by Will Durant
CHAPTER XXX
1. Polybius, i, 1.
2. Plutarch, “Pyrrhus.”
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Mommsen, T., History of Rome, London, 1901, II, 5.
6. Plutarch, l.c.
7. Livy, xxv, 40, 31.
8. Polybius, ii, 8.
9. Ibid., v, 103.
10. Livy, xxiii, 33.
11. Polybius, xvi, 30; Livy, xxxi, 18.
12. Polybius, xviii, 45.
13. Livy, xxxiv, 52.
14. Tarn, 29.
15. Strabo, viii, 6.23.
16. Polybius, xxxix, 2; Strabo, l.c.
EPILOGUE
1. Symonds, 579.
2. Rede Lecture for 1875, in Symonds, 578.
3. Enc. Brit., II, 344.
Index
I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster’s Dictionary.—W. D.
Aahmes (ä’-mēz) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570–526 B.C.), 173
Aaron (ā’-rŏn), 583
abacus, 338
Abdera , 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358
Abélard, Pierre, French philosopher (1079–1142), 643
abortion, 287, 468, 567
Abydos , 135, 156, 544, 575, 663
Academus , 511
Academy, 226, 473, 474, 479, 486, 500, 501, 511–513, 524, 525, 553, 640, 641, 642, 644, 651
Acanthus , 158
Acarnania , 105, 106, 542
Acco (ä’-kō), 580, 584
Achaea , 86, 88, 89, 198, 560, 569, 665
Achaean League, 560–561, 570, 585, 613, 666
Achaeans, 21*, 23, 37–38, 40, 42, 44–55, 62, 63, 64, 89, 106, 108, 128, 151, 160, 180, 203, 311, 613
Achaemenidae , 563
Achaeus , 39
Acharnae , 108
Acharnians , The (Aristophanes), 417, 422, 428
Achelous (ăk’-ě-lō’-ŭs), 106
Acheron (ăk’-ēr-ŏn), 67
Achilles , 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 58–59, 61, 150, 171, 183, 193, 208–209, 220, 302, 405, 406, 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 551, 620, 660
Achilles and Briseis, 620*
Achilles and Penthesilea , 315
Acontius , 608
Acragas , 130, 170, 171, 172, 327, 339, 342, 355, 357, 438
Acre (ä’-kēr), 580, see also Acco
Acrocorinthus , 62, 89, 560
Acron , physician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 342
Acropolis (Athens), 108, 120, 122, 178, 226, 251, 325, 330–331, 365, 377, 450, 543, 623
Acropolis (Pergamum), 623
Actium , 89†
actors, 232, 379, 380–381, 383, 606
Adana (ä’-dä-nä), 576
Adasa , 584
Adeimantus , 520
Aden (ä’-děn), 575, see also Adana
Admetus (ăd-mē’-tŭs), 402
Adonia , 185*
Adonis , 13, 69, 178, 185, 467, 566
Adrastus , 41, 232
Adriatic Sea, 67, 159, 660
adultery, in Homeric society, 51; in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 117, 305
Advokatenrepublik, 483
Aegaleus (ē’-gă-lē’-ŭs), Mt., 241
Aegean (ē-jē’-ăn) Islands, 3–4, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 59, 62, 70, 127, 128, 134, 158, 233, 234, 245, 441, 528, 570
Aegean Sea, 4, 5, 6, 10, 33, 70, 71, 106, 109, 128, 274, 275, 439, 445, 451, 463, 477, 571, 572, 578, 665
Aegeus (ē’-jŭs), 23
Aegina , 29, 30, 72, 95, 240, 253, 279, 322, 342, 439
Aegira , 89
Aegisthus , 59, 386, 387, 388, 389, 409
Aegium , 89, 560
Aegospotami , 295, 331, 450
Aegyptus , 49
Aenea , 60
Aeneas , 58
Aeneas Tacticus , writer (4th century B.C.), 503
Aeneid , The (Virgil), 609*
Aeniania , 105, 106
Aenus (ē’-nŭs), 157
Aeolia , 71, 128, 150, 151, 203, 238; dialect, 204
Aeolian League, 128
Aeolus (ē’-ō-lŭs), 177
Aerope (ă-ěŕ-ŏ-pē), 386
Aeschines , orator (389-314 B.C.), 279, 381, 479, 483, 484–485, 486
Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.), 364
Aeschylus , tragic poet (525-456 B.C.), 189, 196, 201, 211, 233, 236, 267, 270, 303, 312, 317, 337, 361, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383–391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 412, 427, 438, 601
Aeson (ē’-sŭn), 43
Aesop (ē’-sŏp), fabulist (fl. 560 B.C.), 104, 142
Aesop and the Fox, 315
Aethlius , 88
Aetolia , 88, 105, 106, 128, 542, 560, 663, 664
Aetolian League, 560-561, 570, 585, 662, 664
Afghanistan, 234, 238, 575–576
Africa, 3, 4, 31, 67, 68, 129, 165, 170, 173–174, 241, 486, 590, 613, 637, 666, 667, 669
afterlife, in Crete, 14
in Mycenae, 32
in Egypt, 68
according to Pythagoras, 165
according to Bacchoi, 187–188
in Athens, 311–312
according to Empedocles, 357
according to Plato, 517
Against the Sophists (Isocrates), 363, 485
Agamemnon , 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61–62, 77, 107, 177, 193, 208, 223, 302, 311, 386–388, 389, 404–405, 406, 409, 410, 480, 544, 620
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 387–388
Agariste , mother of Pericles, 248
Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.), 317, 378
Agathocles , tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.), 598, 612
Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.), 374
Ageladas , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 323, 324
Agathon , tragic poet (ca. 448–400 B.C.), 370, 514
Agave , 418
aged, treatment of, 310–311
Agelaus , statesman (3rd century B.C.), 662
Agesander , sculptor (fl. 1st century B.c), 622, 624
Agesilaus II, King of Sparta (ca. 444–361 B.C.), 75, 201, 295, 461, 467, 489
Agias , 498
Agis II, King of Sparta (reigned 427–398 B.C.), 447
Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244–240 B.C.), 569
Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.), 641
agnosticism, 371
Agoracritus , sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 326
Agraulos , 290
agriculture, in Achaean society, 45
in Athens, 268–269, 562
in Egypt, 588
Agrigentum , 172, see also Acragas
Agylla , 472
Ahhijava , 37, 39
Ahmose II, see Aahmes II
Aietes (ī-ē’-tēz), 43
Aigyptiaka (Manetho), 612
“Airs, Waters, Places” (Hippocrates), 344
Ajax (ā’-jăks), 57, 58, 109, 297
Ajax (Sophocles), 392
Akaiwasha , 37
Albania, 660
Albertinum (Dresden), 498
Alcaeus (ăl-sē’-ŭs), lyric poet (620-580 B.C.), 76*, 151–152, 153, 155, 156
alcaics, 152
Alcamenes (ăl-kăm’-ě-nēz), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 326, 328
Alcander, 78
Alcestis , 42, 307, 402, 414
Alcestis (Euripides), 401–402, 416
Alcibiades , politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 36, 184, 227, 237, 253, 272, 281, 282, 302, 308, 364, 365, 366, 370, 433, 443–448, 449–451, 452, 485, 514, 535
Alcibiades (Aeschines of Sphettos), 364
Alcidamas , philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 280
Alcinous , 48*, 52, 53, 60, 61
Alcisthenes of Sybaris, 160
Alcmaeon (ălk-mē’-ŏn), 342, 345
Alcmaeonids , 104, 124, 444
Alcman (ălk’-măn), lyric poet (7th century B.C.), 66, 76–77, 230, 301, 377
Alcmene (ălk-mē’-ně), 41, 180, 182, 401
Aldobrandini Wedding, The, 620
Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.), 375
Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (356-323 B.C.), 35†, 52, 67, 70, 160, 211, 245, 266, 281, 291, 308, 377, 461, 468, 471, 476, 477, 480–481, 491, 492, 493, 497, 498, 501, 503, 507, 525, 528, 538–554, 557, 558, 563, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 591, 592, 593, 607, 620–621, 627, 634, 637, 642, 646, 656, 660, 666
Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150, 146 B.C.), 579
Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 377*
Alexandria, 45, 68, 76, 134, 149, 174, 189, 192, 207, 209, 226, 545, 562, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 585, 586–587, 589, 590, 591, 592–595, 597, 509, 601, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 616, 618, 623, 627, 628, 636, 638, 639, 641, 669
Alexis of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 483, 607
algebra, 164, 338
Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265–1321), 119, 436, 523
Almagest (ăl’-mă-jěst) (Ptolemy), 635
alphabet, Cretan, 14–15
Greek, 14, 205
Phoenician, 15
Pelasgian, 31
Semitic, 68
Euboean, 106
Alpheus (ăl-fē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 88
Alpine man, 8*, 63
Alps, 67, 430, 614
Altar of Zeus, 618, 623
Altis , 88
Alyattes , King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.), 91, 150
Amaryllis , 611
Amasis II, see Aahmes II
Amazon, 322
Amazons, 41†, 220, 333, 494
Ambracia , 542, 575
Ameinias , brother of Aeschylus, 390
Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’-těp) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.), 21, 653
America, 157, 449, 513, 576, 669
American Revolution, 449
Amisus , 156, 575
amixia, 594
Ammon (ām’-ŏn), 377, 467, 481, 544, 548, 549, 551
Amoebeus , musician, 230
Amorgos , 131, 272
Amphictyonic , Council, 316, 477, 542
Amphictyonic League, 198, 216, 477
Amphipolis , 157, 365, 432, 443, 477
Amphissa , 105
Amphitryon , 41
Ampurias , 3, 67, 169
amulets, 5, 20
Amyclae , 29, 87*, 222
Amyntas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393–369 B.C.), 524, 525
Anabasis (Xenophon), 460, 489
Anacharsis , scholar (fl. 6th century B.C.), 117, 365
Anacreon , poet (560-475 B.C.), 76, 123, 130, 142, 148–149, 193, 223
Anaphlystus , 109
Anatolia , 15, 593
anatomy, 345, 502–503, 531, 638–639
Anaxagoras , philosopher (500?-428 B.C.), 150, 177, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 317, 337, 339–341, 348, 355, 358, 367, 401, 424, 456, 669
Anaximander , philosopher (ca. 610–546 B.C.), 71, 136, 138–139, 140, 145
Anaximenes , philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 139, 339, 416
ancestor worship, 177, 180
Anchises (ăn-kī’-sēz), 185
andreia , 206
Andromache , 25, 46, 57, 211, 307, 316, 406–408
Andromache (Euripides), 401*
Andromeda , 28
Andromeda (Euripides), 416
Andronicus of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.), 526, 601
Andros (ăn’-drŏs), 131, 153, 449
Androtion , historian (4th century B.C.), 466
anesthesia, 342, 638
animal worship, in Crete, 13, 20
in Mycenae, 32
in Grecian religion, 177, 179
animism, 139, 177, 193
Anniceris of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.), 473, 510
Antaeus (ăn-tē’-ŭs), 220
Antalcidas , Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.), 461
Antenor (ăn-tē’-nôr), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.), 221
Anthesteria , 180, 199–200
Anthesterion , 199
anthropomorphism, 176, 177, 179
Antibes (än’-tēb), 169, see also Antipolis
Anticychera , 321
Antigone , 307, 311, 394–397
Antigone (Sophocles), 303*, 396–397
Antigonids, 575, 656
Antigonus I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.), 558, 572
Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.), 560, 651
Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.), 561, 570, 571
Antimenes of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.), 562–563
Antioch , 562, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 621, 627
Antiochus , I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 280–261 B.C.), 572, 573, 612
Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261–246 B.C.), 573
Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224–187 B.C.), 573, 578, 581, 587, 664
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.), 572, 573–574, 581, 582, 583, 584, 605
Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.), 450
Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.), 160*
Antiope , 402, 623
Antipater , Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.), 480, 544, 553, 554, 558
Antiphanes , comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.), 212, 483, 513
Antiphon of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.), 361, 363, 369, 430
Antipolis , 169
anti-Semitism, 582–584, 594
Antisthenes of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.), 369, 372, 505–506, 508, 644, 651
Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.), 274
Antonines, 88
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121–180), 136, 560, 656
Antonius, Marcus, Roman general (83-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602
Anytus , politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 271, 370, 373, 426, 452, 454, 455, 511
Apamea , 156, 575, 576
apella, see Assembly (Sparta)
Apelles , painter (fl. 330 B.C.), 134, 300, 492–494, 498
Apelles, envoy of Antiochus IV, 583
Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.), 601
Aphaea , 95
Aphetae , 240
Aphidna , 75, 108
“Aphorisms” (Hippocrates), 343
Aphrodisia , 91, 185
Aphrodisias (city), 157
Aphrodite , 13, 34, 51, 56, 58, 69, 83, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 105*, 133, 159, 178, 184, 185, 319, 402, 494, 565, 610, 620, 624, 650
Kallipygos, 185
Pandemos, 116, 185, 300, 497
Urania, 185
Aphrodite (Praxiteles), 495
Aphrodite (Scopas), 498
Aphrodite Anadyomene (Apelles), 300, 493
Aphrodite of Melos, 133, 624
Aphrodite of the Gardens (Alcamenes), 326
Apocrypha , 603, 604
Apollo , 23*, 56, 58, 73, 87*, 92, 96, 104–105, 118, 131, 141, 159, 161, 169, 179, 180, 182–183, 184, 188, 193, 198, 199, 200, 216, 218, 227, 228, 245, 274, 326, 328, 355, 376, 389, 401, 409, 410, 416, 472, 559, 570, 574, 618
Lyceus, 525
Apollo (Scopas), 498
Apollo Belvedere, 624
Apollo Citharoedus, 498
Apollo of Sunium, 222
Apollo of Tenea, 222
Apollo Sauroctonus (sō-rŏk’-tŏ-nŭs) (Praxiteles), 496
Apollo Smintheus (Scopas), 497
Apollodorus , painter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 317
Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.), 163
Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.), 559, 560
Apollonia , 157, 580
Apollonius of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.), 601
Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 639
Apollonius of Perga, geometer (3rd century B.C.), 338, 627, 628
Apollonius of Rhodes, poet and grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 42, 601, 608–609
&
nbsp; Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 623
Apollonius of Tyre, 650
Apoxyomenos (ăp-ŏk’-sē-ŏm’-ě-năs) (Lysippus), 292, 498
Apology (Plato), 371, 417*, 513*
Appius Claudius, see Claudius, Appius
aqueducts, 121, 142
Arabia, 161, 234, 238, 276, 551, 576, 580, 590, 593, 629, 667
Aral Sea, 575
Aramaic, 603
Aratus of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.), 560–561, 569–570, 612, 619
Aratus of Soli, didactic poet (315-245 B.C.), 560, 635
Arbela , 56, 234, 540, 545
Arbitrants, The (Menander) 607–608
arboriculture, in Cyprus, 34, 133; in Chios, 150; in Attica, 269, 463; in Egypt, 588
Arcadia , 41†, 86, 87, 89, 133, 178, 194, 226, 462, 499*, 570, 613
Arcesilaus , philosopher (316-241 B.C.), 636, 643, 657
Archeanassa , courtesan, 300
Archelaus (ăr’-kě-lā’-ŭs), King of Macedonia (reigned 413–399 B.C.), 291, 418, 437, 475
Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 367, 371
Archeological Museum (Constantinople), 623, 625
Archeological Museum (Florence), 219
archeology, 5–6, 24–27, 34–35, 44
Archermus , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 150, 222
Archestratus (ăr’-kě-strā’-tŭs), banker (5th century B.C.), 274
Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.), 649
Archestratus, tyrant of Sicyon, 619
Archidamus , King of Sparta, 81, 82
Archilochus , lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.), 132, 152, 157, 193, 229
Archimedes , scientist (287?-212 B.C.), 265, 501, 588, 598–599, 627, 628–634, 640, 669, 671
Archippe, courtesan, 300
architecture, in Crete, 7, 11–12, 18–19
in Tiryns, 27–28
in Mycenae, 28–30
in Troy, 34–35
in Homeric society, 52–53
in Athens, 122, 308
in Sicily, 171, 172
in 7th and 6th centuries, 223–226
in Periclean age, 327–336
in 4th century, 491–492
in Hellenistic age, 617–618
archon basileus, 109, 117, 263–264
archon eponymos, 109
archon polemarchos, 109
archon thesmothetai, 109*, in, 258
archonship, 23, 108, 109–110, 115–116, 121, 249–250, 263–264
Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.), 166, 500, 501, 510
Arctic Circle, 637
Arctonnesus , 156
arenas, see stadiums
Areopagiticus (Isocrates), 487–488
Areopagus , 110, 115, 124, 125, 247, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 390, 488
Ares (ā’-rēz), 50, 57, 58, 182, 184, 185
Ares (Scopas), 497
Arete , daughter of Aristippus, 505