The Widow Clicquot
Page 31
growth of, xviii, 118–20, 129, 140–41
legal monopoly for, 45, 191
Louis-Philippe’s support for, 155
managerial revolution and, 143, 157
manufacturing model of business and, 157
marketing by, 31, 88, 158, 171, 175, 177
mass production and, 125–28, 149, 170, 174, 177
Napoléon’s support for, xvii, 51, 86, 97, 106, 107–8, 115, 155
regulation of, 27, 30, 32, 96, 191
remuage process and, xix, 124, 126–29, 143, 149
Russian market and, 25, 60–62, 67, 77–79, 81–82, 94, 108–16, 118, 124, 127, 148, 173
shipping problems of, 116–17
storage and spoilage concerns of, 75–76, 125–27
technological advances in, 149–50
women leaders of, xvi, xix, xx–xxi, 21, 41, 121–24, 173–77, 190
Champagne region, xvii, 10, 21, 30, 34, 80–81, 170
French Revolution and, 1, 5, 8
heat wave (1802) in, 47, 48, 57
industrialization and, 157–58
little ice age and, 28–29, 30
Louis-Philippe and, 155
Napoléon and, 100–104, 107–8
soil’s properties in, 56–57
textile industry and, 6, 16, 68
wine market crash and, 35, 122
Champagne Roederer, 120, 147
Champagne Taittinger, 85, 122
Champagne Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin. See Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin and Company
Chandon de Briailles, Pierre-Gabriel, 120, 159
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, 49, 50–51, 97
Charles X, king of France, 145, 152
Chateaubriand, François-René de, 152–53
Château de Boursault, xv, 138, 139, 144, 151, 159, 162–63, 167, 170, 178, 179–80, 183, 184, 188
Château de la Marquetterie, 122–23
Château d’Yquem, 26
Château Margaux, 121
Château Mouton Rothschild, 121
Chevigné, Clémentine Clicquot (“Mentine”), 150, 151, 153, 156, 158, 167, 168, 174
birth of, 37
champagne business and, 139, 155
childhood and adolescence of, 60, 90–91, 101
courtship and married life of, 130–32, 134–38
death of, 179
homes of, 138, 139, 144
husband’s poetry and, 137, 164, 165
Chevigné, Louis Marie-Joseph, 146, 150, 151, 159–61, 168
champagne business and, 137, 139, 141–42, 155
childhood and youth of, 132–34
courtship and marriage of, 132, 134–39
death of, 184
Franco-Prussian War and, 183–84
gambling and, 137, 156, 164
granddaughter Anne and, 167, 184
homes of, 135, 138, 139, 144, 156
later life of, 182–84
money and, 135, 137–39, 155–56
Louis Mortemart and, 168
Orléanist revolution and, 153–54
poetry published by, 137, 164–65, 169–70
Chevigné, Marie-Clémentine, 138, 144, 151, 158, 159, 163, 166–68, 184
Chevigné, Marie-Pélagie, 133–34, 183
Chigny-la-Montagne (Chigny-les-Roses), 21, 22, 28, 53, 57
Cléroult, Monsieur, 116
Clicquot, Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin (Widow Clicquot), xiii–xvi, 177, 187–91
banking venture of, 142, 144–48, 150–51, 152, 156
biographies of, 4, 168, 188
birth of, 6, 7
branding and, 81–82, 124, 148
childhood and youth of, 2–3, 12–13, 101
as company head, xviii–xxi, 85, 86–104, 106, 107–21, 123–29, 134–35, 137, 139–43, 148, 150–52, 155–60
contraband shipments and, 80, 108–12, 118
death of, 182
Fourneaux business partnership with, xx, 70, 71–80, 83, 84, 90, 91, 93, 122
as grandmother, 148–49, 161, 166
great-grandchildren of, 159, 166–67, 178, 180, 181, 182
homes of, xv, 7, 93, 135, 138, 139, 144, 151, 159, 161–63, 167, 170, 178, 179–80, 183, 184, 188
husband’s death and, 63, 65–67, 100
jewelry sold by, 91
Kessler and, 140, 141–42, 143, 145–47
later life of, 166–72, 178–82
marriage of, 13–22, 40, 131
as mother, xix–xx, 37, 90–91, 101, 102, 130–32, 134–37, 158, 163, 166
Napoléon I and, 86, 105, 106, 107–8
Napoleonic Wars and, 101–9
Orléanist revolution and, 153–54
personal beliefs of, xix philanthropy and, xx, 166, 172
as pioneering businesswoman, xix, xx–xxi, 68–69, 86–87, 118–21, 185, 190–91
portraits of, 168–69, 178
remuage process and, xix, 124, 126–29, 143, 149
retirement of, 159–61, 166
retirement plans of, 140–41
Russian market and, 81–82, 94, 108–16, 118, 124, 127, 148
social life of, 37–38, 166, 179–80
son-in-law of. See Chevigné, Louis
Marie-Joseph as technical innovator, xviii–xix, 123–24, 126–29, 175
textile industry and, 142, 145, 146, 150, 156
wealth and, 143–44, 172, 179
Werlé and, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150–51, 155–60, 171–72, 179, 182
widow’s garb and, 72, 118
wine business and, 19–22, 25, 26, 36, 39–43, 48, 49–53, 56–62, 68–104, 106, 107–29, 134–35, 137, 139–41
Clicquot, Catherine-Françoise, 14, 18
Clicquot, Clémentine. See Chevigné, Clémentine Clicquot (“Mentine”) Clicquot, François, 71, 73, 112, 144
Bohne and, 44, 45, 60, 67–68, 90
champagne industry and, 24–26, 35, 45–47, 51, 52, 55, 57–58, 60–62, 119
death of, 63–67, 100
depressive moods of, 17, 18, 61, 62–63, 66
education and training of, 17–18
marriage of, 14–17, 19, 21, 131
military service of, 18–19
Russian market and, 25, 60–62, 108
wine business and, 19–26, 35, 36, 39–41, 42, 43–54, 60, 88, 92
Clicquot, Philippe, 14, 18–19, 21, 46, 66
death of, 139
son’s death and, 65, 67
textile industry and, 16, 22
as Widow Clicquot’s investor, 71, 73, 87, 119
wine business and, 16, 19, 22–25, 42, 43–44, 48, 88
Clicquot-Muiron and Son, 22–25, 67, 88, 92
Clicquot-Werlé. See Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin and Company
Cogniet, Léon, 168, 178
colle, 54–55, 125, 127 “Consular Seal” champagne, 171
Contes rémois, Les (Chevigné), 164–65, 169–70
Continental System, 73–74, 84
Corbineau, General, 103
Cornelius, Captain, 111
Craig, Béatrice, 43
Crane, Eileen, 59, 122, 123 crémant champagne, 45, 46
Crussol, Emmanuel de, duke of Uzès, 181, 184
cuvée, 48, 53
dandies, 12, 164
Deganne, Adalbert, 163
dégorgement, 55, 96, 125, 127–28, 149
Dejonge, Monsieur, 160
Devonshire, duchess of, 137
Diana, princess of Wales, 137
Diderot, Denis, 20–21
Domaine Carneros, 59, 122, 123
Dom Pérignon. See Pérignon, Dom Pierre
échelle des crus, 20–21
Edward VII, king of Great Britain, 189–90
Elizabeth Alexeievna, empress of Russia, 77–78, 79
Épernay, xvii, 28, 42, 102, 153, 171, 172
Etienne, Michel, 46
étiquettes (wine labels), 148–49
Evelyn, John, 33
Facts About Champagne and Other Sparkling Wines (Vizetelly), 168
fashion, 12, 13, 14
fermentation, 29–30, 50–51, 54, 56, 64
malolactic, 76
secondary, 30, 32, 55, 124, 125
feudalism, 5, 8
Fiévet, Victor, 168, 180
Forest-Fourneaux, 84
Fourneaux, Alexandre Jérôme, 71–80, 83, 84–85, 88, 90, 91, 122
Fourneaux, Jérôme, 84–85, 92
Fourneaux and Son, 85
François, Dom, 31
François, Jean-Baptiste, 149
Franco-Prussian War, 183–84
French Revolution, 1, 2–5, 7–11, 12, 18, 24, 101, 132–33, 153–54
Gard, Jennie, 102, 117, 131
Geoffrey, Dame, 42
Germany, 61, 73, 74, 77, 147, 183
Germon, Widow, 42
glasses, xvi, 92–93, 123–24
Godinot, Jean, 51 “Grande Dame, La,” xx
Great Britain, 1, 12
champagne market in, 44–46, 94, 107, 108, 173–74, 175, 177
champagne’s origins in, xvii, 31–33, 114–15
French relations with, 36, 40, 44, 59, 60, 61, 73, 74, 84, 93–94
Greno, Narcisse, 174
Grgich Hills, 26 gris de perle champagne, 26, 27
guillotine (tool), 128
Guy, Kolleen, 31, 148
Guyot, Jules, 149
Hart, Mrs., 189
Hartmann, Charles, 77, 91
Hautvillers, xvii, 5, 8, 28, 30, 31, 33
Heidsieck, Charles Camille (“Champagne Charlie”), xvii, xviii
Heidsieck, Charles-Henri, xvii, 120, 140–41
Henriot, Apolline, 176
Henriot, Nicolas-Simon, 176 History and Description of Modern Wines (Redding), 149
Hôtel le Vergeur, 144, 151, 161
Hôtel Ponsardin, 6–7, 10, 15, 16, 38, 85, 93, 104, 105, 139, 182, 184
Huart-Le Tertre, Marie-Barbe-Nicole, 16
industrialization, 119, 120, 157, 177
Industrial Revolution, 144, 169, 175, 190
Jacobins, 8–9, 12, 154
Jacquesson, Adolphe, 149
Jacquesson, Memmie, 86, 106, 149
Jacquesson and Sons, 86
Johnson, Hugh, 123
Joseph, Robert, 20
Joséphine, empress of the French, 38, 85, 104
Juliette (Clicquot niece), 162–63
Jullien, André, 127, 149
Kessler, George Christian von, 140–43, 145–47
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louise de, 169
Laurent-Perrier, Eugène, 177
Laurent-Perrier, Mathilde-Emile, xxi, 177
Lippincott, Carrie, 190
liqueur de tirage, 30, 55
liquor d’expédition, 128
little ice age, 28–29, 30, 33–34
Louis XIV, king of France, 34, 180
Louis XV, king of France, 21, 34, 42
Louis XVI, king of France, 6, 8, 133, 154
Louis XVIII, king of France, 132, 134
Louis-Napoléon. See Napoléon III Louis-Philippe, duke of Orléans, 145, 153–54, 155, 169
Lowenberg, Rougemont de, 151
Madame Veuve Clicquot (Fiévet), 168
Maisonneuve, Allart de, 21–22, 48, 57
Marat, Jean-Paul, 65
Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 6, 8, 12, 38, 85, 133, 153
Marie Louise, empress of the French, 85–86, 98–99
Marmande, countess de, 133
Mary, Queen of Scots, 1
Matasar, Ann B., 41
Mérimée, Prosper, xx, 172
Merrett, Christopher, 33
méthode champenoise, 30, 81
méthode traditionnelle, 30
Moët, Jean-Rémy, 64, 88, 98, 120, 149, 172, 191
British market and, 46, 94
as Clicquot rival, 86, 128, 138, 152
death of, 159
industry growth and, 129
looting of cellars owned by, 102, 103
Napoléon and, xvii, 51, 86, 97, 106–7
Russian market and, 79, 108, 109, 110, 127
self-financing by, 145
Moët, Victor, 159
Moët et Chandon, xviii, 129, 159
Moët family, 42, 46, 59, 172
Monselet, Charles, 164, 180 “Montagne de Reims” wines, 28
Moore, Thomas, 107
Mortemart, Anne de, 159, 167–68, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184
Mortemart, Louis Samuel Victorien de Rochechouart de, 158–59, 161, 167–68, 184
Mortemart, Paul, 159, 166–67
Mortemart, Pauline, 159, 166
Muiron family, 22, 52, 89
Müller, Antoine, 126, 127, 143
Mumm, Jules, 120
muselet, 149
must, 26, 29, 53, 54, 76
Napa Valley (Calif.), 26, 122
Napoléon I, emperor of the French, 11, 37, 38, 61, 62, 82, 94–107
abdication of, 107, 109
champagne interest of, xvii, 51, 86, 97, 106, 107–8, 115, 155
Chaptal treatise and, 49
Continental System and, 73–74, 84
final defeat of, 152, 154
Ponsardin family and, 59, 68, 85–86, 99, 104–6
return from exile of, 134
Napoléon III, emperor of the French, 169, 172–73, 179, 183
Napoleonic Code, 39, 72
Napoleonic Wars, 72, 73–74, 76–80, 84, 93–107
Navier, Jean-Claude, 64
Nelson, Horatio, 36
Nonancourt, Widow, 177
Notre-Dame de Reims, xv, 6, 9, 63
Oger, 93, 139, 151
Olry, Madame Jacques, 176–77
Oudart, Jean, 123
Pérignon, Dom Pierre, 5, 16, 28, 30, 33, 123
as blending pioneer, 56
champagne discovery legend and, xvii, xviii, 31, 34, 64
phylloxera, 185
Pinkham, Lydia, 190
piquette (peasant wine), 29
Pommery, Alexandre, 174
Pommery, Louise (Jeanne Alexandrine Louise), xx–xxi, 21, 173–76, 177, 190
Pompadour, Madame de, xvi, 34
Ponsardin, Adrien, 147
Ponsardin, Barbe-Nicole. See Clicquot, Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin (Widow Clicquot)
Ponsardin, Clémentine, 7, 12, 38, 39, 59, 68, 90, 106, 179, 182
Ponsardin, Jean-Baptiste Gérard, 7, 38, 102, 105–6, 136, 139
Ponsardin, Jeanne-Clémentine (Marie Jeanne Josèphe Clémentine), 2–3, 6, 8, 16, 158
Ponsardin, Ponce Jean Nicolas Philippe (Nicolas), 6–7, 113, 125, 130, 134
daughter’s marriage and, 16, 21
death of, 139, 143
French Revolution and, 2–3, 8–10
granddaughter as heiress of, 131, 132
Napoléon and, 59, 68, 85, 86, 99, 104–5
as Reims mayor, 85, 99, 104–5, 138
social and political aspirations of, 6, 7, 13, 14
textile industry and, 6, 16, 71, 119