The Warsaw Uprising: 1 August - 2 October 1944 (Major Battles of World War Two)
Page 29
Urgent and melancholy tasks had first to be undertaken. Thousands of corpses had to be removed from the sewerage tunnels, from the twenty-five thousand graves in the streets and squares and nearly two hundred thousand more from under the debris. German prisoners and thousands of volunteer workers of every kind began clearing the streets. Architects turned to pictures by Canaletto and other artists to help them get their bearings. The main avenues were cleared, the water supply was repaired and made to flow again; by summer the last mines were removed from the Vistula embankment and demolition teams had knocked down buildings in danger of collapse. All the time citizens were flocking back to try to make their homes among the ruins. By the end of June nearly four thousand people were living there again, though in the most primitive conditions.
The reconstruction of Warsaw became a national saga. Cities and towns throughout Poland vied with each other in sending financial and material help. Historic mansions, churches and houses were reconstructed completely. The entire Old Town was re-erected street by street and house by house, even to the carvings and mural designs. But Warsaw by no means became a mere echo of the past. It was rebuilt as a fine modern city, a monument to the creative spirit of past generations, a symbol of the nation’s determination to exist and to grow again.
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Bibliography
UNPUBLISHED
State papers of the Second World War Polish Government-in-exile in the General Sikorski Historical Institute (GSHI), and in the Polish Underground Study Trust (PUST).
Personal Statements: Colonel Iranek-Osmecki; Colonel Stanislaw Komornicki; Captain Janusz Tomaszewski; and Mr A. Jankowski.
PUBLISHED
The Warsaw Uprising, General von dem Bach-Zelewski: account given to Institute of National Memories, Warsaw.
Mokotow, 1944, Leslaw M. Bartelski (Mon, Warsaw 1971).
Warsaw Insurrection, Leslaw M. Bartelski, (Iskry, Warsaw 1967).
Warsaw Death Ring, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski (Interpress, Warsaw 1968).
Von dem Bach-Zelewski, W. Bartoszewski (Interpress, Warsaw 1961).
Warsaw Insurrection, A. Borkiewicz (Warsaw 1957).
The Secret Army, T. Bor-Komorowski (Gollancz 1950).
War Diary No 11, German 9th Army, Bundesarchiv-Militär-archiv.
German Crimes in Poland, Central Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw 1946).
The Second World War, Vol. VI, Winston Churchill (Cassell 1954).
The Warsaw Rising of 1944, J. Ciechanowski (Cambridge University Press, 1973).
The Nazi New Order in Poland, Jon Evans (Gollancz 1941).
Diary, Hans Frank (Neuhaus 1955).
Poland, SOE and the Allies, Josef Garlinski (Allen & Unwin 1969).
Panzer Leader, H. Guderian (Cassell 1966).
British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (HMSO).
Social Aspects of the Warsaw Uprising, J. Hochfeld (Journal of Central European Affairs).
The Unseen & Silent, G. Iranek-Osmecki (Sheed & Ward 1954).
War Losses in Poland, Journalists’ Co-operative (Warsaw i960).
The Secret State, Jan Karski (Hodder 1945).
History of Poland, Stefan Kieniewicz (PWN, Warsaw 1968).
The Warsaw Uprising, J. Kirchmayer (Warsaw 1960).
Warsaw Uprising, Zenon Kliszko (Warsaw 1967).
Fighting Warsaw, Stefan Korbonski (Allen & Unwin 1956).
Warschauer Aufstand, 1944, Hans von Krannhals (Frankfurt 1962).
The Pattern of Soviet Domination, S. Mikolajczyk (Sampson Low 1948).
Silent Is The Vistula, Irena Orska (Longmans 1957).
The Warsaw Rising (Military Dispatches), compiled by Andrzej Pomian (London 1945)
In Allied London, E. Raczynski (Weidenfeld 1962).
A History of Modern Poland, Hans Roos (Eyre & Spottiswoode 1966).
Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, Vols. 1 and 2, edited by the Sikorski Institute (Heinemann 1968).
History of the Polish Armed Forces, Vol 3 (Sikorski Historical Institute).
The Political Background of the Warsaw Uprising, J Skarzinski (Warsaw 1959).
Russia at War, Alexander Werth (Barrie & Rockliffe 1964).
Operations on the Warsaw Front, Wlodzimierz Woloszyn (in the Polish Military History Review).
Seventy Days, Waclaw Zagorski (Muller 1957).
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Copyright © The Estate of George Bruce, 1972
First published by Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd, 1972.
The Estate of George Bruce has asserted its right to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.
The adapted photograph of three resistance fighters which appears on the front cover is used by courtesy of Cassowary Colorizations.
eBook ISBN: 978-1-80055-044-5.
* * *
[1] Polish Socialist Party (PPS), Peasant Party (SL), National Democrats (SN)
[2] The German Invasion of Poland, Polish Ministry of Information (Hutchinson 1940)
[3] Hans Frank’s Diary, quoted in War Losses in Poland (Journalists’ Cooperative, Warsaw 1960)
[4] War Losses in Poland
[5] Geheime Staatspolizei = Secret State Police
[6] Nuremberg Document No 3075
[7] Tokarzewski’s Affidavit (Polish Underground Study Trust — PUST)
[8] Stefan Korbonski, Fighting Warsaw
[9] Ibid
[10] PUST (Polish Underground Study Trust)
[11] Polskie Sily Zbrojne — History of the Polish Armed Forces (PSZ), Vol 3, p 101. (General Sikorski Historical Institute, (GSHI), London 1950)
[12] Tokarzewski’s report to C-in-C (PUST)
[13] PUST
[14] Zenon Kliszko, Warsaw Uprising
[15] Hans Frank, Diary
[16] Archives of Central Commission for War Crimes Investigation, Warsaw, Vol 6, p 57
[17] Genocide 1939-45 (Western Press Agency, Warsaw 1950)
[18] PUST, C-in-C to Rowecki, 18 and 50 June 1940
[19] Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, (DOPSR), Vol 1, p 66. General Sikorski Historical Institute and Heinemann Ltd
[20] Operational Report No 54, 5 Feb 1941, PUST
[21] Ibid
[22] GSHI, Coll 17/2, DOPSR Vol 1, Document 278
&n
bsp; [23] PUST, Ldz 247/43
[24] GSHI, KGA, 7-1, 1 Sept 1941
[25] Report No 154, PUST, as quoted in PSZ, p 262
[26] PSZ, Vol 3, pp 202-3
[27] GSHI, Coll 17/5, 28 Nov 1942
[28] Ibid
[29] C-in-C to CO Home Army, 26 Mar 1943, PUST
[30] Zenon Kliszko, Warsaw Uprising
[31] T. Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 122
[32] Nuremberg Document PS 1061
[33] Ldz 3085, PUST
[34] Kliszko, Warsaw Uprising
[35] One of the independent resistance groups allied to the Home Army.
[36] Ibid
[37] GSHI, PRM-K, 105. DOPSR, Vol 1, Document 171
[38] GSHI, PRM 68, DOPSR, Vol 1, Document 176
[39] Alexander Werth, Russia at War, p 580
[40] GSHI, PRM, 41/4, Kersten, No 17, DOPSR, Vol 1, Document 159
[41] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 128
[42] GSHI, DOPSR, Vol 1, Document 312
[43] Werth, Russia at War
[44] Ldz 2312, PUST
[45] Ldz 5371 /tjn and Ldz 6059/43, 5 Oct 1943, PUST
[46] Ldz 1450/op tjn, 55 Oct 1943, PUST
[47] GSHI, PRM 46/30, DOPSR, Vol 5, Document 44
[48] Ldz 5100, 56 Nov 1943, PUST
[49] Instruction No 1500/111, PUST; The Secret Army, p 178
[50] Ldz 6581, PUST
[51] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p184
[52] Kliszko, Warsaw Uprising, p41
[53] GSHI, A. 10.9/3/DOPSR, Vol 5, Document 70
[54] Stalin’s correspondence, I, No 536: 11, No 160
[55] Ibid
[56] Strategy of the PPR National Front, Jerzy Pawlowicz (Warsaw 1965) quoted by Jan Ciechanowski in his thesis The Political and Ideological Background of the Warsaw Uprising
[57] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 181
[58] Ibid
[59] GSHI, Tehran Conference, 594-5 (Bohlen’s Record), DOPSR, Vol 5, No 59
[60] GSHI, PRM-L, 47/51: 55.1.44. DOPSR, Vol 5, Document 87
[61] GSHI, PRM-L, 48/96 Annex 3: 15.5.44
[62] PUST, Ldz 6305, Appendix to Order 543: 23.3.44
[63] PSZ, p 587
[64] Ibid
[65] Memorandum from Ambassador Count Raczynski to Foreign Office, 7.4.44. GSHI, A.15.49/WB/S0W 5, DOPSR, Document 153
[66] PUST, Ldz 6305/tjn 44
[67] GSHI, A.15/49/WB/S0W 5, DOPSR, Document 153
[68] GSHI, A.12.49/WB/S0W 4, DOPSR, Vol 2, Document 123
[69] GSHI, A.XII.3/90.2
[70] PUST, Ldz 3418, 19.4.44
[71] PSZ, p 599
[72] Josef Garlinski, Poland, SOE and the Allies
[73] PSZ, p 329
[74] Ibid
[75] Ibid
[76] DOPSR, Vol 2, Document 153
[77] PUST, Ldz 13340
[78] PUST, Ldz 13191
[79] Enel No 3, Report 243, Ldz 6302: GSHI, DOPSR, Document 158
[80] PUST, Ldz 6302, No 243, 14.7 44
[81] PUST, Ldz 131123
[82] PUST, Ldz 132212
[83] PUST, Ldz 13163
[84] PUST, Ldz 6420/tjn
[85] W. Bartoszewski, Warsaw Death Ring, chap 12
[86] PSZ, p 652
[87] A. Skarzinski, The Political Background of the Warsaw Uprising
[88] Adam Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection
[89] Komorowski, broadcast over Radio Free Europe, 15-9-57
[90] Ldz 5916/tj/21.7.44/PUST
[91] PSZ, Vol 3, p 657
[92] PSZ, Vol 3, ibid
[93] Komorowski’s statement of 18 April 1951, PUST
[94] Ibid
[95] PSZ, Vol 3, p 658
[96] Memorandum from Mikolajczyk to Winston Churchill, 24.7.44, DOPSR, No 164
[97] Bulletin of Information, 27 July 1944
[98] Personal statement to author
[99] CO Home Army to C-in-C, Ldz 6024, 25.7.44, BUST
[100] Nat Arch AK, Warsaw, quoted J. Skarzinski, p 221
[101] Col Jan Rzepecki, Diary, Polish Military History Review, 1958 No. 2(7), p 313
[102] Ibid
[103] Ibid
[104] Ldz 61 M/tjn/44, GSHI, PRM L.6, 27.4.44
[105] Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection, p 18
[106] J. Kirchmayer, The Warsaw Uprising, p 55
[107] Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection, p 25; Skarzinski, P233
[108] S. Mikolajczyk, The Pattern of Soviet Domination, P76
[109] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 213
[110] PSZ, Vol 3, p 703
[111] Skarzinski, p 236
[112] Mikolajczyk, The Pattern of Soviet Domination, P75
[113] PSZ, Vol 3, p 702
[114] Kirchmayer, p 126
[115] Capt Muszcak’s oral evidence, quoted by J. Ciechanowski, p 522
[116] DOPSR, Doc 173, p 303
[117] Military History Review, 1958: Rzepecki’s Diary
[118] Skarzinski, p 246, quoting Wladyslaw Jaworski, a member of the Council of National Unity
[119] Col Iranek-Osmecki’s personal statement to the author
[120] Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection, p 27; Komorowski, The Unconquerables, Reader’s Digest, Feb 1946
[121] Ibid, p 129
[122] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 214
[123] Ibid
[124] Personal statement by Col Iranek-Osmecki to the author
[125] Ibid
[126] Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection, p 27
[127] Ibid
[128] Korbonski, Fighting Warsaw
[129] Information Bulletin, 25.9.44
[130] Personal statement to author
[131] Military History Review, Warsaw, 1963, No 3/4 (29), Wlodzimierz Woleszyn, p 85. Also Alexander Werth, Russia at War, p 781, quoting the official Russian History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union
[132] Orders of Soviet Second Army Staff, OP/018, 27.7.44, quoted in Poland’s Military History Review, from USSR Ministry of Defence Archives
[133] Operations Report of 1st Belqrussian Front, OP/ 00209, 27.4.44, ibid
[134] Soviet Second Army Commander’s Report, OP/ 2309, file 77, pp 192-229, ibid
[135] Soviet Second Army Commander’s Report, OP/ 210, 28.7.44, ibid
[136] Report of German Middle Army Group la, nrl/ 3955/44, ibid
[137] USSR Ministry of Defence, fond. 307, OP/4148, file 247, pp 450, 518, op cit
[138] USSR Ministry of Defence, fond. 307, OP/4148, file 31, PP 46-7, op cit
[139] USSR Ministry of Defence, fond. 233, OP/2309, file 77, op cit
[140] USSR Ministry of Defence, fond. 233, OP/2356, file 164, op cit
[141] USSR Ministry of Defence, fond. 307, OP/4148, file 247, pp 450, 518, op cit
[142] USSR Ministry of Defence Archives, fond. 233, OP/2356, file 164, op cit
[143] Komorowski, The Unconquerables, Reader’s Digest, Feb 1946, p131
[144] Hans von Krannhals, Warschauer Aufstand, p 119
[145] Op cit, pi 18
[146] Ibid
[147] Op cit, p 120, quoting AOK 9, 1a No 3702/44. Borkiewicz, Warsaw Insurrection, p 41, gives 20,000 men, all units
[148] Kirchmayer, p 168
[149] Op cit, pi 69
[150] Borkiewicz, p 57
[151] Ibid
[152] Ibid
[153] Kirchmayer, p 171
[154] Ibid
[155] Op cit, p 169
[156] Komorowski, The Secret Army, p 216
[157] Komorowski, The Unconquerables
[158] Andrzej Pomian, Military Dispatches, p 1
[159] The Secret Army, p 222
[160] Ibid, p 223
[161] Ibid
[162] It staled that if the Soviets entered Poland while relations between the two states were still broken off, the administrative authorities and the armed forces should stay underground and await further decisions from the Polish Government.