by Will Durant
151. Ibid., iv, 3.8.
152. Aristotle, On Generation, i, 2.
153. Physics, v, 3; vii, 1.
154. Aristotle, Mechanics, iii, 848-50.
155. On the Heavens, ii, 14.
156. Meteorology, i, 14.
157. Meta. xii, 8.21.
158. Pliny, viii, 16.
159. Aristotle, Parts of Animals, i, 5.
160. History of Animals, v, 21-2; ix, 39-40.
161. Ibid., vi, 22.
162. Aristotle (?), Economics, i, 3; a typically Aristotelian sentence in a work long attributed to Aristotle, but probably from a later hand.
163. History of Animals, viii, 2.
164. Reproduction of Animals, i, 15.
165. Ibid., i, 21.
166. iv, 1.
167. Hist. An., vii, 4.
168. Reprod. An., ii, 1.
169. Ibid., ii, 3.
170. ii, 12.
171. Hist. An., vi, 2-3.
172. Ibid.
173. i, 1.
174. viii, 1.
175. Ueberweg, 1, 167.
176. Sedgwick, 14.
177. Lewes, G. H., Aristotle: a Chapter in the History of Science, London, 1864, 284, 361; Lange, 81.
178. Lewes, 159.
179. Aristotle, Hist. An., ii, 3.
180. Parts of Animals, ii, 7.
181. Sarton, 128.
182. Aristotle, Politics, 1256b; Lewes, 322.
183. Aristotle, On the Soul, ii, 1.
184. Ibid., ii, 4.
185. iii, 8.
186. iii, 7.
187. Reprod. An., ii, 3.
188. Meta., viii, 44.
189. Physics, ii, 8.
190. Meta., ix, 7.
191. Poetics, i, 3.
192. Ibid., vi, 2.
193. Politics, 1137b.
194. Ethics, 1097b, 1176b.
195. Rhetoric, i, 5.4, where, in a long list of things necessary for happiness, virtue comes in a poor last.
196. Ethics, 1099a.
197. Ibid., 1153b.
198. Rhetoric, ii, 16.2.
199. Ethics, 1178a.
200. Ibid., 1125b.
201. 1098a.
202. 1178b.
203. Politics, 1267a.
204. Ibid., 1275b.
205. 1253a.
206. 1296b.
207. Ethics, 1160ab.
208. Rhetoric, ii, 15.3.
209. Politics, 1258b.
210. Ibid., 1281a.
211. 1318b.
212. 1286a.
213. 1278a.
214. 1280a.
215. 1266b.
216. 1254b.
217. 1320a.
218. Ibid.
219. 1295a.
220. 1264a.
221. 1261b.
222. 1296b.
223. 1296a.
224. 1330a.
225. 1329b.
226. Rhetoric, i, 1.7.
227. Politics, 1287a.
228. Ibid., 1265b.
229. 1335b.
230. In Ueberweg, 1, 177.
231. Pater, 141.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Plutarch, Moralia, 178F.
2. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, 18.
3. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
4. Weigall, Alexander, 235.
5. Ibid.
6. Plutarch, l.c.
7. Plutarch, Moralia, 127B.
8. Id., “Alexander.”
8a. Id., Moralia, 180A.
9. Id., “Alexander.”
10. Ibid.; Arrian, i, 17.
11. Weigall, 50.
12. Plutarch, Moralia, 179E.
13. Id., “Alexander.”
14. Arrian, vii, 28.
15. Ibid., iii, 6.
16. Grote, History, XI, 85.
17. Weigall, 58.
18. Arrian, i, 3.
19. Weigall, 97.
20. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
21. Ibid.
22. Arrian, vii, 9.
23. Plutarch, l.c.
24. Vitruvius, ii, 2.
25. Plutarch, Moralia, 180C.
26. CAH, VI, 384.
27. Arrian, iv, 7.
28. Ibid., vi, 26.
29. vii, 4.
30. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
31. Grote, XII, 89.
32. Athenaeus, xii, 53.
33. Plutarch, Moralia, 180D.
34. Weigall, 146.
35. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 29.
36. Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead, xiv.
37. Cf. Arrian, iv, 9-11.
38. Ibid., vii, 11.
39. vii, 9-10.
40. ii, 12.
41. Plutarch, “Alexander”; Arrian, vii, 26.
42. Plutarch, l.c.
43. Grote, Aristotle, I, 23.
44. Diog. L., “Aristotle,” vii.
45. Thrasybulus in Grote, History, VIII, 263.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Mahaffy, Greek Life and Thought, pp. xxxv, 112.
2. Ibid., 56; Plutarch, “Demetrius.”
3. Ibid.
4. Pausanias, x, 19.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. Livy, T. L., History of Rome, xxxviii, 16; CAH, VII, 103-7,
7. Polybius, iv, 77; Pausanias, ii, 9, vii, 7; Plutarch, “Aratus.”
8. Athenaeus, vi, 103.
9. Heitland, W. E., Agricola, Cambridge University Press, 1921, 124-5.
10. Plato, Critias, 111.
11. Rostovtzeff, M., History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 1, 320.
12. Cf. Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, London, 1927, 90.
13. Vinogradoff, II, 108-9.
14. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 366.
15. Ibid., 364.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 331-3; Tarn, 95.
18. Tarn, 102; Heitland, 63; Glotz, 359.
19. CAH, VII, 740.
20. Ibid.
20a. Ibid., 265, 741; Tarn, 104.
21. Ibid., 34.
22. Glotz, 333.
23. Polybius, vi, 9; vii, 10; xv, 21; Glotz, Greek City, 323.
23a. Diodorus Sic., V, 41-6.
24. Bentwich, Norman, Hellenism, Phila., 1919, 62.
25. Athenaeus, xiii, 18.
26. Tarn, 82.
27. Theocritus, Idyl ii.
28. Lacroix, I, 138-9.
29. Athenaeus, in Becker, 344.
30. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 298; Tarn, 86.
31. Ibid., 88.
32. Polybius, xxxvi, 17.
33. Plutarch, “Agis.”
34. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 346.
35. Plutarch, l.c.
36. CAH, VII, 755.
37. Polybius, ii, 52; v, 38; Pausanias, ii, 9.
38. Coulanges, 467.
39. Pausanias, viii, 50.
40. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.
41. Ibid.
42. Polybius, v, 88.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Meeting of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, Mar. 29, 1932.
2. Plutarch, Moralia, 183F.
3. Polybius, xx, 8.
4. Ibid., xxi, 3-7; xxx, 26.
5. Ibid., xxix, 27; xxxi, 9; Bevan, E. R., House of Seleucus, London, 1902, II, 131, 158.
6. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 3; Tarn, 79.
7. Toutain, 102-3.
8. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.
9. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 3; id., Ancient World, I, 368-70; Glotz, 321.
10. Glotz, Greek City, 383.
11. Tarn, 254.
13. Josephus, Against Apion, I, 60; Bevan, 35; Tarn, 209.
14. CAH, VII, 193.
15. Sachar, A. L., History of the Jews, N. Y., 1932, 102. Cf. Zeitlin, S., History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth, Phila., 1933, 18f, or CAH, VIII, 5oif, for an economic interpretation of these intrigues.
16. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, Phila., 1891f, I, 445-6; Zeitlin, 18.
17. Bevan, I, 171; Mahaffy, J. P., Empire of the Ptolemies, London, 1895, 34
1.
18. CAH, VIII, 507-8.
19. I Macc., i; Josephus, Works, Boston, 1811, I, 438; Antiquities of the Jews, xii, 5.
20. Bevan, II, 154.
21. I Macc., v-vi; Bevan, 174.
22. I Macc., ii.
23. Ibid., vi.
24. Ibid., ii.
25. Ibid., ii-v.
26. Sachar, 104.
27. Bevan II, 183, 223.
CHAPTER XXV
1. Breccia, E., Alexandrea ad Aegyptum, Bergamo, 1922, 96; Strabo, xvii, 1.8.
2. Mahaffy, Empire, 104; Greek Life, 204.
3. Athenaeus, xiii, 37.
4. Mahaffy, Empire, 162.
5. Draper, I, 190.
6. Tarn, 148; CAH, VII, 137.
7. Ibid., 27; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 259.
8. Tarn, 149-51, 155; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 345.
9. Ibid., 343.
10. Usher, 80, 85.
11. Strabo, xvii, 1.25.
12. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 353.
13. Tarn, 152; Usher, 75.
14. Glotz, l.c.
15. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 432.
16. Usher, 79, 119.
17. Pliny, xxxv, 42.
18. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, I, 373; Tarn, 102; Glotz, 350.
19. Tarn, 155.
20. Botsford and Sihler, 597.
21. Athenaeus, v, 36.
22. Pliny, xxxvi, 18.
23. Breccia, 107.
24. Tarn, 198.
25. Calhoun, 130.
26. CAH, VIII, 662.
27. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 182.
28. Mahaffy, What Have the Greeks?, 195-7.
29. Tarn, 153; CAH, VII, 28.
30. Ibid., 139-40; Tarn, 153; Mahaffy, Empire, 182, 213; Breccia, 42.
31. Breccia, 69.
32. Strabo, xvii, 1.8-10; Tarn, 146.
33. Glotz, 336.
34. Athenaeus, iii, 47.
35. Herodas, Mimiambi, i.
36. Lacroix, 1, 124.
37. Carroll, 326.
38. Graetz, 1, 418; Mahaffy, Empire, 86.
39. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 1-2.
40. Zeitlin, 6-8; Bevan, I, 165.
41. Bentwich, 36.
42. Renan, E., History of the People of Israel, N. Y., 1888, IV, 194; V, 189.
42a. Graetz, I, 504.
43. Bevan and Singer, Legacy of Israel, Oxford, 1927, 32.
44. Josephus, Antiquities, xii, 2; Sarton, 151.
45. Sachar, 109.
46. Enc. Brit., XX, 335; Tarn, 177.
47. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 356; Tarn, 204.
48. Tarn, 158.
49. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 208.
50. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 264.
51. Glotz, Greek City, 323.
52. Polybius, vii, 8.
53. Ibid.
54. Randall-Maclver, 138-9.
55. Athenaeus, v, 40.
56. Livy, xxiv, 4.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. Polybius, ix, 2.
2. Thompson, 71.
3. Strabo, xiii, 1.54.
4. Grote, Aristotle, 50.
5. Breccia, 47.
6. Ibid., 48.
7. Mahaffy, Empire, 208.
8. Oxyrhynchus Papyri X, 1241, p. 99; Breccia, 44.
9. Tarn, 238; Symonds, 21.
10. Tarn, 237; Mahaffy, 511.
11. Waxman, M., History of Jewish Literature, N. Y., 1930, 1, 48.
12. Ibid., 49.
13. Ibid., 21.
14. Renan, IV, 258.
15. Lacroix, I, 166-7.
16. Wright, 22.
17. CAH, VII, 227.
18. Menander, Arbitrants, 679-85.
19. Bacchis in the Phormio.
20. St. Paul, I Cor., xv, 33.
21. Tarn, 219.
22. Frag. 40 in Murray, Aristophanes, 223.
23. Translation by Symonds, 454.
24. Ibid., 526.
25. Murray, Greek Literature, 381; Mahaffy, Greek Literature, I, 166; id., Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Empire, Chicago, 1905, 112.
26. Theocritus, xv, tr. Lindsay, in Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 564.
27. Theocritus, i, 123-42; tr. Sir Wm. Marris, Oxford Book, 543.
28. Tarn, 52.
29. Frag. 54 in McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India, Calcutta, 1877, 120.
30. Bury, Greek Historians, 188.
31. Polybius, xii, 25, 27, etc.
32. Ibid., xxxiv, 6; xxxviii, 6.
33. xxx, 32.
34. iii, 2.
35. vi, 2.
36. vi, 3.
37. iii. 48, 59; xii, 25; Shotwell, 199.
38. xvi, 20.
39. xii, 28.
40. v, 75.
41. xxi, 32.
42. xvi, 12.
43. vi, 43.
44. iii, 31.
45. i, 1.
46. i, 35; i, 1.
47. i, 4.
48. ix, 1; ii, 56.
49. Dionysius of Halicarnassus in CAH, VIII, 10.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Athenaeus, xiv, 33.
2. Mahaffy, Social Life, 467-8, 475-6.
3. Vitruvius, ix, 9; x, 13; Athenaeus, iv, 75; Oxford History of Music, Introd. Vol., 26.
4. Mahaffy, 455; id., Greek Life, 382.
5. Athenaeus, xiv, 31.
6. Strabo, xiv, 1.37.
7. In Gardner, Ancient Athens, 486.
8. Pliny, xxxv, 40.
9. Plutarch, “Aratus.”
10. Strabo, xiv, 2.5.
11. Pliny, xxxv, 36.
12. Ibid., xxxv, 37; xxxvi, 60.
13. Lessing, G. E., Laocoön, London, 1874, 15.
14. Pliny, xxxiv, 18.
15. Greek Anthology, vi, 171.
16. Pliny, l.c.
17. Bostock’s note, ibid.
18. Winckelmann, I, 229.
19. Virgil, Aeneid, ii, 49.
20. Pliny, xxxvi, 4.
21. Winckelmann, II, 325.
22. CAH, VIII, 675.
23. In Gardner, E. A., Six Greek Sculptors, London, 1910, 6.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Stobaeus, in Heath, Greek Mathematics, I, 357.
2. Plutarch, “Marcellus.”
3. Ball, W. W. R., Short History of Mathematics, London, 1888, 64.
4. Ibid., 66-7.
5. Plutarch.
6. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 25.
7. Cicero, Rep., i, 14.
8. Singer, C., Studies in the History of Science, Oxford, 1921, II, 502.
9. Heath, II, 18.
10. Plutarch.
11. Ibid.
12. Polybius, viii, 5; Livy, xxiv, 34.
13. Heath, l.c.
14. Plutarch.
15. Polybius, l.c.
16. Plutarch.
17. Livy, xxv, 31.
18. Heath, II, 20.
19. Sarton, 184; Usher, 44.
20. Ibid., 80.
21. Ibid., 41; Sarton, 184, 195.
22. Vitruvius, i, 1.16.
23. Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 310, 383.
24. Ibid., 302.
25. Heath, Greek Math., II, 2.
26. Williams, H. S., History of Science, N. Y., 1909, I, 233.
27. Heath, Aristarchus, 296-7; CAH, VII, 311.
28. Enc. Brit., XI, 583.
29. Tarn, 230.
30. Heath, Aristarchus, 339-40.
31. Sarton, 144; Glotz, Ancient Greece, 375.
32. Strabo, i, 3.3.
33. Ibid., 1, 4.7-9.
34. Ibid., i, 4.6.
35. Wright, 14.
36. Garrison, 102.
37. Theophrastus, History of Plants, ii. I, I, in Livingstone, Legacy, 178.
38. Locy, 37.
39. Grote, II, 17.
40. Sarton, 143.
41. Ibid., 126.
42. In Wright, 14.
43. Celsus, De Artibus, i, 4, in Botsford and Sihler, 631.
44. Botsford and Sihler, 631.
45. Sarton, 159; Garrison, 153.
46. Sextus, Em
piricus, Adv. Math., xi, 50, in Livingstone, 201.
47. Garrison, 103.
48. Sarton, 159-60.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Carroll, 316.
2. Athenaeus, xiii, 90.
3. Diog. L., “Theophrastus,” iv-xi.
4. Theophrastus, Characters, Loeb Library, 1929, iii, xiv, etc.
5. Diog., “Xenophanes,” iii.
6. Ibid., iii-v, x.
7. Aristotle, Anal. Post., ii, 19.
8. Diog., “Pyrrho,” viii.
9. Ibid.’, iii.
10. Zeller, E., Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, London, 1870, 99.
11. Ibid., 503.
12. Wright, 128.
13. Ueberweg, 1, 136.
14. Polybius, xii, 26.
15. Diog., “Aristippus,” xii-xiv.
16. Lacroix, I, 160-1.
17. Diog., “Epicurus,” v.
18. Ibid., vi-viii.
19. Lucretius, v, 196; ii, 1090; Lucian, “Zeus Tragoedus,” in Works, III, 97.
20. Lucretius, ii, 292; Plutarch, Moralia, 964C.
21. Cicero, Nat. Deor., i, 20.
22. Diog., “Epicurus,” xxiv.
23. Ibid., xxvii; Murray, Greek Religion, 168.
24. Diog., xxv.
25. Athenaeus, xii, 67.
26. Diog., xxxi
27. Ibid., xxvii.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., xxxi, 31.
30. Ibid., xxvi.
31. Ibid., xxvii.
32. Zeller, 464.
33. Diog., xxxi, 28.
34. Cf. Frags. 165, 186, 194, and 213 in Murray, 130.
35. Murray, 138.
36. Frag. 138 in Murray, 141.
37. Diog., x.
38. Athenaeus, vii, 11.
39. Becker, 325.
40. Jewish Enc., art. “Apikoros”; Bentwich, 77.
41. Zeller, 388.
42. Cicero, De Fin., i, 7.25.
43. In Murray, Greek Literature, 372.
44. Diog., “Zeno,” i–ii.
45. Ibid., xi, v.
46. Ibid., v.
47. Ibid., “Crates,” i-iv; “Hipparchia,” i-ii; Zeller, Socrates, 326n.
48. Diog., “Zeno,” xxviii-xxix.
49. Ibid., xiv.
50. Zeller, Stoics, 3711.
51. Diog., “Zeno,” ix.
52. Ibid., xxvii. Lucian, Lactantius, and Stobaeus tell the same story; cf. Zeller. 40.
53. Zeller, 59.
54. Ibid., 121.
55. Cicero, Nat. Deor., ii, 7.
56. Diog., “Zeno,” lxviii-lxxvii.
57. Tr. by Pater, 50.
58. Plutarch, De Stoic. Repug., xxi, 4, in Zeller, 178; but Plutarch was intensely prejudiced against the Stoics.
59. Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 535.
60. Zeller, 288.
61. Diog., “Zeno,” xix.
62. Ibid., lxiv.
63. Zeller, 316.
64. Diog., lxvi.
65. Zeller, 303.
66. Cicero, Tusc. Disp., i, 34.83.
67. Zeller, 327.
68. Ibid., 207.