by Will Durant
arete, 298, 372
Arginusae , 311, 450, 455
Argo (är’-gō), 43
Argolic Gulf, 31, 96
Argolis ), 72, 542
Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609
Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403
Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665
Argus (är’-gŭs), 28, 72
Ariadne , 6, 15, 23, 229
Ariana, 546
Arion , poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232
Aristaeus , mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628
Aristagoras , Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235
Aristander , soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540
Aristarchus of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669
Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602
Aristeas, 595*
Aristides , statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294
Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Aristion, stela of, 69, 223
Aristippus of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644
Aristo of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*
Aristocles , see Plato
Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223
Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80
in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108
in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282
Aristodama of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567
Aristodemus , King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73
Aristogeiton , tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301
Aristomenes , 73
Aristophanes , comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606
Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607
Aristotle , philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669
Aristotle (Grote), 532 *
Aristoxenus of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669
arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630
Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6
Ark of the Covenant, 583
Arles, 169
Armenia, 238, 460, 578
army, in Crete, 23
in Homeric society, 54–55
in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265
in Macedonia, 476–477
army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477
tactics, in Sparta, 81
in Athens, 265
in Thebes, 462
in Macedonia, 476–477
Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579
Arretophoria , 200
Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*
Arsaces , founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578
Arsinoë , Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593
Arsinoë (city), 576
Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343
Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461
Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547
Artemis , 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577
Orthia , 82, 194
Artemisia , consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494
Artemisium , 239–240, 245, 383
arts, in Crete, 8–10, 16–20
in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33
in Homeric society, 52–53
after Dorian invasion, 63
in Sparta, 74–77, 87
in Corinth, 91–92
in Athens, 122
in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233
in Periclean age, 313–336
in Syracuse, 438
in 4th century, 491–499
in Judea, 580
in Hellenistic age, 616–626
arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472
Aryans, 35
Ascalaphus , 41†
Ascalon , 580
asceticism, 85, 191, 192, 509
Asclepiads , 96, 342
Asclepiodorus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Asclepius , 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346
Ascra , 98, 100
Asculum, 660
Ashdod, 580, see Azotus
Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664
Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667
Aspasia of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450
Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651
Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452
Assembly (Syracuse), 474
Assus, 327, 524, 525, 652
Assumption, feast of the, 183
Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603
Astacus , 156
Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178
astrology, 137, 566, 653
astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637
Astyanax , 57, 316, 406–409
asylum, right of, 192–193, 262
Atalanta , 43, 105, 497
Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*
ataraxia, 644
Atarissyas , King of the Ahhijavas, 39
Atarneus , 524, 578
Athamus , 42
atheism, 644–645
Athena , 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650
Athena (Scopas), 497
Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323
Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640
Athene Parthenos (Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329
Athene Polias, 330, 331
Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325
Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487
Athenis , sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150
Athenodorus , sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622
Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666
Athens M
useum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.
athletics, in Homeric society, 48
in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217
Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*
Atlantic Ocean, 3, 637
Atlantis, 118
Atlas (ăt’-lăs), 41†, 328–329
Atman (ät’-màn), 654
atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647
Atossa , daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342
Atreus , 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386
Attalus I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627
Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549
Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549
Atthis , 154
Attica , 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204
Attic pottery, 219–220
Attis , 13, 178, 467
Atys , see Attis
Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†
Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523
Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598
auletrides, 299–300
Aulis , 56, 107, 386, 410
Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius
Austria, 62*, 602
Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580
B
Babylon , 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634
Babylonia , 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635
Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421
Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418
Bacchanalia , 583, 587
Bacchante (Scopas), 498
Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418
Bacchiadae , 90, 92
Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187
Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus
Bacchylides , poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438
Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400
back-to-nature movement, 372, 509
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644
Bactria , 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617
Bactriana, 546
Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529
Baghdad , 572
Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*
Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559
ball games, 212
Baluchistan , 547, see also Gedrosia
banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590
Banquet (Xenophon), 364
barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70
Barberini Faun, 625
barbers, 291
barter, 47, 575
Basilica , 168
bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20
in 7th and 6th century, 222–223
in Periclean age, 319
in 4th century, 494
Bassae, 327–328
Baths of Caracalla, 623*
Baths of Titus, 622
Bathycles of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*
Batis , general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541
Battle of Issus, 620–621
Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317
Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432
beauty contests, 218
Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401
Beirut , 575, see also Berytus
Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25
Bendis , 467, 566
Beneventum, 661
Beni-Hasan , 68, 224
Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*
Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210
Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587
Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657
Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†
Berlin Museum, 26, 315, 618
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†
Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612
Berytus , 575
Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546
Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261
Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628
biblos, 206
biology, 139, 502, 528–531
Bios Hellados (Dicaear-chus), 488
Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428
birth control, 287, 468, 567–568
Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319
Bisanthe , 157
Bithynia , 450, 557, 578
black-figure ware, 219–220
Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667
Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*
Blepyrus , 283
Boar Hunt, 31
Boedromion , 199
Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103
boeotarch, 462
Boeotia , 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666
Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462
Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652
Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625
Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37
Bokhara , 546
Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594
Book of the Dead, 190
books, 206–207, 600–606
Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177
Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625
Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6
Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499
botany, 637–638
boule , 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263
bouleuterion, 257
Bouphonia , 200
Bourbons, 451
Boxers’ Vase, 17
boxing, 12, 214–215
Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105
Brahman (brä-măn), 654
Brahmans, 612, see also India
Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546
Brasidas , Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443
Brauron, 108, 411
Brauronia , 108, 200
Brazen Race (Theogony), 102
Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472
Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559
Brentesium , 159
bridges, 238–239, 272–273
Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium
Briseis , 56, 58, 208, 302, 620
British Isles, 590
British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡
British School of Athens, 33
Bronze Age, in Crete, 7
in Mycenae, 28
in Cyprus, 33
in Achaean society, 64
in Melos, 133
bronzework, in Crete, 16
in Homeric society, 46
in Sparta, 77
in Samos, 143
in 7th and 6th centuries, 221
in Periclean age, 314–315
Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*
Brucheum , 592, 593
Bruttium , 614
Brut
us, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541
Bryaxis , sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494
Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315
Bucephalus , 493, 538, 621
Bucharest, 542
Buddha, 357
Bug River, 157
building trade, 18–19, 122, 272
Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316
Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238
bullfights, 12–13, 32
Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669
Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150
Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia
burial, in Crete, 14
in Mycenae, 32
in Homeric society, 48
in Athens, 311–312
Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*
Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26
burnt offerings, 194–195
Butades of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222
Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*
Butrinto, see Buthrotum
Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497
Byzantine Empire, 231, 667
Byzantium , 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576
Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*
C
Cadmeia , 40, 462, 543, 553
Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462
Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140
Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612
Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324
Calauria , 199, 553
Calaurian Amphictyony, 199
Caledonia, 376
calendar, Minoan, 15
Athenian, 199–200, 341
Callias , statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517
Callicles , Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295
Callicrates , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332
Callimachus , Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332
Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636
Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143
Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186
Callipolis , 157
Callisthenes , philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550
Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
Calvinism, 656
Calydon , 105
Calypso , 59, 60, 61
Camarina , 438
Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*