by Yitzhak Arad
12. YVA, TR-10/583, p. 1; YVA, TR-10/517, p. 34.
13. Rudolf Reder, Belzec (hereafter, Reder), Centralna Zydowski Komisja Historyczna (hereafter, C.Z.K.H.), Krakow, 1946, pp. 42–44.
14. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 8, p. 1514.
Chapter Ten
1 Sereni, pp. 110, 113.
2. YVA, 016/17, pp. 4–5, testimony of Dov Freiberg.
3. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 7, pp. 1320–1321; see also Rückerl, pp. 166–168.
4. A. Lichtman, p. 18.
5. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 7, pp. 1308, 1433.
6. YVA, TR-10/730, p. 243; Freiberg, p. 6.
7. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 4, p. 787.
8. A. Lichtman, p. 15; YVA, M-2/236, p. 2.
9. YVA, TR-10/730, pp. 129–130.
10. YVA, 016/1187, p. 4, the testimony of Hershl Zukerman (hereafter, Zukerman).
11. A. Lichtman, p. 17; YVA, M-2/236, pp. 2–3.
12. Freiberg, p. 5.
13. Zukerman, pp. 7–8.
14. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 7, p. 1429; YVA, TR-10/1730, pp. 248–249.
Chapter Eleven
1. Zabecki, pp. 39–40.
2. YVA, 0-16/77, pp. 23–25; an anonymous testimony received by Yad Vashem from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw.
3. Rückerl, p. 219.
4. Yisrael Gutman, Mered Hanezurim (“Revolt of the Besieged”), Tel Aviv, 1963, p. 239.
5. A. Goldfarb, p. 13.
6. Eugen Kogon, Der SS-Staat (hereafter, Kogon), Bonn, 1974, p. 218.
7. Kszepicki, pp. 43–44, 89–95.
8. A. Goldfarb, p. 15.
9. Jacob Wiernik, A Yor in Treblinke (“A Year in Treblinka”) (hereafter, Wiernik), New York, 1944, pp. 20–21.
10. Kszepicki, p. 108.
11. See chapter 9, note 11; B.Z.I.H., 1952, No. 1(3); B.Z.I.H., 1955, No. 15–16.
12. Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, p. 2030.
13. Ibid., Band 13, p. 3709.
Chapter Twelve
1. Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, p. 1040.
2. YVA, TR-1074, Band 13, p. 3697, the second Treblinka trial (hereafter, Treblinka-Stangl).
3. Treblinka-Franz, Band 8, p. 1493.
4. Sereni, pp. 161, 163.
5. Kszepicki, pp. 96–100.
6. Jerzy Rajgrodzki, Jedenascie Miesiecy w Obozie Zaglady w Treblince, B.Z.I.H. (hereafter, Rajgrodski), 1958, No. 25, pp. 106–108.
7. Zabecki, p. 65; S. Datner, J. Gumkowski, K. Leszczinski, War Crimes in Poland, Genocide 1939–1945 (hereafter, War Crimes in Poland), Warsaw, 1962, p. 278.
8. Treblinka-Stangl, Band 13, pp. 3779–3780.
9. YVA, 0-3/565, pp. 1–4, testimony of Boris (Kazik) Weinberg (hereafter, Weinberg). He arrived in Treblinka from Warsaw, and worked in the “Blue Command’ for some time.
10. Kszepicki, p. 103
11. Weinberg pp. 4–5; A. Kszepicki, “Eighteen Days in Treblinka,” in Alexander Donat, ed., The Death Camp Treblinka (hereafter, Donat), New York, 1979, pp. 129–131; Sereni, p. 163.
12. Rückerl, p. 231.
13. Donat, p. 127.
14. Ibid., p. 132.
15. Yisrael Gutrnan, The Jews of Warsaw 1939–1943 (hereafter, Gutman), Tel Aviv, 1977, pp. 230–231.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Hilberg, p. 571; Reitlinger, p. 162.
2. Gerstein, April 26, 1945. The English translation was taken from A Holocaust Reader, Lucy Dawidowicz, ed., New York, 1976, pp. 104–109.
3. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 1, pp. 42–44, 135–149.
4. Hilberg, pp. 571–572.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, Mariam Novitch, ed. (hereafter, Novitch), New York, 1980, p. 146.
2. Reder, pp. 39–40.
3. YVA, 0-16/153, pp. 17–18, testimony of Tanhum Greenberg (hereafter, Greenberg).
4. YVA, 0-3/1586, p. 2, testimony of Kalman Taigman (hereafter, Taigman).
5. Sereni, pp. 207–209.
6. YVA, TR-10/567, p. 123, Sobibor Trial.
7. Rückerl, pp. 158–161, 222; Reder, p. 40; Sereni, p. 198.
8. Rückerl, pp. 222–223.
9. Aron Gelberd, 19 Teg in Treblinke (“Nineteen Days in Treblinka”), Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, The Tshenstochow Book B (hereafter, Tshenstochow), Jerusalem, 1967, p. 161.
10. Reder, p. 51; Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 8, p. 1465.
11. Wiernik, p. 36.
Chapter Fifteen
1. A. Lichtman, p. 13.
2. Richard Rashke, Escape from Sobibor (hereafter, Rashke), Boston, 1982, pp. 96–97; Novitch, pp. 50, 130–131.
3. Novitch. pp. 56, 72, 87.
4. Ibid., p. 131; A. Lichtman, p. 41.
5. Kszepicki, p. 105
6. Bronka Sukno, testimony to the Israel Police, file PL/01121 (hereafter, Sukno).
7. Sereni, p. 247.
8. YVA, 0-3/4039, p. 11, testimony of Eli Rozenberg (in German) (hereafter, Rozenberg). Rozenberg was from Warsaw and worked in the extermination area.
9. YVA 0-3/4181, testimony of Sonia Lewkowicz.
10. Sereni, pp. 208–209.
11. Ibid., p. 195.
12. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 4, pp. 789–790.
13. YVA, TR-10/730; A. Lichtman, pp. 16–17.
14. Reder, p. 55.
Chapter Sixteen
1. Rückerl, p. 204; Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, pp. 2053–2055.
2. YVA, 0-3/2267, pp. 7–8, testimony of Shlomo Helman (hereafter, Helman). He was one of the forty builders brought from Warsaw.
3. Wiernik, p. 25.
4. Sereni, p. 221; Rajgrodzki, p. 106.
5. Treblinka-Stangl, Band 13, p. 3702.
6. Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, pp. 2053–2055.
7. Rückerl, pp. 220–221.
8. Sereni, pp. 146–147; Jan Alexander Zaremba, Treblinka (hereafter Zaremba), Kielce, 1945, pp. 6–14.
9. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 8, pp. 1542–1543.
10. Ibid., Band 7, p. 1308.
11. Ibid., pp. 1282–1283.
Chapter Seventeen
1. Biuletyn Glownej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, XIII, 1960, pp. 86–87. A testimony given by Franciszek Zabecki, the inspector of railway traffic at Treblinka station, on December 21, 1945.
2. Rückerl, p. 143.
3. Reder, p. 45.
4. Rückerl, p. 143; Obozy Hitlerowskie, p. 94.
5. Tshenstochow, p. 160.
6. Obozy Hitlerowskie, p. 528, states that at least 750,000 Jewish Polish citizens were murdered in Treblinka; Ruckerl, p. 199, states that at least 700,000 Jews were murdered in Treblinka.
7. Freiberg, pp. 9–10.
8. YVA, TR-10/730, p. 144.
9. Freiberg, pp. 10–11.
10. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 6, p. 1140; YVA, 0-3/713, p. 67, testimony of Tomasz (Tovia) Blatt (hereafter, Blatt).
11. A. Lichtman, pp. 26–27.
12. Dokumenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 205.
13. Documents on the Holocaust, pp. 338–339. According to Katzman’s report, close to 160,000 Jews from Galicia were “evacuated”, that is, exterminated, in the period between November 1942 and the end of June 1943.
14. Nuremberg Documents, NO-1611.
15. Eksterminacja Zydow na Ziemiach Polskich w okresje okupacji hitler-owskiej (hereafter, Eksterminacja Zydow), Warszawa, 1957, pp. 311–316.
16. Nuremberg Documents, NO-5194.
17. Documents on the Holocaust, p. 338.
18. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 6, p. 1140.
19. Eksterminacja Zydow, pp. 338–339.
Chapter Eighteen
1. Eisenbach, pp. 457–459.
2. Ganzenmüller, pp. 217–218.
3. Faschismus-Getto-Massenmord, p. 346; Rückerl, pp. 115–116.
4. YVA, M-11/19, pp. 5, 11, testimony of Abraham Broide.
5. Freiberg, p. 10.
6. Eisenbach, pp. 463–464; YVA, M-11/26.
7. YVA, TR-10/1112, the Zimmerman trial, Band 1 (1–2), pp. 1–3, testimony of Otto Hellwig.
&nbs
p; 8. Nuremberg Documents, NO-2403.
9. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 13, pp. 2575–2576; Sefer Lida (“The Lida Book”), Tel Aviv, 1970, pp. 314–315.
10. Alexander Pechersky, Der Ufshtand in Sobibor (“The Uprising in Sobibor”) (hereafter, Pechersky), Moscow, 1946, pp. 6–8.
11. Novitch, p. 1 12, testimony of Yehuda Lerner.
12. Pechersky, pp. 32, 40.
13. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames, New York, 1982, pp. 431–432.
14. Dokumenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 206.
Chapter Nineteen
1. Zabecki, p. 45.
2. Reitlinger, p. 165.
3. Goebbels’ Diaries, p. 176.
4. Rückerl, p. 147.
5. YVA, 051/27-3.
6. Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust, Jerusalem-Tel Aviv-Haifa, 1982, pp. 90–92.
7. Wiernik, pp. 30–31.
8. Livia Rotkirchen, Churban Yahadut Slovakia (“The Destruction of Slovak Jewry”), Jerusalem, 1961, p. 104.
9. YVA, M-2/236.
10. Rückerl, p. 148.
11. Ibid., pp. 147–148, 155; Reitlinger, p. 178.
12. Sereni, pp. 175–177; Ganzenmüller, p. 153.
13. Ganzenmüller, p. 158; Benjamin Arditi, Yehudei Bulgaria Bi-Shnot Hamishtar Hanatzi 1940–1944 (“Bulgarian Jewry under the Nazi Regime”), Holon, 1962, p. 155.
14. Alexander Matkowski, The Destruction of Macedonian Jewry in 1943 (hereafter, Matkowski), Yad Vashem Studies, Volume III, 1959, pp. 233–234.
15. Ibid., p. 244.
16. Ibid., pp. 246–249.
17. The Crimes of the Fascist Occupants and Their Collaborators against Jews in Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 1957, p. 195.
18. Faschismus-Getto-Massenmord, p. 353.
19. Treblinka-Stangl, Band 13, p. 3703; War Crimes in Poland, pp. 281–283, photocopies of these documents.
20. Shmuel Wilenberg, Treblinka—Hamachane ve-Hamered (“Treblinka—The Camp and the Uprising”) (hereafter, Wilenberg-Moreshet), Yalkut-Moreshet, No. 5, Tel Aviv, 1966, pp. 48–49.
21. Wiernik, p. 40.
22. Serge Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942–1944, New York, 1983, pp. 396–397, 410–413.
23. YVA, S-3688/127, pp. 1–3.
24. The Yad Vashem Archives contain twenty-five volumes with the names of all the Jews from Holland deported to the death camps. These monumental books were published by the Dutch government, based on the lists of the transports.
25. Novitch, pp. 71–72.
26. Ibid., p. 87.
27. Rückerl, p. 149.
28. Freiberg, p. 10.
29. Dokumenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 205.
Chapter Twenty
1. Hans Günther, Rassenkunde des dt. Volkes, München, 1926, pp. 420–427.
2. Hilberg, pp. 142–144, 241, 641–642; Reitlinger, p. 90.
3. Hans-Joachim Döring, Die Zigeuner in Nationalsozialistischen Staat, Hamburg, 1964, pp. 215–218.
4. Reitlinger, pp. 125, 200, 488–489.
5. Czerniakow, pp. 346–347, 351, 364–368, 375.
6. Yad Vashem Studies, No. 7, pp. 177–178; Chaim Aharon Kaplan, Scroll of Agony Tel Aviv, 1966, p. 515.
7. Wiernik, p. 35; Sereni, p. 212.
8. Zabecki, p. 91.
9. Heniek Shperling, Fun Letzten Churbn (“From Last Destruction”) (hereafter, Shperling), No. 6, München, 1947, p. 11.
10. Wiernik, p. 51.
11. Dokumenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 181, testimony of Shimon Goldberg.
12. Freiberg, p. 8.
13. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 6, p. 1154.
14. Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Warsaw, April 1983, International Scientific Session: Stanislaw Zabierowski, pp. 5–6; Cezary Jablonski, pp. 9–10; Loch Mroz, p. 13.
Chapter Twenty-One
1. Rückerl, pp. 109–111.
2. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 3, p. 439; Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 7, p. 1342.
3. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 13, pp. 2683–2684.
4. YVA, 0-3/3131, pp. 9–11, testimony of Oscar Strawczinski (hereafter, Strawczinski).
5. Mishpat Eichman, Eduyot B (“The Eichmann Trial, Testimones, B”), Jerusalem, 1974, pp. 1110–1111, testimony of Abraham Lindwaser (hereafter, Lindwaser).
6. Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, p. 2088.
7. YVA, 0-3/547, p. 187, testimony of Shmuel Rajzman (hereafter, Rajzman).
8. Zabecki, pp. 72–73.
9. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 8, pp. 1556–1557.
10. Nuremberg Documents, PS-4024.
11. Ibid., NO-1257.
12. Ibid., L-18; Documents on the Holocaust, pp. 335–341.
13. Nuremberg Documents, PS-4024.
14. Sereni, pp. 162–163.
15. Ibid., p. 160; Treblinka-Stangl, Band 13, pp. 3709–3710.
16. Donat, p. 101.
17. Rashke, pp. 13–14, 93–94.
18. Zabecki, pp. 74–75.
19. Nuremberg Documents, Report 4024.
20. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 7, 1425.
21. Krolikowski, p. 55.
22. Wiernik, p. 34; Sereni, pp. 193–194.
Chapter Twenty-Two
1. Nuremberg Documents, NO-2494.
2. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 6, p. 1190, and Band 4, p. 769.
3. A. Lichtman, pp. 47–48.
4. Freiberg, p. 8; Blatt, pp. 66–67; Documenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 211.
5. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 4, pp. 768–769.
6. Greenberg, pp. 28–29.
7. YVA, 0-68, Christian Wirth’s personal file. The original is in the “Berlin Documentation Center” (BDC).
8. Ibid.
9. Rückerl, p. 176. The complete document is quoted there.
10. Ibid., p. 177. The complete document is quoted there.
11. Ibid., p. 178. The complete document is quoted there.
Chapter Twenty-Three
1. Nuremberg Documents, NO-3947.
2. Chelmno, pp. 53–57; Hilberg, pp. 628–629.
3. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 13, pp. 2561–2562; Rückerl, p. 173.
4. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 9, p. 1743.
5. Dokumenty i Materialy, Obozy, p. 203.
6. Rückerl, p. 173; Freiberg, p. 11.
7. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 9, pp. 1697–1698.
8. Ibid., Band 6, p. 1187.
9. Ibid., Band 6, p. 1154.
10. Rückerl, pp. 205–206.
11. Treblinka-Franz, Band 10, p. 2057.
12. YVA, 0-3/3816, pp. 41–42, testimony of Yechiel Reichman (hereafter, Reichman).
13. Wiernik, p. 39.
14. A. Goldfarb, pp. 17–18.
15. Mieczyslaw Chodsko, “Wspomnienia Treblinkarza” (hereafter, Chodsko), B.Z.I.H., 1958, No. 27, p. 93.
Chapter Twenty-Four
1. Nationalsozialistische Massentötungen, p. 53.
2. Sereni, pp. 53–54.
3. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 9, p. 1731.
4. Sereni, pp. 113–114.
5. Treblinka-Stangl, Band 13, pp. 37–40.
6. Sereni, p. 200.
7. Ibid., pp. 200–201.
8. Ibid., p. 164.
9. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 5, p. 964.
10. Reder, pp. 59–60.
11. Belzec-Oberhauser, Band 6, p. 1145.
12. Pirsumei Muzeon Halochamim u-Partizanim (“Publication of the Museum of the Combatants and Partisans”) (hereafter, Museum of the Combatants), Tel Aviv, April 1973, p. 39.
13. Novitch, pp. 157–158.
14. Strawczinski, pp. 11–12.
15. YVA, TR-10/833, pp. 132–135, Kurt Franz trial. According to the testimony given to the Israel Police on June 14, 1961, by Bronka Sukno, a survivor of Treblinka, Kurt Franz was a homosexual and had sex relations with a prisoner in the camp. His name is in the testimony.
16. Zaremba, p. 21; this publication includes testimonies by survivors, taken in 1944–1945, immediately after the liberation of eastern Poland. Wiernik, pp. 45–46; Sereni, p. 259.
17. Museum of the Combatants, p. 34.
18. A. Lichtman, pp. 36–37.
19. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 8, p. 1582.
20. Ibid., Band 6, p. 1111.
21. YVA, TR-10/567, p. 210, Sobibor Trial.
22. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 8, p. 1591.
23. Museum of the Combatants, p. 37.
24. Rajgrodzki, pp. 111–112.
25. Shperling, p. 12.
26. Museum of the Combatants, p. 35; A. Lichtman, p. 16.
27. A. Lichtman, pp. 16–17.
28. Wiernik, p. 25.
29. Sereni, p. 188.
30. A. Lichtman, p. 28.
31. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 4, p. 712.
32. Novitch, p. 64.
33. Rozenberg, p. 6.
34. Wiernik, pp. 29–30.
35. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 8, pp. 1593–1594.
Chapter Twenty-Five
1. Reder, p. 52.
2. Freiberg, pp. 6–7.
3. Reder, p. 52.
4. Sobibor-Bolender, Band 6, p. 1185.
5. Wilenberg-Moreshet, p. 28. See also Rückerl, p. 213.
6. Wilenberg-Moreshet, p. 34.
7. Shmuel Wilenberg, “Uprising in Treblinka” (hereafter, Wilenberg-Yad Vashem), Yad Vashem News, 25/26, 1961, p. 34.
8. For Belzec—Reder, p. 53; for Sobibor—Blatt, p. 61.
9. Wilenberg-Moreshet, p. 32.
10. Reichman, pp. 11–12.
11. Freiberg, p. 13.
12. Reder, p. 53.
Chapter Twenty-Six
1. Reichman, p. 6.
2. Miparashat Hashoa (“The Holocaust Account”), Extermination Camps in Poland, Israel Kloisner, ed., testimony of David Milgroim, pp. 155–156.
3. Tshenstochow pp. 163–164.
4. Donat, pp. 110–111, the testimony of Kszepicki.
5. Pechersky, p. 29.
6. Reichman, pp. 15–16.
7. Wilenberg-Moreshet p. 44.
8. Rashke, pp. 122–123.
9. Strawczinski, p. 6; see also the testimony of Alexander Kudlik, YVA, 03/550, p. 4 (hereafter, Kudlik).