by Will Durant
Olbia, 135, 157, 575
Old Age, see Geras
Old Comedy, 231, 429
Old Market Woman, 626*
“Old Oligarch,” 279–280, 283
Old Testament, 604
oligarchy, 109–112, 247, 255, 449
olive culture, see arboriculture
Olympia , 38, 39, 40, 48, 88, 89, 105, 180, 181, 211, 213–216, 222, 325, 328, 430, 445, 496, 538
Olympiads, 217, 613, 615
Olympians (gods), 177, 180–188, 195, 210–211, 467
Olympias, Queen of Macedonia (d. 316 B.C), 476, 481, 538, 544, 549
Olympic games, 5, 41†, 91, 200, 213–216, 317, 349, 472, 668
Olympieum 574, 617
Olympus , Mt., 30, 37, 56, 99, 106, 131, 175, 181, 182
Olympus, musician (8th century B.C..), 227
Olynthus , 158, 477, 525
Onatas , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
Oneiros , 186
Onias III, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C..), 594
On Conoids and Spheroids (Archimedes), 630
On Floating Bodies (Archimedes), 630
“On Marriage” (Theophrastus), 640
On Nature (Alcmaeon), 342
On Nature (Anaxagoras), 339, 417*
On Nature (Empedocles), 356
On Nature (Epicurus), 645
On Nature (Gorgias), 360
On Nature (Heracleitus), 144
On Nature (Parmenides), 350
Onomacritus , scholar (520 B.C.), 190
On Plane Equilibriums (Archimedes), 630
On Purifications (Empedocles), 356
On Spirals (Archimedes), 630
On the Crown (Demosthenes), 484–485
“On the Heart” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 345
On the Heavens (Aristotle), 526*
“On the Improvement of the Intellect” (Pythagoras), 165*
On the Peace (Isocrates), 487
“On the Physician” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 346
On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon (Aristarchus), 634
On the Soul (Aristotle), 526*
ontology, in philosophy of Thales, 137
of Anaximander, 138
of Heracleitus, 145–146
of Pythagoras, 165
of Anaxagoras, 339
of Parmenides, 350
of Empedocles, 357
of Plato, 515–517
of Epicurus, 646
of Stoics, 652–653
“On Wounds in the Head” (Hippocrates), 343
optics, 638
oracles, 197–199
oratory, 53–54, 256, 360, 430, 483–485
orchestra, 378
Orchomenos , 29, 35, 42, 88, 103, 543, 665
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 383, 384, 386–391, 411
Orestes , 61, 108, 195, 201, 311, 386, 388–389, 404, 409–411, 431
Orestes (Euripides), 401*
“Organon” (Aristotle), 526–527
Orientalization, 577–578
Oriental style (architecture), 219
Orontes River, 564, 572, 575
Oropus , 108
Orpheus (ôr’-fūs), 43, 69, 180–190, 191, 227, 303, 319
Orpheus among the Thractons, 315
Orphism, 68, 165, 190–192, 467, 523, 566, 668
Orthagoras (ŏr-thăg’-ō-răs), tyrant of Sicyon (fl. 676 B.C.), 89
Ortygia , 172, 470–471, 474, 475
Oscophoria, 199
Osiris , 68, 178, 187*, 432, 595, 668
Ossa , Mt., 106
Ostia (ôs’-tyä), 620
ostracism, 125–126, 237, 246, 247, 266
Othrys , Mt., 106
Otricoli , 624
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Latin poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 155, 157
Oxus (ŏk’-sŭs) River, 575
Oxyrhynchus , 155
P
Paches (pā’-kēz), Athenian general (5th century B.C.), 443
Pacific Ocean, 3
pacifism, 406, 415
Paeonia , 238
Paeonius of Ephesus, architect (6th century B.C.), 143
Paeonius, architect, 618
Paeonius of Mende, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 328
Paestum (pěs’-tŭm), 168, 226, see also Poseidonia
Paetus (pě-ē’-tŭs) and Arria , 623
painting, in Crete, 17–18, 19–20
in Mycenae, 31
in 6th century, 223
in Periclean age, 315–318
in 4th century, 492–494
in Hellenistic age, 618–621
palaces, in Crete, 6–8, 11, 12, 18–20
in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–30
in Homeric society, 53
Palace of Minos, The (Evans), 6*
palaestras, 212, 288–289, 567
Palaikastro (păl’-ī-kăs’-trō), 6, 7, 11, 12, 22
Palatine Hill, 493
Palermo, 170, 575, see also Panormus
Palestine, 21, 70, 234, 557, 572, 573, 579, 585, 594, 605, 667
Pallas , 182
Pallas Athene, see Athena
Pamphilus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Pamphylia , 245*
Pan (păn), 88, 177, 610, 616, 625
Panaenus (pă-nē’-nŭs), painter (5th century B.C), 317, 325
Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 185–110 B.C.), 652
Panathenaea , 122, 123, 199, 212–213, 334
Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 488
Panboeotia , 103
Pandora , 101
panegyreis, 200
Panegyricus (Isocrates), 486–487, 488
Panhellenic games, 91, 200, 211, 213, 216, 262
Panhellenism, 485
Panionia , 200
Panionium , 151
pankration, 214–215
Panormus (pä-nôr’-mŭs), 156, 170, 241, 575
pantheism, 414, 565
Panticapaeum , 157, 575
paper, 8, 206
Paphlagonia , 238, 275
Paphos (pă’-fŏs), 34
papyrus, 206, 591, 600
Paradise Lost (Milton), 386
paradox, in philosophy, 145, 351
parasites, 294
parchment, 206, 600
Paribeni, Italian archeologist, 6
Paris, son of Priam, 36, 53, 55, 56, 59, 171, 185, 404
parks, 592, 617
Parmenides of Elea, philosopher (6th century B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 168, 339, 349, 350–351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 367, 516*
Parmenides (Plato), 364, 513*, 514
Parmenio , Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.), 541, 549
Parnassus (pär-năs’-ŭs), Mt., 38, 39, 98, 104, 105
Parnes (pär-něs) Mts., 109
Parni, 578
Parnon Mts., 72, 107
Paros (pā’-rŏs), 131–132, 221, 236, 329
Parrhasian Mts., 88
Parrhasius , painter (fl. 400 B.C.), 317–318
Parthenon (pär’-thē-nŏn), 122, 199, 225, 266, 267, 290, 324–325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332–335, 378, 494, 558, 618, 623, 628
Parthia , 578, 579
Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 526*
Parysatis , 547
Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher and mathematician (1623–1662), 657, 669
Pasiōn , banker (5th century B.C.), 274, 278, 464
Pasiphaë , 14, 22
Pasteur, Louis, French chemist (1822–1895), 165‡
pastorals, 171, 609–612
Pataikion (pă-tī-kē-ōn), thief (5th century B.C.), 201
Pater, Walter, English essayist and critic (1839–1894), 127*, 537
Patrae (păt’-rē), 89, 560
Patras, see Patrae
patrimony, 259, 281
patriotism, 201, 566
Patroclus , 46, 48, 58, 193, 208, 212, 220, 551, 620
Paul, Saint, Apostle to the Gentiles (?-67?), 91, 136, 595, 607, 658
Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 25*
Paullus, Ae
milius, Roman general (229-160 B.C.), 326, 665
Pausanias , traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century A.D.), 22*, 26, 28, 29, 73, 88, 89, 92, 159, 176, 215, 221, 226, 227, 295, 328, 496, 497, 559, 618
Pausanius, King of Sparta (fl. 479 B.C), 242, 246
Pausanias, Macedonian officer (fl. 336 B.C.), 481, 542
Pausias (pô’-sē-ăs) of Sicyon, painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Pax Romana, 577
Paxos (păk’-sōs), 159
Peace, The (Aristophanes), 423
Peace of Antalcidas, see King’s Peace
Peace of Nicias, 443, 445
Pedasus , 431
Pegasus , 98
Peisistratids, 123, 219, see also Hippias and Hipparchus, tyrants of Athens
Peisistratus , Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C), 103, 110, 113, 119–123, 124, 188, 189, 200, 207, 208, 212, 223, 226, 233, 249, 265, 269
Pelasgi (pē-lăz’-jī), 30, 31, 37–38, 40, 64, 88, 108
Peleus (pē’-lūs), 43
Pelias , 43, 403
Pelion Mts., 106, 328
Pella , 70, 418, 437, 525, 542, 580, 651
Pellene , 89, 560, 569
Pelopidas , Theban general (d. 364 B.C.), 194, 462
Peloponnesian League, 86
Peloponnesian War, 80, 108, 118, 252, 253, 269, 295, 326, 365, 391, 399, 415, 420, 432, 437, 441–452, 455, 460, 480, 485, 572
Peloponnesus (pĕl-ō-pŏ-nē’-sŭs), 26, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 86, 89, 92, 108, 128, 221, 231, 266, 320, 323, 432, 441, 446, 447, 462, 477, 553, 560, 568, 569, 621
Pelops (pē’-lōps), 39, 42, 51, 61, 62, 86, 328, 386
Penelope (pē-nel’-ō-pē), 46, 48, 53, 59–60, 61, 210, 318
Peneus (pē-nē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 106
pentacosiomedimni, 115
Pentateuch, 595
pentathlon, 214
Pentelicus , Mt., 109, 320, 328, 329, 332, 464
Pentheus (pěn’-thūs), 418, 419
People of Athens, The (Parrhasius), 318
Peparethos (pě’-pär-ē’-thōs), 158
Perdiccas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 454–413 B.C), 343
perfumes, 291–292
Pergamene Library, 579, 602
Pergamum , 557, 559, 575, 578. 579, 600, 601, 602, 618, 623, 627, 639, 663, 664, 665
periaktoi, 379
Periander , tyrant of Corinth (625-585 B.C.), 89†-, 90–91, 92, 141
Periclean age, 50, 53, 109, 142, 172, 177, 188, 207, 226, 242, 248–456, 560, 566
Pericles , Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C), 7, 10, 29, 40, 70, no, 119, 150, 157, 182, 188, 203, 207, 236, 245, 246, 247, 248–254, 255, 259, 264, 271, 272, 283, 295, 314, 325, 330, 332, 340, 341, 392, 420, 421, 430, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 440, 441–442, 444, 445, 448, 450, 468, 479, 535, 554, 594, 617
Periegesis (Pausanias), 26*
Perinthus, 157
Perioeci , 73–74, 77, 459
Peripatetic school, 525, 640, 641
Pernier, L., Italian archeologist, 6
Persaeus (pēr-sē’-ŭs), philosopher and writer (3rd century B.C.), 651
persecution, religious, 581, 582–583
Persephone (pēr-sěf’-ō-nē), 50*, 54*, 68, 69, 72, 73, 178, 182, 185*, 187, 189, 190, 231, 232, 426, 499
Persepolis , 545–546
Perseus (pûr’-sūs), 28, 38†, 39
Perseus, King of Macedonia (reigned 178–168 B.C.), 558, 613, 664–665
Perseus (in Works and Days), 100
Perseus, 321
Persia, 4, 55, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 95, 98, 103, 104, 130, 131, 135, 136, 141, 150, 194, 203, 234–236, 238, 245, 246, 294, 437, 439, 448, 459, 461, 468, 472, 477, 479, 486–487, 489, 491, 494, 525 545, 543, 544, 545–545, 547, 548, 572, 574, 575, 576, 578, 591, 592, 593, 606, 637, 660
Persian Gulf, 572
Persian War, 80, 88, 95, 149, 151, 168, 173, 216, 226, 238–242, 274, 276, 329, 375, 391, 430, 433
Persian Women, The (Aeschylus), 382*, 384*
Petra (pē’-tra), 576
Phaeacian (fē-ā’-shăn), 48, 49, 52
Phaedo (fē’-dō) of Elis, philosopher (5th-4th century B.C.), 369, 455
Phaedo (Plato), 364, 371, 513*, 514
Phaedra (fē’-dra), 22, 402–403
Phaedrus (fē’-drŭs), Athenian (5th century B.C.), 370
Phaedrus (Plato), 302, 513*, 514
Phaestus (fěs’-tŭs), 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 21
Phaëthon (fā’-ē-thŏn), 177*, 501
Phainomena (Eudoxus), 501, 635
phalanx, 476–477
Phalaris , tyrant of Acragas (570-554 B.C.), 171, 172
Phalerum (fă-lē’-rŭm), 250
phallic worship, 13, 178, 199, 231
Phaon (fā’-ŏn), sailor (7th century B.C.), 155
Pharnabazus (făr’-nă-bä’-zŭs) Persian general (5th-4th century B.C.), 451
Pharos (fā’-rŏs), 134, 143*, 590*, 592, 595
Pharsalus (fär-sā’-lŭs), 106
Phasis , 157
Pheidias, , sculptor (ca. 490–432 B.C.), 52, 181, 199, 202, 221, 251, 252, 253, 291, 315, 316, 317, 320, 322, 323–327, 331, 332, 334, 397, 491, 496, 497, 498, 671
Pheidias, astronomer (4th-3rd century B.C.), 628
Pheidippides , courier (490 B.C.), 215
Pheidippides (in Clouds), 425–426
Pheidon (fī’-dŏn), King of Argos (748 B.C.), 72, 114
Pherae (fē’-rē), 106
Pherecrates , dramatist (fl. 438 B.C), 420
Pherecydes (fěr’-ě-sī’-dēz) of Syros, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 131, 140
Phigalea , 327, 328
Phliadelpheus, Alexandre, museum curator, 499*
Philadelphia, 580
Philae (fī’-lē), 618
philanthropy, 294, 563
Philataerus , founder of Pergamene kingdom (3rd century B.C.), 578
Philebus (fī-lē’-bŭs) (Plato), 513*
Philemon (fī-lē’-mŏn), dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 412, 419, 429, 606, 607, 608, 667, 668
Philip, physician (3rd century B.C.), 541
Philip II, King of Macedonia (382-336 B.C), 54, 70, 103, 104*, 157, 158, 213, 265, 266, 461, 463, 467, 471, 475–478, 479–481, 484, 486, 488, 491, 498, 503, 524, 525, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 548, 550, 554, 558, 641
Philip V, King of Macedonia (220-179 B.C.), 561, 568, 587, 662–663, 664
Philippica (Theopompus), 488
Philistion , physician (4th century B.C.), 501, 502
Philistius, historian (432-356 B.C.), 473
Philoctetes (Pythagoras), 322
Philoctetes (Sophocles), 294, 392, 397, 622
Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher (20 B.C-A.D. 54), 147, 595
Philolaus (fī-lō-lā’-ŭs) of Thebes, philosopher (b. 480 B.C.), 166, 339, 352
philologv, 359
Philomelus , Phocian general (4th century B.C.), 104
Philon (fī’-lŏn), architect (4th century B.C.), 491, 617
Philon of Byzantium, mechanician (fl. 146 B.C.), 633
Philopoemen , general and statesman (252?-183 B.C.), 570, 613
philosophy, of Anaxagoras, 330–341
of An-aximander, 138–139
of Anaximenes, 139
of Antisthenes, 505–506
of Aristippus, 503–505
of Aristotle, 524–537
of Diogenes, 506–509
of Empedocles, 355–358
of Epicureans, 644–649
of Heracleitus, 144–148
of Isocrates, 485–488
of idealists, 349–351
of materialists, 352–355
origins of, 135–136
of Parmenides, 350
of Plato, 500–524
of Pythagoras, 164–166
and return to religion, 657–658
of scientists, 500–503
of Skeptics, 640–644
of Socrates, 364–373
of Sophists, 358–364
of Stoics, 650–657
of Thales, 136–138
of Xenophanes, 167–168
of Zeno of Elea, 351
Philostephanus of Corinth, banker (5th century B.C), 274
Philotas (fī-lŏ’-tăs), son of Parmenio (330 B.C), 549
Philoxenus , painter (fl. 4th century B.C.), 620
Philoxenus, poet (435-380 B.C.), 472
Phintias , Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*
Phlius (flī’-ŭs), 569
Phocaea (fō-sē’-ă), 150, 156, 169
Phocion , Athenian statesman and general (402-317 B.C.), 264, 479, 558
Phocis , 27, 104, 198, 441, 477, 542, 543
Phoebe (fē’-bē), 182
Phoebidas , Spartan general (4th century B.C.), 295
Phoebus (fē’-bŭs), 104
Phoenicia , 4, 5, 55, 68, 135, 161, 203, 275, 544, 557, 572, 573, 576, 578, 585
Phoenicians, 4, 8, 15, 31 47, 55, 67, 68, 70, 72, 109*, 133, 134, 170, 205, 238, 580
Phormio, banker (4th century B.C.), 278, 478
Phradmon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
phratries, 108, 175
Phreattys , 259
Phrixus , 42–43
Phrygia , 20, 30, 35, 39, 69, 178, 228, 238, 451, 559
Phrygian mode (music), 69, 228*, 518
Phryne (frī’-nē), courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300–301, 467, 495, 496, 641–642
Phrynichus , dramatic poet (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 382*
Phthiotis , 106, 128, 198
Phyla , 401
Phylakopi , 33
physics, 138, 341, 500, 527, 630–631, 633–634
Physics (Aristotle), 526, 527
physiology, 138, 345, 502–503, 531, 639
Pieria , 106
Pillars of Hercules, 41†, 551
Pinakotheka , 331, 579
Pindar , poet (522-448? B.C.), 72, 76*, 91, 103, 107, 196, 201, 216, 361, 374–377, 437.438, 543
Pindaric odes, 375–377
piracy, 10, 30–31, 47, 48–49, 54, 171, 262, 275
Piraeus (pī-rē’-ŭs), 11, 106, 109, 129, 237, 246, 250, 255, 275, 285, 290, 299, 329, 451, 452, 464, 491, 501, 506, 560, 561, 562, 571, 607
Pirithous , 328
Pitane , 578
Pittacus , tyrant of Mytilene (650-570 B.C.), 141, 151, 153
Plain (political party), 119–120, 124
Plataea , 79, 98, 103, 171, 203, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 312, 383, 455, 462, 543, 545
Plato (plā’-tō), philosopher (427?-347 B.C.), 3, 68, 86, 87, 107, 118, 136, 152, 162, 166, 167, 168, 176, 191, 197, 202, 205, 206, 211, 226, 228*, 229, 249, 252, 267, 278, 280, 282, 287, 288, 293, 297, 300, 302, 310, 311, 324, 349, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 373, 382, 392, 401, 417*, 426, 453, 454, 455. 465, 467, 468, 469, 472–474 483, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 500, 501, 508, 509–524, 526, 533, 554, 562, 601, 628, 629, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 650, 656, 670, 671
Plautus, Titus Maccius, Roman dramatist (254?-184 B.C.), 606, 668