The God Particle
Page 53
I profited from several biographies of Newton, especially the version by John Maynard Keynes and Never at Rest by Richard Westfall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Abraham Pais's Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) was an invaluable source, as was the classic A History of Science by Sir William Dampier (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948). The recent biographies Schrodinger: Life and Thought by Walter Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) and Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg by David Cassidy (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1991) were also of great help, as were The Life and Times of Tycho Brake by John Allyne Gade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947), Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography by Stillman Drake (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), Galileo Heretic by Pietro Redondi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), and Enrico Fermi, Physicist by Emilio Segre (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970). We are indebted to Heinz Pagels for two books: The Cosmic Code (New York: Simon & Schuster; 1982) and Perfect Symmetry (New York: Simon & Schuster; 1985), and to Paul Davies for Superforce (New York: Simon & Schuster; 1984).
Some books by nonscientists provided anecdotes, quotes, and other valuable information—most notably Scientific Temperaments by Philip J. Hilts (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982) and The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics by Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
The Very Beginning scenario, as mentioned in the text, is more philosophy than physics. University of Chicago theorist/cosmologist Michael Turner says this is a reasonable guess. Charles C. Mann supplied some nice details on the remarkable number 137 in his Omni magazine article, entitled, oddly enough, "137." We consulted a number of sources for the beliefs of Democritus, Leucippus, Empedocles, and the other pre-Socratic philosophers: Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Touchstone, 1972); W. K. C. Guthrie's The Greek Philosophers: From Thales to Aristotle (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960) and A History of Greek Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Frederick Copleston's A History of Philosophy: Greece & Rome (New York: Doubleday, 1960); and The Portable Greek Reader, edited by W. H. Auden (Viking Press, 1948).
Many dates and details were checked with The Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles C. Gillispie (New York: Scribner's, 1981), a multivolume set that can cost one many enjoyable hours in the library.
Miscellaneous sources include Johann Kepler (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), which is a series of papers, and Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century by Alan J. Rocke (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984). Bertrand Russell's gloomy quote in Chapter 9 was taken from A Free Man's Worship (1923).
Index
Abdera, [>], [>]
Accelerators, particle, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
acronyms for, [>]
and birth of universe, [>]–[>], [>]
and cathedrals, [>]–[>]
detectors for, [>]–[>]
bubble chamber, [>]–[>], [>]
in CERN quest for W's, [>]
cloud chamber, [>], [>]–[>]
at Fermilab, [>]–[>]
and J/psi discovery, [>], [>]–[>]
proportional wire chamber, [>]
scintillation counters, [>]–[>]
spark chamber, [>]
energy levels of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
existing labs for, [>]
at Fermilab, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] (see also Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)
of 1990s, [>]
in orbit around earth, [>]
as particle factories, [>]
and race for high voltage, [>]–[>]
results from, [>]–[>]
pions, [>]
production of new particles, [>]–[>]
scattering, [>]
size consideration in, [>]
technical breakthroughs for
cascade acceleration, [>]
phase stability, [>]–[>]
strong focusing, [>]–[>]
superconductivity, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
types of
colliding-beam, [>]–[>]
cyclotron, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
electron/positron vs. proton, [>], [>]
synchrocyclotron, [>]–[>]
synchrotron, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
vacuum tube for, [>]–[>]
and Van de Graaf generator, [>]
See also specific accelerators and locations
Action-at-a-distance, [>]
and electromagnetic waves, [>]
and EPR thought experiment, [>]–[>]
and fields, [>] (see also Fields of force)
as problem, [>], [>], [>]
Aether, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Ahab (Moby Dick), [>]
Alpha (1/137), [>], [>], [>]
Alpha particles, [>]–[>], [>], [>],
[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Ampère, André, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Anaximander, [>]–[>], [>]
Anaximenes, [>]–[>], [>]
Anderson, Carl, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Angular distribution, [>]
Annihilation, in particle collisions, [>]–[>]
Antikaon, neutral, [>]
Antileptons, [>]
Antimatter, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Antimuon, [>], [>]–[>]
Antineutrino, [>], [>]
Antiparticles, [>], [>]
Antiproton, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and accelerator, [>], [>]
in Fermilab accelerator; [>], [>]
from photon, [>]
Antiquarks, [>], [>]
Archimedes, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Aristotelians, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Aristotle, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Aspect, Alan, [>]
Astrology, [>]
Astronomy, [>]
and Big Science, [>]
and Brahe, [>]–[>]
and Galileo's discovery, [>]
and Kepler, [>]–[>]
Astrophysics
and accelerators, [>]
and Big Bang model, [>]–[>] (see also Big Bang)
and gravity, [>]
and particle physics, [>], [>]
progress in, [>]
Asymptotic freedom, [>]–[>]
A-tom (uncuttable particle), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and accelerators, [>]
Boscovich on, [>], [>], [>]
and chemical atom, [>], [>]
contemporary version of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Democritus's view of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>] (see also Atomos)
electron as, [>]
and proton, [>]
Atom, modern conception of, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Bohr's model of, [>]–[>], [>]
and Daiton, [>], [>]–[>]
and electrical force, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
electron shells in, [>]–[>]
energy needed to crack, [>]
Faraday on, [>]
as invisible, [>]–[>]
Maxwell on, [>]–[>]
nuclear, [>]
and periodic table, [>], [>]
and quantum theory, [>], [>]
research on, [>]
Rutherford's model of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
spectral lines from, [>]
splitting of, [>]
in turn-of-century physics, [>], [>], [>]
Zukav on, [>]
See also Electron; Nucleus
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), [>]
Atomism, [>]–[>]
and Boyle's experiment, [>]
and Descartes, [>]
and empty space, [>]
Galileo on, [>], [>]
and Lavoisier [>], [>]
and Newton, [>]–[>], [>]
and reductionism, [>]
Atomos (atom of Democritus), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and Daiton, [>], [>]
and medieval authority, [>]
and motion, [>]
and simplicity, [>]
Babel, Tower of, [>]
Barium sulfide, and Galileo, [>]
Barometer, invention of, [>]
Baryon number; [>], [>], [>]
Baryons, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Beauty (bottom) quark, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Becquerel, Antoine, [>], [>]
Becquerel rays, [>]
Bell, John, [>]–[>]
Bell Telephone Laboratories, [>], [>]
Bernardini, Gilberto, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Berra, Yogi, [>], [>]
Beta decay, [>], [>]
inverse, [>]
Beta particles, [>]
Bethe, Hans, [>], [>]
Bevatron, [>], [>], [>]
Big Bang, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and basic particles, [>]
black body radiation from, [>]
cooling after, [>]
inflationary, [>]–[>]
and neutrinos, [>]
temperatures after, [>]
time transpired since, [>]
Big Crunch, [>], [>]
Big Science, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and exotic particles, [>]
origin of, [>]–[>]
Bjorken, James, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Black body radiation, [>]–[>]
Bohr, Niels Henrik David, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Booth, Eugene, [>]
Born, Max, [>], [>]–[>]
Boscovich, Roger Joseph, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Bose, S. N., [>]
Bosons, [>]
gauge, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Higgs, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>] (see also Higgs field or particle)
X, [>]
Bottom (beauty) quark, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Bound state, [>]–[>]
Boyle, Robert, [>]–[>], [>]
Brahe, Tycho, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Bronowski, Jacob, quoted, [>]
Brookhaven accelerator laboratory, [>], [>], [>]
characteristics of accelerators at, [>], [>], [>], [>]
experiments at, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and Isabelle project, [>], [>]–[>]
neutrino beams at, [>]
and standard model, [>]
and strong focusing, [>]–[>]
Brown, Charles, [>]
Brownian motion, [>]
Bubble chamber [>]–[>], [>]
Bubble universes, [>], [>]
Budkec, Gershon, [>]–[>]
Bunsen, Robert, [>], [>]
Bush, Vannevar, [>]
Calculus, Newton's invention of, [>]–[>]
Cambridge Electron Accelerator, [>]
"Candle and the Universe, The" (Lederman lecture), [>]
Capra, Fritjof, [>], [>]
Cascade acceleration, [>]
Cathode ray experiments, [>]–[>]
Causality crisis, [>]
Causation
and Aristotle, [>]
and purpose, [>]–[>]
Cavendish Laboratory, [>], [>], [>], [>]
CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
accelerator at, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
ISR, [>]–[>], [>]
LEP, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
as competitor, [>], [>]
and muon g-value, [>]
and neutral currents, [>]
neutrino beams at, [>]
and W particle, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Chadwick, James, [>]
Challenger disaster, [>]
Chaloner; William, [>]
Chance, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Chaos theory, [>]
Charles, J. A. C., [>]
Charm quark, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Charpak, Georges, [>]
Chemistry
and Big Science, [>]
and Born probability model, [>]
nomenclature of, [>]
and pyramid of science, [>]
and quantum theory, [>]
Chemists, [>], [>]–[>]. See also individual chemists
Chirality, [>], [>]
Classical physics
and age of mechanics, [>]
and black body radiation, [>]–[>], [>]
"demise" of, [>]
and Heisenberg uncertainty, [>]
heroes of, [>]
phenomena not explained by, [>], [>], [>]
and photoelectric effect, [>]–[>]
and probability, [>]
and quantum theory, [>], [>], [>]
and Rutherford atom, [>]
See also Maxwell, James Clerk; Newton, Isaac, and Newtonian physics
Cline, David, [>]
Clocks, precision of, [>]–[>]
Cloud chamber [>], [>]–[>]
Cobalt-[>], in parity experiment, [>], [>], [>]
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite, [>], [>], [>]
Cockcroft, John, [>]–[>]
Cockcroft-Walton electrostatic accelerator [>], [>], [>], [>]
Cold fusion, [>]
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor [>]
Collisions in accelerators, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also Accelerators, particle
Colors, of quarks, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Columbia University, [>]–[>]
synchrocyclotron at, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Compton, Arthur; [>], [>]
Conservation, [>]–[>]. See also Parity
of baryon number [>]
of charge, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
of energy, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
of momentum, [>], [>], [>]
and symmetry, [>]
Coperoican system, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Copernicus, [>], [>]
Cornell University accelerator lab, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, [>], [>], [>]
Cosmic Code, The (Pagels), [>]
Cosmic ray particles, [>], [>]
and muon discovery, [>]
pion in, [>]
and two-neutrino experiment, [>]
Cosmology
and dark matter, [>], [>]–[>]
and flatness problem, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and gravity problem, [>]
and Higgs idea, [>], [>]
and inflationary Big Bang model, [>]–[>]
and quantum theory, [>]
standard model for [>]
See also Astrophysics; Big Bang
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, [>], [>]
Coulomb's law, [>], [>], [>]
Counterforces, [>]–[>]
Courant, Ernest, [>]
Cronin, James, [>]–[>], [>]
Curie, Marie, [>]
Cyclotron, [>]–[>]
energy level of, [>]
pions from, [>]
Dalton, John, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Dancing Wu Li Masters, The (Zukav), [>], [>]–[>]
Dark matter [>], [>]–[>]
Data acquisition system (DAQ), [>], [>]–[>]
Davisson, Clinton, [>]–[>], [>]
de Broglie, Prince Louis-Victor; [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Decomposition, [>]–[>]
Democritus, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
and atomism, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>] (see also Atomos)
attitudes of, [>], [>]
on chance and necessity, [>], [>], [>], [>]
dream dialogues with, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and Galileo, [>], [>]
and quantum mechanics, [>]–[>]
and standard model, [>], [>]
and void, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Department of Energy (D
OE), [>]
Descartes, René, [>]
Desertron, [>]
Detectors. See under Accelerators, particle
Determinism
and Newton, [>