308–9

  Greenleaf, Ann, 575–77

  Greenleaf, Thomas, 575

  Grenadine Islands, 40, 148

  Griswold, Roger, 569, 672

  Grotjan, Peter A., 366

  Haarlem Linen and Dye Manufactory, 14

  Hale, Nathan, 81

  Hallwood, Thomas, 3
9

  Hamilton (miniature frigate), 269, 276

  Hamilton, Alexander:

  as abolitionist, 5, 6, 23, 27, 33, 41, 94, 121–22,

  210–12, 239, 307, 495, 514, 580–82, 629, 662,

  730

  administrative and organizational competence of,

  4, 31, 81, 88, 89, 99–100, 254, 288–89, 563–65 Alien and Sedition Acts and, 571–72, 575–77,

  599–600

  ambition of, 3, 30–31, 33, 35–36, 58, 94, 133,

  149–50, 153, 154–55, 158–59, 161, 167, 205,

  221, 336, 394, 467, 521–22, 554–55, 559–60,

  599, 601–2, 622, 625, 666

  at Annapolis conference, 222–24

  anti-Tory bias contested by, 169, 183–84, 186,

  194–99, 221, 245

  appearance of, 17, 27, 41, 51, 86, 169, 251, 328,

  333, 334, 363, 464

  as artillery captain, 5, 72–85, 155, 319

  authorized biography of, 2–3, 42, 95, 614, 727 Hamilton, Alexander (cont.)

  health problems and injuries of, 24, 27, 84, 86, 92–93, 104, 115, 165, 333, 367, 449–53, 455, 456, 472, 502, 515, 532, 563, 666

  heroism of, 5, 31, 55–56, 64, 165, 169, 284 as homebody and family man, 222–23, 640–44, 695 homoerotic attachments of, 95, 96–97

  honor of, 64, 117, 125, 142–44, 150, 164, 237–38, 254, 308–9, 319, 406, 423, 430, 480, 491–93, 621, 622, 652, 683–84, 690–91, 694

  honors received by, 119, 186, 206, 337, 432, 538–41, 723

  illegitimate birth of, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 20–21, 25, 27–28, 35, 40, 86, 149, 207, 226–27, 245, 393, 511, 522, 541, 615–16, 712

  impoverished boyhood of, 2, 17, 20–27, 522, 527 inheritance of, 25, 207

  as inspector general, 555–68, 573, 576–79, 592–603, 614, 619, 633

  integrity of, 287, 293–94, 319, 341, 725

  intelligence of, 5, 27, 53, 92, 120, 132, 154–55, 238, 240, 666

  Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and, 574, 576, 577

  as King’s College volunteer, 63, 67, 71, 74 land purchased by, 186, 641

  legacy of, 2–6, 344–45, 713–14, 727

  libel suit of, 575–77

  as major general, 5, 73, 165

  Manhattan Company and, 585–89, 603, 604 marriage of, see Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler medical interests of, 27, 38, 51–52, 450, 472, 544, 545, 696

  mentors of, 34–38, 43–46

  military promoted by, 3, 6, 90, 139, 183, 255, 290, 378, 459, 546, 551, 553–54, 564–65

  mixed-race allegations about, 9, 245

  monarchist leanings of, 3, 46, 53, 60, 232–34, 258, 278, 314, 397–402, 405, 406, 408, 424, 425, 429, 443, 532, 657, 674–75, 724

  musical interests of, 206, 337, 692, 693

  nationalist vision of, 3, 4, 92, 108, 157–58, 221, 265, 287, 307, 371, 375, 387, 466, 521, 628, 671–72, 697

  nepotism of, 563–64

 

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