The Life of Greece

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The Life of Greece Page 104

by Will Durant


  Lysanias , grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 636

  Lysias , orator (450-380 B.C.), 361, 430, 467, 472

  Lysias, Regent of Syria (fl. 165 B.C.), 584

  Lysicles , demagogue (5th century B.C.), 255

  Lysicrates , choragic monument to, 327, 382, 492

  Lysimacheia , 575

  Lysimachus , Macedonian general (361?-281 B.C.), 538, 558, 578

  Lysippus of Sicyon, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 292, 498, 631, 634, 635

  Lysis (Plato), 364, 513*

  Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 307, 423–424

  Lysistratus, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 495

  M

  Maccabeans, 584, 605

  Maccabees I and II, 583

  Macedonia , 54, 69–70, 157, 158, 234, 239, 437, 465, 468, 470, 475–478, 480–481, 538, 542, 543, 544, 547, 548, 552–553, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560–561, 562, 568, 570, 575, 576, 585, 592–593, 662–663, 665, 666

  Macedonian Wars, 662, 663, 664, 665

  Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo, Florentine statesman and political writer (1469–1527), 295, 614

  Maeander River, 141, 143, 177, 575

  Maenaca , 169

  Magi, 135

  magic, 193, 197, 200

  magistracy, see jurisprudence

  Magna Graecia , 161, 576

  Magnesia, 106, 198, 246, 327, 573, 578, 618, 664

  Mahaffy, John Pentland, British divine and author (1839–1919), 160*

  Maimakterion , 199

  Maine, Henry James Sumner, English jurist and historian (1822–1888), 667†

  Malaga, 169

  Malea , Cape, 89†

  Malic Gulf, 106

  Mallia, 7, 546

  Manet, Édouard, French painter (1832–1883), 498*

  Manetho , Egyptian historian (fl. 250 B.C), 594, 612

  manners, in Homeric society, 47–48, 51; in Athens, 116–117, 291–312; in Hellenistic age, 566–567

  Mantinea , 88, 378, 443, 463, 489, 496

  manumission, 278, 562

  maps, 139, 341

  Marathon , 55, 71, 87, 88, 105, 108, 126, 127, 133, 195, 215, 226, 233, 234–236, 248, 291, 296, 383, 448, 461, 499

  Marble Faun (Hawthorne), 496

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman general (268?-208 B.C.), 632–633, 661

  Marcus Aurelius, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

  Mardonius , Persian commander (479 B.C.), 241, 242

  Mark Antony, see Antonius, Marcus

  Mareotis , Lake, 592

  markets, 275–276

  Marmora , Sea of, 3, 4*, 70, 156, 450

  marriage, in Troy, 36

  institution of, 40

  in Homeric society, 51

  in Sparta, 81–82, 83–84

  in Athens, 117, 250, 302–305

  in 4th century, 467

  Marriage Song, see Hymeneus

  Mars, see Ares

  Marseilles, 3, 67, 150, 169, 213

  Marsyas , 227, 323, 365

  Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 206

  Mary, mother of Jesus, 178, 183, 595

  masks, 29, 32, 380–381, 606

  Mass (ritual), 195, 232, 594

  Massagetae , 431

  Massalia , 67, 169, 194, 575

  Massillon, Jean Baptiste, French pulpit orator (1663–1742), 488*

  mass production, 575

  Mata Hari, World War spy, 300

  materialism, 350, 352–355

  mathematics, 135, 163–164, 337–338, 500–501, 627–628, 629–630

  Mattathias , Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

  Maurya Dynasty, 575

  Mausoleum (Halicarnassus), 494, 497, 618

  Mausolus (maw’-sō-lŭs), King of Caria (reigned 377–353 B.C.), 134, 143*, 494

  Measurement of a Circle, The (Archimedes), 629

  mechane, 379

  Mechanical Problems (Archimedes), 633

  mechanics, 500, 527, 630, 631

  Mechanics (Aristotle), 526*

  Medea , 43, 55, 157, 197, 303, 307, 403–404, 415, 609

  Medea (Euripides), 401*, 403–404, 411, 412

  meden agan, 296

  Medes, 238

  Medical History of Contraception (Himes), 468*

  Medici, 135

  medicine, in Crete, 15

  in Epidaurus, 96

  under Hippocrates, 342–348

  in 4th century, 502–503

  in Hellenistic age, 638–639

  Mediterranean race, 8, 63, 108

  Mediterranean Sea, 3–4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 22, 33, 36, 67, 68, 127, 129, 168, 169, 219, 242, 273, 276, 431, 439, 446, 456, 463, 542, 552, 559, 571, 572, 577, 579, 590, 599, 600, 603, 615, 627, 640, 656, 659, 661, 664, 667

  mediums of exchange, in Homeric society, 47

  origin of, 69

  in Argos, 72

  in Sparta, 79

  in Athens, 114, 273–274

  in Seleucid Empire, 575

  see also coinage

  Medusa , 321

  Megalopolis , 88, 462, 569, 570, 613

  Megalostrata , consort of Alcman (7th century B.C.), 76

  Megara , 41, 62, 79, 90, 92–95, 98, 125*, 157, 232, 252, 279, 439, 441, 497, 510

  Megara Hyblaea , 92, 231

  Megarian school, 503–504

  Megasthenes (mě-găs’-thē-nēz), ambassador and writer (fl. 300 B.C.), 612, 637

  Meidias , potter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

  Melanippe (Euripides), 414

  Melanthus (mě-lăn’-thŭs), painter (4th century B.C.), 619

  Meleager , 43, 105

  Meleager, epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 573, 576

  Meleager (Scopas), 497

  Meletus (mě-lē’-tŭs), tragic poet (5th century B.C.), 373, 426, 452, 455, 511

  Melos (mē’-lŏs), 33, 62, 133, 406, 443–444, 455, 624

  Melpomene (měl-pŏm’-ē-nē), 186

  Memorabilia (Xenophon), 364, 490, 650

  Memphis, 585

  Menaechmus (mě-năk’-mūs), philosopher and geometrician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 501, 628

  Menander (mē-năn’-dēr), comic dramatist (343-291 B.C.), 155, 213, 231, 412, 429, 492, 567, 576, 606–608, 641, 667, 668

  Mende (měn’-dē), 158

  Menedemus (mě’-ně-dē’-mŭs), philosopher (350-277 B.C.), 107

  Menelaus (měn’-ě-lŏ’-ŭs), 39, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 171, 316, 386, 408

  Menelaus, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.), 582

  Menes (mē’-nēz), possibly Egypt’s first king (ca. 3500 B.C.), 20

  Menon (měn’-ŏn), medical historian (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500

  mercenaries, 468

  merchant class, in Argos, 72

  in Athens, 122, 255

  in Sicily, 172

  merchant marine, 590

  Mercury, 184, see Hermes

  Meriones , 229

  Mesolongion (mē’-sō-lōng’-gē-ōn), see Missolonghi

  Mesopotamia , 3, 7, 30, 69, 70, 234, 548, 572, 579, 620

  Messana , 170, 172

  Messenia , 73, 462, 570

  Messenian Wars, 75, 77

  Messiah, 605

  Messina , 170

  Messina, Straits of, 160, 167, 169, 171

  Metageitnia , 199

  Metageitnion , 199

  metallurgy, in Crete, 7

  in Athens, 271 metal work, in Crete, 16

  in Mycenae, 31–32

  in Homeric society, 52

  in Dorian society, 62

  in Periclean age, 314–315

  Metaneira , courtesan, 467

  metaphysics, 137, 138, 144–145, 165–166, 508, 515–517, 646

  Metaphysics (Aristotle), 526*

  Metapontum, 166

  Metellus (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus), Roman general (fl. 148 B.C.), 666

  metempsychosis, 13, 68, 165, 187–188, 189, 191, 311–312, 355, 357, 517

  meteorology, 340, 528

  Meteorology (Arist
otle), 526*

  meter, 132, 154

  Method, The (Archimedes), 629

  Methone (mě-thō’-nē), 439, 470, 477

  metics, 255, 262, 277–278

  Metis , 182

  Meton (mē’-tŏn), astronomer (fl. 5th century B.C.), 338

  Metrodorus of Lampsacus, philosopher (d. 277 B.C.), 649

  Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), 33*, 133†, 220, 319*, 321†, 323*, 497, 626

  Michelangelo, see Buonarotti, Michelangelo

  Middle Academy, 643

  Middle Ages, 170, 566

  Middle Comedy, 429, 482–483

  Miletus (mī-lē’-tŭs), 68*, 90, 122, 134–141, 151, 156, 169, 173, 219, 222, 226, 235, 275, 546, 564, 567, 568, 575, 618, 639

  militarism, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 81, 82–83

  Milo (mī’-lō) of Crotona, athlete (6th century B.C.), 161, 162, 215, 216

  Miltiades , Athenian general and statesman (d. 488 B.C.), 235–236, 237, 247

  Milton, John, English poet (1608–1674), 386, 436, 488*, 497

  Mimnermus , elegiac poet (fl. 630–600 B.C.), 148

  mina, 114, 274

  mining, in Cyprus, 33

  by Achaeans, 46

  in Attica, 121, 270–271, 463–464

  in Egypt, 589

  Minoan Ages, 7–8, 11, 12, 13, 15–21, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 134, 170

  Minos (mī’-nŏs), 6, 10*, 11, 18, 19, 22–23, 38†, 40, 75, 117

  Minotaur , 6, 14, 22, 23

  Minyans ,.35, 64, 103

  miracles, 195

  mirrors, 314–315

  Missolonghi , 105

  Mizpah , 584

  Mnason, tyrant of Elatea (fl. 4th century B.C.), 492

  mnemonics, 130

  Mnemosyne , 182

  Mnesicles , architect (fl. 437 B.C.), 251, 331

  Mnesilochus, father-in-law of Euripides (5th century B.C.), 426–427

  Moabite stone, 205

  Mochlos, 6, 7, 11, 20

  Modin, 583

  Moeris , Lake, 589

  Mohammed, 572

  Moirai (moi’-rī), 135, 186

  Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622–1673), 668

  Molossians, 660

  Monaco, 169, see also Monoecus

  monarchy, in Crete, 10–11

  in Sparta, 79

  in Athens, 109

  in Miletus, 134

  in Seleucid Empire, 576

  money, see mediums of exchange; see also coinage

  monism, 137

  Monoecus , 169

  monogamy, in Troy, 36

  in Sparta, 81–82

  in Athens, 304

  monopoly, 269, 589–590

  monotheism, 175, 565, 580, 653–654, 655, 656

  Montaigne, Michel de, French philosopher and essayist (1533–1592), 167*, 374

  moon worship, 13, 177

  morality, in Homeric society, 47–50

  in Sparta, 81–85, 86

  in Athens, 116–117, 287, 293–305

  and religion, 200–202

  in 4th century, 467–468

  in philosophy of Plato, 517–519

  of Aristotle, 533–534

  in 3rd century, 565–568

  mortgage laws, 113–114

  Mosaic code, 77

  mosaics, 620–621

  Moscow, 547

  Moslems, 667

  Mosso, Angelo, Italian scholar, 19‡

  mother, the, in Crete, 10

  in Homeric society, 50*

  in Athens, 307

  see also woman, position of

  Motya , 170

  Mountain (political party), 119, 124

  Mountains (deity), 99

  mourning, 311–312

  Movements of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Austrian composer (1756–1791), 401

  Mummius, Lucius, Roman statesman and general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 666

  Munich Antiquarium, 323*, 625

  Munychia (festival), 200

  Munychia (port), 246

  Munychion , 200

  Musaeus (mū-zē’-ŭs), 69, 191, 227

  Museo delle Terme (Rome), 319*, 323*, 365, 623†, 624, 625

  Muses, 69, 98, 99, 104, 106, 182, 186, 226, 496, 511, 586

  Museum (Alexandria), 226, 585, 586–587, 592, 601, 602, 627, 667

  music, in Crete, 14, 15–16

  of Achaeans, 45

  in Homeric society, 52

  in Phrygia, 69

  in Sparta, 74–77

  in Pythagorean school, 163–164, 166

  in religion, 193

  contests, 212, 216

  in common culture, 226–230

  in Athenian education, 289

  in drama, 379–380

  in Judea, 580

  in Hellenistic age, 616–617

  musical instruments, 15–16, 74–75, 227, 580, 616

  Mycale 151, 200, 234, 242, 248, 437

  Mycenae , 5, 21, 26, 28–33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 53, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 89, 90, 108, 127, 128, 179, 180, 223, 311

  Mycenaean order (architecture), 331, 336

  Myconos (mī’-kō-nŏs), 131

  Mylias , Athenian businessman (4th century B.C.), 278

  Myres, John Linton, English archeologist, 6

  Myron (mī’-rŏn), sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.), 17, 217, 301, 323–324

  Myron, tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 89

  Myrtilus , 39

  Mysia , 238

  Mysis , slave of Epicurus (3rd century B.C.), 645

  mysteries, 188–192

  mysticism, 136, 165–166, 188–192

  Mytilene , 122, 151, 153, 265, 443, 455, 466, 645

  mythology, 98–100, 135, 176–188, 565

  Myus (mī’-ŭs), 141

  N

  Nabis , tyrant of Sparta (fl. 207 B.C.), 570

  Naiads , 177

  Nanno, beloved of Mimnermus (7th century B.C.), 148

  Naples, 107, 168, 169, 417, 575; see also Neapolis

  Naples Museum, 323, 499, 620*, 623*, 624‡, 625

  Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769–1821), 157, 173, 438, 540, 541, 542, 547, 552

  Narcissus , 98, 218

  Nashville, Tennessee, 335*

  naturalism, 136, 340

  Naucratis , 3, 173, 174, 219, 545

  Naupactus (naw-păk’-tŭs), 62, 105, 662

  Nauplia , 27

  Nausicaa , 46, 60, 210, 297, 302

  navigation, 4, 47, 135

  navy, of Crete, 5, 10

  of Mycenae, 31

  in Homeric society, 54–55

  of Athens, 241, 246, 250, 265, 275, 449

  of Sparta, 448

  of Egypt, 585

  Naxos , 23, 131, 170, 172, 221

  Neacles , painter (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 619

  Neapolis (Naples), 157, 169, 575

  Neapolis (Shechem), 580

  Nearches (nē-är’-kēz), tyrant of Elea (5th century B.C.), 351

  Nearchus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 502, 547, 637

  Near East, 4, 68, 136, 192, 221, 272, 274, 275, 305, 319, 430, 572, 574, 575, 587, 590, 600, 603, 634, 667

  Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (reigned 605–562 B.C.), 432, 605

  Necho (nē’-kō), King of Egypt (reigned 610–594 B.C.), 589

  Necropolis , 592

  Nehemiah, governor of Judea (465-424 B.C.), 580

  Neleus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 601

  Nemea , 41†, 211

  Nemean games, 200, 216

  Nemesis , 186, 390, 397

  Nemesis (Agoracritus), 326

  Neobule (nē-ŏb’-ū-lē), beloved of Archilochus (7th century B.C.), 132

  Neolithic Age, in Crete, 6–7, 16; in Sicily, 170

  Neo-Platonism, 192, 516, 595, 657, 668

  Neoptolemus , 294

  Nepnelococcygia , 428

  Neptune, 186, see also Poseidon

  Nereids , 177

  Nereids, 3
24*

  Nesiotes , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

  Nestor (něs’-tôr), 53, 58, 60, 105*, 208, 211, 297

  New Academy, 643

  New Comedy, 419, 606, 608

  Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English theologian (1801–1890), 655

  Newton, Isaac, English philosopher and mathematician (1642–1727), 527, 629, 630, 633

  Nicaea , 169

  Nicanor , governor of Judea (2nd century B.C.), 584

  Nicarete , courtesan, 467

  Nice, 3, 169

  Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 526*, 533–534

  Nicias , statesman and general (d. 413 B.C.), 197, 270–271, 281*, 297, 379, 421, 423, 433, 435, 445, 446, 448

  Nicomedes I, King of Bithynia (reigned 278–250 B.C), 495

  Nicopolis , 156

  Nicosthenes , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

  Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844–1900), 50, 148, 295, 523, 670

  Night (deity), 99

  Nike (nē’-kē) (Achermus), 222

  Nike (Paeonius), 222, 324

  Nike Apteros, 327, 331

  Nikolaev, 157, see also Olbia

  Nile River, 3, 68, 173, 341, 539, 544–545, 564, 587, 589, 590, 591, 592

  Nile, 623

  Nimes, 169

  Nine Lyric Poets, 76

  Niobe , 182, 326

  Niobe, 652

  Nocturnal Council (Plato), 522

  nomes, 591

  nomoi, 258

  nomothetaiy 258, 469

  Nordic man, 8*, 63

  Norman Conquest, 29

  Normans, 170

  Norway, 637

  Notium , 450

  Notus (nō’-tŭs), 177

  nous, 339, 340

  Novum Ilium , 35†

  Nubia , 18, 589, 596

  nudity, in Sparta, 82, 83

  Numa Pompilius, King of Rome (reigned 715–672 B.C.), 117

  number relations, 165, 166

  numerals, 627

  nymphs, 181

  O

  oaths, 290

  Oblivion, see Lethe

  obol, 274

  Oceanids , 177, 385

  Oceanus , 99, 137, 385

  Odessus, 157

  Odeum (ō-dē’-ŭm), 330

  Odysseus , 24, 36, 45, 47, 48, 49–50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60–61, 159, 210, 211

  Odysseus in Hades (Polygnotus), 316

  Odyssey , 46, 59–61, 122, 167, 206, 207–211, 390, 602

  Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 313, 490

  Oedipus , 40–41, 61*, 180, 311, 384*, 393–396, 398, 548

  Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 394–396, 400

  Oedipus the King (Sophocles), 393–394, 398, 411

  Oeneus (ē’-nūs), 105*

  Oenoe (ē’-nō-ē), 156

  Oenomaus (ē-nŏm’-ā-ŭs), 39, 328

  Oenopides of Chios, astronomer (5th century B.C..), 339

  Ogygia , 59

  oil refining, 589

 

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