Hostage Nation
Page 34
Schmidt, Sharon. Letter to Senator Patrick Leahy, November 14, 2003.
Schmitt, Richard B. “DEA Arrests 175 Mexican Drug Trafficking Suspects.” Latimes.com, September 18, 2008.
Scruggs, Richard, et al. Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas, February 28 to April 19, 1993. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1993. Redacted version available at www.usdoj.gov.
“Second Senior FARC Rebel ‘Killed.’” BBC News, March 7, 2008.
Secretariado del Estado Mayor Central de las FARC-EP. “Comunicado de las FARC-EP.” web.archive.org/web/20031217020442/www.farcep.org, February 21, 2003.
________. “Comunicado de las FARC-EP.” web.archive.org/web/20031217020442/www.farcep.org, February 24, 2003.
________. “Comunicado de las FARC-EP.” web.archive.org/web/20031217020442/www.farcep.org, March 2, 2003.
________. “Carta abierta de las FARC-EP a los expresidentes liberales.” web.archive.org/web/20031217020442/www.farcep.org, April 27, 2003.
________. “Comunicado de las FARC-EP.” web.archive.org/web/20031217020442/www.farcep.org, July 12, 2003.
———.“Comunicado de las FARC-EP, La hora del canje.” web.archive.org/web/20041229065054/www.farcep.org.
________. “Comunicado de las FARC-EP.” web.archive.org/web/20041229065054/www.farcep.org.
“Senadora Piedad Córdoba en Aló Presidente con Hugo Chavez.” Aló Presidente, Venezolana de Televisión, Caracas, Venezuela, August 17, 2007. YouTube.com, August 17, 2007.
Sequera, Vivian. “Colombia Says Rebel Leader Killed by Own Chief of Security in Another Blow.” Associated Press, March 7, 2008.
Simons, Geoff. Colombia: a Brutal History. London: SAQI, 2004.
Smith, David, and Sybilla Brodzinsky. “Stone: My Part in Hostage Baby Saga.” The Observer, January 6, 2008.
Smith, Gaddis. The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine 1945–1993. New York: Hill & Wang, 1995.
Solano, Gonzalo. “As U.S. Closes Military Post, Ecuador Hails Restoration of ‘Sovereignty.’” Washingtonpost.com, September 19, 2009. Originally from AP.
“Special Investigation of Non-Commissioned Officer.” Interview by Carlos Mow, 2004.
“Special Report: History of the Massive Kidnappings in Colombia.” Fondelibertad.gov.co, May 29, 2009.
Strohm, Chris. “Officials Seek to Transfer State Drug Program to Justice Department.” GovernmentExecutive.com, October 7, 2003.
Tate, Winifred. “Paramilitaries in Colombia.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 8 (2001): 163–175. Available at www.watsoninstitute.org.
“3 Colombians Held in U.S. Drug Smuggling.” NYTimes.com, May 19, 2005.
Torpy, Bill. “Families Want Scrutiny of Drug War in Colombia.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 8, 2004; available at www.november.org.
Torres, Juan Carlos. Operación Jaque: La Verdadera historia. Bogotá: Planeta, 2008.
Tovar, Adriana. “22 miembros de la fuerza pública siguen secuestrados.” Laopinión.com.co, January 30, 2009.
“Trial Begins for ‘Sonia’—Colombian Revolutionary.” Fightbacknews.org, January 5, 2007.
Ubags, Wies. “Hostage Families Demand Action—from the FARC and the Government.” Colombiareports.com, October 4, 2009.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Coca Cultivation in the Andean Region: A Survey of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. June 2008; available at www.unodc.org.
United States of America, Appellee v. Ricardo Palmera Pineda, also known as Simon Trinidad, Appellant. No. 08–3012. United States District Court for the District of Columbia, October 5, 2009. Document no. 1209534.
United States of America, Plaintiff v. Juvenal Ovidio Ricardo Palmera Pineda, aka Simon Trinidad, Defendant. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Cong., 1 (2006). (Testimony of Derek Harvey, James Hollaway, Gustavo Enrique Avendana Miranda, Juan Carlos Sánchez, Jorge Enrique Botero, Dr. Maximo Duque, Carlos Garcia, Alejandro Barbeito, Elias Ochoa, Carmen Alicia Medina Ochoa, and Simón Trinidad.)
United States of America v. Pedro Antonio Marin et al. United States District Court for the District of Columbia, April 29, 2005. No. 04–446. (FARC indictments.)
“Uribe’s second term.” Economist.com, May 29, 2006.
U.S. Army South, Office of Public Affairs. “Public statement by Marc Gonsalves, Thomas Howes and Keith Stansell.” Army.mil, July 5, 2008.
U.S. Army South, Office of Public Affairs. “Robin Meade of Headline News to Interview Gonsalves, Howes and Stansell No. 014–08.” Press release, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, July 10, 2008.
“US Code: Title 18, 1203. Hostage taking.” Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School, January 3, 2007; available at www.law.cornell.edu.
U.S. Department of Justice. “High Ranking Member of Colombian FARC Narco-Terrorist.” Press release, July 2, 2007; available at www.usdoj.gov.
________. “Senior Member of FARC Narco-Terrorist Organization Found Guilty of Hostage-Taking Conspiracy.” Press release, Federal Bureau of Investigation, July 11, 2007; available at washingtondc.fbi.gov.
U.S. Department of State. “Andean Counterdrug Initiative, International Narcotics and Law Enforcement: FY 2007 Budget Justification,” April 2006; available at www.state.gov.
________. Colombia: An Opportunity for Lasting Success (brochure, Bureau of Public Affairs). State.gov, September 16, 2008.
________. “International Terrorism: American Hostages” (press release, Richard Boucher, Bureau of Public Affairs). State.gov, February 20, 2002.
________. “Remarks After Meeting with Colombian President Alvaro Uribe” (press release). State.gov, September 30, 2003.
________. 2007 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, vols. 1 and 2; available at www.state.gov.
________. 2008 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, vols. 1 and 2; available at www.state.gov.
________. 2009 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, vol. 1; available at www.state.gov.
U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Plan Colombia: Drug Reduction Goals Were Not Fully Met, but Security Has Improved; U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance—Summary. Report no. GAO-09–71, October 6, 2008; available at www.gao.gov.
U.S. Government General Accounting Office (GAO). Report to Congressional Requesters, Drug Control—Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Cultivating Illicit Crops in Colombia Have Made Little Progress and Face Serious Obstacles. Report no. GAO-02–291 Alternative Development, February 2002; available at www.gao.gov.
“U.S. May Deploy Troops if Mexico Border Violence Escalates.” Latimes.com, March 13, 2009.
U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command. Redacted SRS Aircraft Mishap, February 13, 2003.
________. Redacted SRS Aircraft Mishap, March 25, 2003.
“U.S. Strips Colombian President of His Visa.” New York Times, July 12, 1996.
“US to Dismiss Cocaine Charges Against Colombian Rebel Leader.” Associated Press Worldstream, May 6, 2008.
U.S. v. Simon Trinidad. No. 04–232–02. U.S. District Court of the District of Columbia, October 1, 2006. (Audio transcript no. 1, date of collection: February 2, 2003). Government exhibit no. 104C.
____. No. 04–232–02. District Court of the District of Columbia, October 7, 2006. (Audio transcript, Mayday radio communications, February 13, 2003). Government exhibit no. 12B.
Vaicius, Ingrid. “The U.S. Military Presence in Colombia.” Center for International Policy, February 26, 2003; available at www.ciponline.org.
Veillette, Connie. Plan Colombia: A Progress Report. Congressional Research Service report no. RL32774, June 22, 2005; available at www.fas.org.
Venton, Jill, et al. “Cocaine Increases Dopamine Release by Mobilization of a Synapsin-Dependent Reserve Pool.” Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006): 3206–3209.
Vieira, Constanza. “Colombia: Hostage Rescue, According to Captured Guerrilla Leader.” Ipsnews.net, July 16, 2008.
________. “Righ
ts-Colombia: UN Warns of Civilian Killings by Military.” Ipsnews.net, November 3, 2008.
________. “Colombia: The Farmers Who Abandoned Coca for Cocoa.” IPS.org, June 4, 2009.
Villalón, Carlos. “Cocaine Country.” National Geographic, July 2004, pp. 34–55.
Wallace-Wells, Ben. “How America Lost the War on Drugs.” Rolling Stone, December 13, 2007.
Wang, Ting. “Caught in the Accountability Blindspot: American Military Contractors Held Hostage in Colombia.” Master’s thesis, Yale University Law School, 2004.
Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). “‘Chemical Reactions’: A WOLA Report on the Failure of Anti-Drug Fumigation in Colombia.” Press release, February 29, 2008; available at www.wola.org.
“A Welcome Flip-Flop.” Washington Post, June 11, 2008.
Wilkinson, Tracy. “10 Mayors, Other Mexico Officials Detained.” Latimes.com, May 27, 2009.
Wilson, Scott. “Colombian Fighters’ Drug Trade Is Detailed.” Washington Post, June 26, 2003; available at www.latinamericanstudies.org.
Wimbish, Michael. “SOUTHCOM remembers U.S. Hostages Held by the FARC.” Southcom.mil, February 14, 2008.
________. “Former Hostages Honored at SOUTHCOM, Awarded Defense of Freedom Medal.” Southcom.mil, March 12, 2009.
Wolf, Paul. Simon Trinidad: A Conspiracy of One. Washington, DC: Paul Wolf, 2006.
_____. “FARC Negotiator Gets Colombia’s Max—in US prison.” Ww4report.com, January 28, 2008.
________. “Judge Hogan Resigns from Simón Trinidad Case.” Prensarural.org, March 26, 2007.
Youngers, Coletta. “U.S. Entanglements in Colombia Continue.” NACLA Report on the Americas 31, no. 5 (1998).
Interviews and Personal Communications
Angela Botero, November 22, 2008.
Phill Bragg, September 18, 2009.
Brig. Gen. (retired) Remo Butler, October 30, 2008.
Alfonso Cano, May 1997.
Douglas Cockes, June 4, 2008; August 31, 2009.
Piedad Córdoba, March 4, 2009.
Lt. Col. John L. Dorrian, July 15, 2008.
Shane Gonsalves, August 12, 2003.
Consuelo González de Perdomo, December 8, 2008.
Suzanne K. Hall, August 14, 2008.
Paul Hooper, June 7, 2008.
Adam Isacson, May 30, 2008.
Maj. Gen. P. K. Keen, July 15, 2008.
Alain Keler, August 2002.
Kenneth Kohl, September 5, 2008.
Adair Lamprea, March 14, 2002.
Juan Carlos Lecompte, March and May 2002; June 13, 2008.
Damien Loras, July 16, 2008.
Iván Marquez, December 2007; February 2008.
Patricia Medina, May 20 and July 29, 2008.
Mauricio Mesa, March 14, 2002.
Gary Noesner, January 28 and June 14, 2004; June 24, July 17, and November 19, 2008.
Albert Oliver, November 12, 2008.
Frank Pearl, September 3, 2008.
Malia Phillips, August 14, 2003.
Louis Ponticelli, November 14, 2008.
Raúl Reyes, September 2007, January 2008.
Rodolfo Ríos, August 30 and September 5, 2008.
Anayibe Rojas Valderrama (aka “Sonia”), March 2007.
Jo Rosano, May 12, July 11, and August 2003.
Jaime Rueda, November 22, 2008.
Vice President Francisco Santos, September 12, 2003.
Sharon Schmidt, January 2004.
Simón Trinidad, July and December 2001; February 2002.
Robert Tucker, February 5, 2009.
Carlos Villalón, October 2008.
Maria Alejandra Villamizar, November 29, 2008.
Christopher Voss, October 15, 2008.
Paul Wolf, November 3, 7, 21, 2006; May 21, June 26, 28, and July 11, 2007; April 21, 2008.
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Victoria Bruce is the author of No Apparent Danger: The True Story of Volcanic Disaster at Galeras and Nevado del Ruiz (HarperCollins, 2001).
Karin Hayes produced and directed (with Bruce) the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award–winning documentary film The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt (HBO/Cinemax, 2004).
Jorge Enrique Botero, the Colombian journalist and best-selling author, is the only journalist who ever gained access to the American hostages held by the FARC.
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
Copyright © 2010 by Victoria Bruce and Karin Hayes
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. www.aaknopf.com
Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bruce, Victoria.
Hostage nation: Colombia’s guerrilla army and the failed war on drugs /
by Victoria Bruce and Karin Hayes, with Jorge Enrique Botero.—1st ed.
p. cm.
“A Borzoi Book.”
eISBN: 978-0-307-59358-0
1. Political kidnapping—Colombia. 2. Hostages—Colombia. 3. Fuerzas
Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. 4. Guerrillas—Colombia—History—
21st century. 5. Drug control—United States—History—21st century.
6. Colombia—Politics and government—21st century. I. Hayes, Karin.
II. Botero, Jorge Enrique, 1956– III. Title.
HV6604. C7B78 2010
986.106′35—dc22 2010003904
v3.0