21.Roni Zeiger, “Making U.S. Community Health Data Accessible and Useful,” Google Public Policy Blog, last modified June 2, 2010, googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2010/06/making-us-community-health-data.html.
22.More information relating to the use of open health data can be found at “Health Data Initiative Starter Kit,” HealthData.gov, last modified January 5, 2012, healthdata.gov/health-data-initiative-starter-kit; Mike Painter, “Lightning Strikes Datapalooza,” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, June 5, 2012, rwjf.org/en/blogs/pioneering-ideas/2012/06/lightning_strikesda.html.
23.David Maris, “Bon Jovi’s Next Hit Could Be an App for the Homeless,” Forbes.com, June 6, 2012, forbes.com/sites/davidmaris/2012/06/06/bon-jovi-rocks-health-datapalooza.
24.Dylan Scott, “2012 Health Datapalooza Takes Pulse of Open Data Movement,” Governing, June 6, 2012, governing.com/news/technology/gov-2012-health-datapalooza-takes-pulse-of-open-data-movement.html.
25.Kathleen Sebelius and Todd Park, “Entrepreneurs and Innovators Rock 3rd Annual Health Datapalooza,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 18, 2012. whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/06/18/entrepreneurs-and-innovators-rock-3rd-annual-health-datapalooza.
26.Scott Pace, et al., “Appendix B: GPS History, Chronology, and Budgets,” The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies, last modified September 28, 2012, cs.cmu.edu/~sensing-sensors/readings/GPS_History-MR614.appb.pdf.
27.Material for the section on GPS derives from multiple sources, including: Catherine Alexandrow, “The Story of GPS,” DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap (U.S. Department of Defense and Faircount Media Group, Tampa, FL, 2008), darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2565; Thomas B. McCaskill, “Overview,” GPS Inventor, gpsinventor.com/; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Positioning System Policy,” March 29, 1996, clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/gps-factsheet.html; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “President Clinton: Improving the Civilian Global Positioning System (GPS),” May 1, 2000, clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_4.html; Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Positioning System Policy,” March 29, 1996, clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/gps-factsheet.html.
28.Information on the economic aspects of GPS derives from the following sources: “Fiscal Year 2013 Program Funding,” GPS.gov, last modified May 22, 2013, gps.gov/policy/funding/2013/; Nam D. Pham, PhD, “The Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use in the U.S. and the Costs of Potential Disruption,” NDPConsulting.com, June 2011, saveourgps.org/pdf/GPS-Report-June-22-2011.pdf.
29.“David Van Sickle,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/champions/technology-and-innovation/david-van-sickle.
30.“Health Expenditure, Total (% of GDP),” The World Bank, last modified 2013, data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS.
31.“An Innovative Device to Detect Patterns of Asthma and Improve Treatment,” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, July 6, 2011, rwjf.org/content/rwjf/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2011/07/an-innovative-device-to-detect-patterns-of-asthma-and-improve-tr.html.
32.Rip Empson, “Asthmapolis Wants to Hack the Inhaler and Help 26 Million Americans Better Track and Manage Their Asthma,” TechCrunch.com, techcrunch.com/2013/04/05/asthmapolis-wants-to-hack-the-inhaler-and-help-26-million-americans-better-track-and-manage-their-asthma.
33.Material for Champions of Change is derived from Aneesh Chopra, “Open Government to Solve Problems: Meet Champions of the Open Innovation Movement,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 2, 2011, whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/02/open-government-solve-problems-meet-champions-open-innovation-movement; “White House Champions of Change—Open Innovators Event,” Kids Play Guide, June 15, 2011, kidsplayguide.com/mommapsblog/2011/06/white-house-champions-of-change-open-innovators-event/; “Champions of Change: Winning the Future Across America,” WhiteHouse.gov, whitehouse.gov/champions.
34.“White House Champions of Change—Open Innovators Event,” Kids Play Guide, June 15, 2011, kidsplayguide.com/mommapsblog/2011/06/white-house-champions-of-change-open-innovators-event.
35.Material for the section on the Federal Register was supplemented by the following sources: Christine Pierpoint, “Federal Register 2.0 Is The Real Deal,” Welchman Pierpoint, July 29, 2010, welchmanpierpoint.com/blog/federal-register-20-real-deal; “About Us, or Our Pursuit of Free Data,” Critical Juncture, criticaljuncture.org/about-us.html; Paul Blumenthal, “Apps for America 2 Winners,” Sunlight Foundation, September 10, 2009, sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2009/09/10/apps-for-america-2-winners/; Tom Lee, “Meet the New Federal Register,” Sunlight Foundation, July 26, 2010, sunlightlabs.com/blog/2010/meet-the-new-federal-register.
36.“Resolution Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the Federal Register Act,” American Association of Law Libraries, July 8, 2010, aallnet.org/main-menu/Leadership-Governance/resolutions/resolution-registeract.html.
37.“Transcript of Obama’s Remarks to the U.N. General Assembly,” Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2010, blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2010/09/23/transcript-of-obamas-remarks-to-the-un-general-assembly.
38.“Remarks by the President at Open Government and Technology Exposition,” the White House, November 7, 2010, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/07/remarks-president-open-government-and-technology-exposition.
39.“Medicare Provider Charge Data,” CMS.gov, last modified October 29, 2013, cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Medicare-Provider-Charge-Data/index.html.
40.Information on San Francisco’s open data efforts was derived from the following sources: “Open Gov: San Francisco Strengthens Open Data Commitment,” sfgov.org, last modified October 15, 2012, www5.sfgov.org/sf_news/2012/10/open-gov-san-francisco-strengthens-commitment-to-open-data.html; Luke Fretwell, “San Francisco’s Open Data Directive,” govfresh.com, December 20, 2009, govfresh.com/2009/12/san-franciscos-open-data-directive.
41.Jeff Blagdon, “Facebook’s ‘Billion Dollar’ Instagram Acquisition to Actually Cost $715 Million,” the Verge, October 24, 2012, theverge.com/2012/10/24/3551872/facebook-instagram-acquisition-715-million.
42.“Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Open Data Policy—Managing Information as an Asset,” Office of Management and Budget, May 9, 2013, m.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2013/m-13-13.pdf.
Chapter 6
1.Bruce Goldfarb, “The 1904 Fire and the Baltimore Standard,” Welcome to Baltimore, Hon! September 20, 2010, welcometobaltimorehon.com/the-1904-fire-and-the-baltimore-standard.
2.Information for the section on VHS and DVD technology was derived from the following sources: Jin Chyung, “New Rules for Setting Standards in Today’s Hi-Tech Market: Lessons Learned from the VHS-Betamax War,” October 8, 2008, besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/impact/f96/Projects/jchyung/; Robert Chapin, “History of DVD,” miqrogroove, September 24, 1999, miqrogroove.com/writing/history-of-dvd.
3.Barry Ritholtz, “DVD Sales Boom, 2004 a Record Year,” The Big Picture, February 9, 2005, ritholtz.com/blog/2005/02/dvd-sales-boom-2004-a-record-year.
4.Rexmond Canning Cochrane, “Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards,” no. 275 (1966) National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, nist.gov/nvl/upload/MP275_06_Chapter_I-__AT_THE_TURN_OF_THE_CENTURY.pdf.
5.“American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/nist.html.
6.“Case Studies in American Innovation: A New Look at Government Involvement in Technological Development,” the Breakthrough Institute, April 2009, thebreakthrough.org/blog/Case%20Studies%20in%20American%20Innovation.pdf.
7.Information on Herbert Hoover and the Associative State was derived from the following sources: David Hart, “Herbert Hoover’
s Last Laugh: The Enduring Significance of the ‘Associative State’ in the U.S.,” March 17, 1998, davidhart.gmu.edu/pdfs/publications/articles_essays_reports/JPH%201998%20-%20web%20version.pdf; “Herbert Hoover, Economic Mastermind,” Library of Congress, lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/inhoover.html; “National History Day Topics 2011–12: Elimination of Waste—Reforming American Industry in the 1920s,” Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, hoover.archives.gov/education/nhd/historydayEliminationWaste.html.
8.Ethel H. Triebel, “The Department of Commerce Under Herbert Hoover 1921–1928” (master’s thesis, Loyola University, Chicago, 1939), ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/407.
9.David Hart, Forged Consensus: Science, Technology, and Economic Policy in the United States 1921–1953 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 44, books.google.com/books?id=EqUuvUdrs_MC&pg=PA44&dq=forged+consensus+hoover+secretary+commerce+waste&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fv-oUczmC4WpiQLHhYDYBQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=forged%20consensus%20hoover%20secretary%20commerce%20waste&f=false.
10.Council on Competitiveness, 2013, compete.org.
11.“Advance: Benchmarking Industrial Use of High Performance Computing for Innovation,” Council on Competitiveness, 2008, compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/HPC_ADVANCE_FINAL0508(1).pdf.
12. “Overview,” NDEMC.org, 2013, ndemc.org/index.php/details.
13.Information for the Jeco Plastics story was derived from the following sources: “Jeco Plastics Project with NDEMC,” YouTube.com, December 7, 2011, youtube.com/watch?v=a7SdKJiRKk4; “NDEMC Helps Jeco to Exceed Growth and Financial Expectations,” Council on Competitiveness, 2012, compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/NDEMC_Jeco_01.pdf.
14.Ronald E. Giachetti, “A Standard Manufacturing Information Model to Support Design for Manufacturing in Virtual Enterprises,” Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 10, no. 1 (1999): 49–60, mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/standard_sms.pdf.
15. “Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation (DMDI) Institute,” Manufacturing.gov, manufacturing.gov/docs/DMDI_overview.pdf.
16.“Remarks by the President at Applied Materials, Inc.—Austin, TX,” The White House, May 9, 2013, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/09/remarks-president-applied-materials-inc-austin-tx.
17.James F. Schooley, Responding to National Needs: The National Bureau of Standards Becomes the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce (Washington, DC, 2000), nist.gov/nvl/upload/Responding_to_National_Needs-SP955-FULL.pdf.
18. “Reauthorization of COMPETES Act Brings Changes to NIST,” NIST.gov, January 5, 2011, nist.gov/director/competes_010511.cfm.
19.“Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Principles for Federal Engagement in Standards Activities to Address National Priorities,” WhiteHouse.gov, January 17, 2012, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2012/m-12-08_1.pdf.
20.“Electrification History 1—Early Years,” Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century, National Academy of Engineering, 2013, greatachievements.org/?id=2988.
21. Fact Sheet: President Obama’s Blueprint for a Clean and Secure Energy Future,” WhiteHouse.gov, March 15, 2013, whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/03/15/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-blueprint-clean-and-secure-energy-future.
22.Information for the section on the smart grid was supplemented by the following sources: “Fact Sheet: The President’s Plan for a 21st Century Electric Grid,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 13, 2011, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/smart-grid-fact-sheet-6-13-2011.pdf; “What Is the Smart Grid?,” SmartGrid.gov, smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid#smart_grid; “The Recovery Act: Transforming the American Economy Through Innovation,” WhiteHouse.gov, August 2010, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Recovery_Act_Innovation.pdf; “A Policy Framework for the 21st Century Grid: Enabling Our Secure Energy Future,” WhiteHouse.gov, June 2011, whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/nstc-smart-grid-june2011.pdf.
23.“Fact Sheet: Utility Rate Decoupling,” Alliance to Save Energy, October 24, 2013, ase.org/resources/utility-rate-decoupling.
24.“How PG&E Makes Money,” PGE.com, 2013, pge.com/myhome/myaccount/rateinfo/howwemakemoney.
25.“REQ.21—Energy Services Provider Interface,” North American Energy Standards Board, 2013, naesb.org/ESPI_standards.asp.
26.“Chopra on U.S. Internet-Piracy Bill, Smart Grid,” BloombergTV, January 18, 2011, bloomberg.com/video/84496446-chopra-on-u-s-internet-piracy-bill-smart-grid.html.
27. Jim Witkin, “Pushing the Green Button for Energy Savings,” Green: A Blog About Energy and the Environment, New York Times, January 20, 2012, green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/a-phone-app-for-turning-down-the-thermostat.
28.“$100,000 Apps for Energy Contest Launches Today,” Currents: News and Perspectives from Pacific Gas and Electric, April 5, 2012, pgecurrents.com/2012/04/05/100000-apps-for-energy-contest-launches-today.
29.Richard Hillestad, et al., “Economics of Health Information Technology: Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs,” Health Affairs 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 1103–1117, content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/5/1103.full.
30.Reed Abelson and Julie Creswell, “In Second Look, Few Savings from Digital Health Records,” New York Times, January 10, 2013, nytimes.com/2013/01/11/business/electronic-records-systems-have-not-reduced-health-costs-report-says.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1369594957-Uia580JHNaL9cuKZ/diU8w.
31.Todd Park and Peter Basch, “A Historic Opportunity: Wedding Health Information Technology to Care Delivery Innovation and Provider Payment Reform,” Center for American Progress, May 2009, americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/pdf/health_it.pdf.
32.For the broader history of the American health care system and its movement toward value-based payment, the following sources are invaluable: “How Did Healthcare Come about in the United States?” Stay Smart Stay Healthy, 2013, staysmartstayhealthy.com/health_care_history_inthe_united_states; Robert Kocher, MD, “Health Care Reform: Trends Driven by the Evolution of U.S. Health Care Policy,” Castlight Health, October 2012, content.castlighthealth.com/rs/castlighthealth/images/Health%20Care%20Reform%20White%20Pap%20October%202012%20Bob%20Kocher.pdf; Victor R. Fuchs, PhD, “The Gross Domestic Product and Health Care Spending,” The New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 2 (July 11, 2013): 107–109, nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1305298.
33.“Video: Blue Button to Download Your Health Information,” Markle.org, September 10, 2012, markle.org/publications/1679-video-blue-button-download-capability.
34.Bob Brewin, “Blue Button Access to Health Records Will Save Lives, Top Techie Says,” Nextgov, September 16, 2013, nextgov.com/health/2013/09/blue-button-access-health-records-will-save-lives-top-techie-says/70398/?oref=ng-dropdown.
35.“New Rule Protects Patient Privacy, Secures Health Information,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January 17, 2013, hhs.gov/news/press/2013pres/01/20130117b.html.
36.“Directed Exchange Adoption,” Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, last modified September 18, 2013, statehieresources.org/program-measures-dashboard/directed-exchange-user-type.
37.Jeanne Lambrew, “More Than Half of Doctors Now Use Electronic Health Records Thanks to Administration Policies,” WhiteHouse.gov, May 24, 2013, whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/05/24/more-half-doctors-now-use-electronic-health-records-thanks-administration-policies.
38.“Blue Button+ Implementation Guide,” BlueButton+, February 4, 2013, bluebuttonplus.org.
39.Erin Gifford, “Food Bloggers: What Is Schema.org Mark Up, What Does It Mean to Me?” ZipList Blog, March 15, 2012, blog.ziplist.com/schema-recipe-mark-up-for-food-blogs.
40.“Recipe,” Schema.org, schema.org/Recipe.
41.
Carrie Laureno, “Bringing the Very Best of What We Do to the Veteran Community,” Google Official Blog, November 11, 2011, googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/bringing-very-best-of-what-we-do-to.html.
42.Meghan Murphy, “Lightning Developer Challenge: Build an App for the White House,” Twilio Blog, January 17, 2012, twilio.com/blog/2012/01/lightning-developer-challenge-build-an-app-for-the-whitehouse.html.
Chapter 7
1.Information for the ironclads history was derived from several sources, including: Joseph P. Reidy, review of Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization, by William H. Roberts, H-Net Reviews (April 2005), h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10473.; Michael MacRae, “Battle of the Ironclads: John Ericsson and the USS Monitor,” ASME.org, October 2011, asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/history-of-mechanical-engineering/battle-ironclads-john-ericsson-uss-monitor; Michael J. Feuer, “Ironclad Solutions,” letter to the editor, New York Times, August 15, 2011, nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16letters-IRONCLADSOLU_LETTERS.html?_r=0; Thomas C. Lassman, “Sources of Weapon Systems Innovation in the Department of Defense: The Role of In-House Research and Development, 1945–2000,” Center of Military History, August 15, 2008, history.defense.gov/resources/CMH_51-2-1.pdf.
2.“The Founding of the National Academy of Sciences,” The National Academy of Sciences, 2013, nasonline.org/about-nas/150th-anniversary/moments-in-academy-history/founding-of-the-nas.html.
3.“History,” National Academy of Sciences, 2013, nasonline.org/about-nas/history.
4.Information on F-35 development was derived from several sources, including Bob Brewin, “F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Not Ready For Combat Until At Least 2019, GAO Says,” Nextgov, March 12, 2013, nextgov.com/defense/2013/03/f-35-joint-strike-fighter-not-ready-combat-until-least-2019-gao-says/61832/; Ilana Freedman, “F-22 and F-35: America’s Costly Boondoggles Are the Victims of Arrogance and Appeasement,” Gerard Direct, March 10, 2013, gerarddirect.com/2013/03/10/uss-f-35-and-f-22-americas-costly-boondoggles-the-victims-of-arrogance-and-appeasement; Bob Brewin, “The A-Bomb and the F-35 Debacle,” Nextgov, March 14, 2013, nextgov.com/defense/whats-brewin/2013/03/-bomb-and-f-35-debacle/61886.
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