Hitler’s U-Boat War- The Hunted 1942-45
Page 130
Vanderbilt, W. K. 387
Vater;Helmut 612
Vaughan, Ronald William George 597
Vause, Jordan 79
Vella, Jan 590
Vian, Philip L. 573, 574
Vickery, Howard L. 9
Vivian, J. M. 347
Vogelsang, Ernst 45, 46
Vogler, Helmut 501, 584, 585, 602
Voigt, Horst 633
Volm, Bernard H. 452
Vopatek, Matthias J. 494, 510
Vosseller, Aurelius B. 566, 567
Vowe, Bruno 273, 359, 392, 399
Vranken, Edward Van 397
W
Wächter, Karl-Jürgen 179, 188, 329, 330, 412, 413, 457, 676
Wagner, Gerhard 699
Waldock, Humphrey 701
Walker, E J. (Johnny) 340, 357, 380, 383, 392, 436, 437, 440, 488, 496, 498 - 500, 506, 511, 516 . 599 . 605
Walkerling, Heinz 3l, 35, 114, 186, 261, 262
Wall, Pilot 55, 570
Wallace, Arthur Francis 642
Wallace, Eugene E. 558
Wallas, Georg 35, 36, 39
Walle, Heinrich 462
Wallenhaupt, August 236
Walter, Helmut 10, 312
Walters, I.F.B. 339, 563
Wanless, R. H. 561
War Crimes Trials, Nuremberg: 63, 65, 66, 140, 420, 431, 534, 592, 689, 696, 701, 704, 705
Warren, H. 321
Waterman, John 39, 40
Waters, John M. 123
Watson, J. M. 560
Wattenberg, Jürgen 395
Waugh, Goree E. 370
Way, Julius F. 552
Wdowiak, Stanley E. 552
Weber, Karl-Otto 253, 397, 441
Weber, Werner 559
Wedderburn, Ian 430
Weeks, Robert H. 13
Wehrkamp, Helmut 604, 617, 637, 665
Weichold, Eberhard 83, 95 - 97, 102
Weighardt, Armin 458
Weiher, Horst 48 1
Weingaertner, Hannes 538
Weisspfenning, Walter 532, 534
Weitz, Friedrich 5 17
Welchman, Gordon 16 - 18, 325
Wellborn, Charles 201
Wemyss, D.E.G. 357, 440, 506
Wendt, Karl-Heinz 639
Wendt, Werner 512 1 Wenger, Joseph N. 13 - 16, 323, 324, 543 - 545, 555, 556
Wentz, Rolf-Werner 674 I Wenzel, Wolfgang 166, 335, 391, 433, 491
Wermuth, Otto 688, 689
Werner, Alfred 600
Werner, Herbert 251, 296, 314, 328, 396, 507
Werr Arno 577
West, Nigel 18
Westhofen, Charles L. 427, 428
Weston, T. S. 593
Westphalen, Otto 461, 462, 597, 6784180
Whinney, Reginald 406, 492, 493, 588
Whitcomb, Roy S. 351
White, Stanley 58, 307, 391, 411, 662
Whiteley, G. H. 221
Whyte, J. 389
Wichmann, Walter 469
Wicht, Edward Jacques 436, 437
Wicke, Helmut 690
Wiebe, Gerhard 228 - 230, 299
Wieboldt, Günter 600
Wieduwilt, Helmut 418, 617
Wiese, Dietrich 675
Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, Georg von 68, 273, 389
Wilcox, Roben 113, 503, 560, 561
Wilke, Hans-Dietrich 609, 616
Willets, William E. 204
Williams, G. 100
Williams, Robert P. 352, 394, 400
Willy, Wilford J. 620, 644
Windeyer, Guy S. 131 - 133
Wingfield, Mervyn 480
Winkler, Werner 277, 290
Winn, Rodger 66, 67, 72, 87, 129, 178, 231, 574
Winter, Werner 224, 461 456 . 61 1, 618
Wintermeyer, Max 253, 265, 346, 347, 353, 388, 464, 557, 624
Wisniewski, Karl 691
Wissmann, Friedrich-Wilhelm 50, 51, 205, 217, 218, 360, 361, 406, 407
Win, Hans 52, 53, 220, 420
Witte, Helmut 61, 71, 73, 75, 77, 145, 202 - 205
Witte, Werner 69, 70, 108, 109, 228, 230, 399
Wittenberg, Friedrich 561
Witzendorff, Ernst von 288, 340, 616
Wolf, Eckehard 440
Wolf, Heinz 128, 174, 181, 275
Wolfbauer, Leo 30, 123, 144, 253, 319
Wolff, Heinz 518, 615, 616
Wolfram, Ralf-Reimar 108, 109, 194, 283, 285, 69 1
Wood, E. W. 355, 356
Wooddell, C. A. 535
Woods, S.R.J. 5 11, 608
Woolley, T. Russell 494
Wörishoffer, Ulrich 213
Worrell, H. L. 5 10
Wright, John 328, 340, 430
Wright, Kenneth L. 440
Wulff, Heinrich 332
Wunderlich, Karl 534
Würdemann, Erich 59 - 64, 66, 227, 228, 230, 399
Wydeen, Wallace A. 363
Wysk, Gerhard 634
Y
Yalta 656, 661, 662
Young, Rufus C. 568
Young, Walter C. 370
Z
Zander, Joachim 506508
Zanta, Otakar 440
Zapp, Richard 354, 611
Zehle, Dietrich 637
Zeplien, Walter 590
Zetzsche, Hans-Jürgen 21, 128, 132, 188, 253, 320, 370
Zhukov, Georgi 5, 672
Ziehm, Ernst 166, 344
Ziesmer, Reimar 370
Zimmermann, Eberhard 562, 563, 623, 624
Zinke, Armin 644
Zitzewitz, Alexander von 38, 126, 278, 279, 284, 379, 380
Zoller, Herbert 640
Zorn, Rudolf 453, 454, 490, 491, 614, 616, 637
Zschech, Peter 54, 360, 361, 382, 459, 462, 551
Zurmühlen, Bernhard 188, 259, 261, 262, 296, 363, 373, 393, 452
After serving in combat in submarines in WWII, Clay Blair was successively National Security correspondent for Time, Life and Saturday Evening Post. As well as his acclaimed naval histories, Blair is the biographer of Admiral Rickover, Generals MacArthur, Bradley and Ridgway. He lives with his wife in Wisconsin, USA.
BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
NON-FICTION
The Atomic Submarine and Admiral Rickover
The Hydrogen Bomb, with James R. Shepley
Beyond Courage
Valley of the Shadow, for Ward M. Millar
Nautilus 90 North, with William R. Anderson
Diving for Pleasure and Treasure
Always Another Dawn, with A. Scott Crossfield
The Voyage of Nina II, for Robert Marx
The Strange Case of James Earl Ray
Survive!
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
The Search for JFK, with Joan Blair
MacArthur
Combat Patrol
Return From the River Kwai, with Joan Blair
A General’s Life, with Omar N. Bradley
Ridgway’s Paratroopers
The Forgotten War: America in Korea 1950-54
Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunters 1939-42
FICTION
The Board Room
The Archbishop
Pentagon Country
Scuba!, with Joan Blair
Mission Tokyo Bay, with Joan Blair
Swordray’s First Three Patrols, with Joan Blair
* For more on Huff Duff, see Appendix 8.
* See Volume II, Appendix 15, and Volume I, Appendix 18, based on Tarrant (1989).
* Designated Submarine Squadron 50, the first boats were Barb, Blackfish, Gunnel, Gurnard, Herring, and Shad. After Torch operations, the boats and the tender Beaver were to base in Roseneath, Scotland, and conduct anti-U-boat patrols.
* See Plate 12.
* A public forecast by the Deputy Director of the U.S. Maritime Commission, Howard L. Vick-ery, that in 1942 and 1943 American yards alone would produce over 2,500 ships for 27.4 million deadweight tons. It was an accurate prediction. In 1942 and 1943, American yards produced 2,709 ships for 27.21 million dea
dweight tons, or 18.435 million gross registered tons.
† See Appendix 10.
* Dönitz was still unaware that usually one or more ships in every convoy had Huff Duff or of the increasingly important role shipboard and land-based Huff Duff played in convoy defense. See Appendix 8.
† Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine, i.e., naval headquarters, Berlin.
* A “bombe” was an ingenious Allied electromechanical machine, first developed by the Poles in prewar years, that was used to help break German Enigma codes. (See photo insert.)
* The story of Fish and Colossus is beyond the scope of this book. See articles in the bibliography under “Colossus.”
† For biographical and professional information on Engstrom, see Volume I, pp. 243-44 and 557.
‡ See unpublished documents in NARA, RG 457, NSA History Collection, Box 705, especially NR 1736, dated April 24, 1944, “Memorandum for the Director of Naval Communications, History of the Bombe Project,” by Joseph N. Wenger, Engstrom, and Ralph I. Meader (hereafter Engstrom Memo), and chapter 11 of George E. Howe’s United States Cryptographic History, NSA (1980). In a 1998 taped interview with the author, Eachus clarified: He and Ely flew to England, remained at Bletchley Park about three weeks, then flew back to the States with blueprints for an Enigma machine. At the specific request of Gordon Welchman, almost immediately the U.S. Navy sent Eachus back by air to Bletchley Park where he and a U.S. Navy coworker, Milton Gaschk, remained on semipermanent duty for about one year, submitting reports on various British projects at the GC&CS.
§ See Volume I, pp. 240-44.
# On May 13, 1942, Bletchley Park’s deputy director, Edward Travis, had promised in writing to deliver to the Americans “by August or September” a bombe and “a mechanic to instruct in the mainte nance and operation.”
* Redman had replaced Leigh Noyes as Director of Naval Communications in March 1942.
† The official British intelligence historian F. H. Hinsley presents a quite inaccurate account of the American decisions with respect to the number of American bombes contemplated and why. See his British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 2, p. 57.
* Nickname for members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS), formally incorporated into the Royal Navy in 1949.
† See Beesly, Very Special Admiral (1980).
* The Ultra-Magic Deals (1992).
* The Hut Six Story (1982).
† After the war, Welchman immigrated to the United States and became an American citizen. He joined a private firm, Engineering Research Associates (ERA), which was founded by Howard Engstrom, Ralph Meader, and others to build codebreaking machines for the Navy and early commercial mainframe computers for private industry. Because in his book Welchman described technically some ways wartime Enigma was penetrated, London and Washington were furious. Washington rescinded his security clearance, thereby denying him the ability to ply his trade, and threatened to prosecute him by U.S. laws for leaking British secrets. The British writer “Nigel West” (The Sigint Secrets, 1988) wrote that the stress brought on by this governmental “harassment” aggravated a heart condition and led to his premature death in October 1985.
‡ Strong steel-mesh nets to stop or deflect submarine torpedoes.
* Owing to a defective main bearing, the battleship Tirpitz could not participate.
† The U-606 skipper, Hans Klatt, was temporarily replaced by Dietrich von der Esch of U-586, which was in refit. He brought ten of his crew to U-606, displacing a like number of that ship’s green crew. At the end of this brief patrol, Hans Dohler was appointed commander of U-606 and sailed it onward to join the Atlantic force.
* The official British naval historian writes at odds with the Admiralty assessment committee, and perhaps in error, that Faulkner killed U-88 and Onslow killed U-589. Other British naval historians have copied Roskill, but without noting the discrepancies or attempting to resolve them.
* The Luftwaffe mounted about three hundred torpedo and bombing sorties against PQ 18. The Germans lost forty-one aircraft, mostly to flak.
† The “Ritterkreuz” was the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, a much-prized decoration in the German military. At the time of the award, Strelow’s confirmed score was seven ships for 34,914 tons.
‡ When Hoschatt returned to port, Hans-Jürgen Zetzsche, who had run his U-591 on some rocks, was given temporary command of U-378. Erich Mader soon replaced Zetzsche as permanent skipper. Zetzsche’s U-591 required two months in the Bergen shipyard to repair the damage. A Kriegsmarine Board of Inquiry sentenced Zetzsche and his quartermaster to four days confinement in quarters.
§ The Luftwaffe sank ten merchant ships, all from PQ 18. See Plate 13.
* Eighteen by aircraft alone, sixteen by U-boats alone, and nine by aircraft and U-boats combined.
* Including about a dozen boats undergoing battle-damage repairs. For Order of Battle, see Appendix 1.
† The VII U-626, commanded by Hans-Botho Bade, rammed and sank the VIIU-222, commanded by Rolf von Jessen. Only Jessen and two others survived, Jessen went to another new VII. The VII U-446, commanded by Hellmut-Bert Richard, hit a mine near Danzig and sank with the loss of twenty-three men. A freighter rammed the VIIU-450, commanded by Kurt Bohme. The IXC U-523, commanded by Werner Pietzsch, rammed Scharnhorst. Repairs to U-626, U-450, and U-523 delayed their departures to the front for several months. The U-446 was salvaged but held in the Baltic as a school boat.
‡ The U-212, U-354, U-606, U-622, and U-663 were sent for permanent duty and the U-262, U-611, and U-625 for temporary duty, but the U-625 remained in the Arctic. Two days after leaving Bergen on September 24, two Hudsons of British Squadron 48, piloted by E. Tammes and R. Horney, dropped eight depth charges near U-262, commanded by Heinz Franke, age twenty-six. The damage forced Franke to abort to Bergen. He resailed on October 3.
§ See appendices 2,4, and 5.
* For details of North Atlantic convoys, September 1942-May 1943, see Appendix 3.
* The British and Canadian groups B-5 and C-5 were serving temporarily in the Caribbean.
* The official Canadian Navy historian wrote that convoys HX 1 to HX 207 from Halifax had sailed with 8,501 ships, and SC 1 to SC 94 had sailed with 3,652 ships. Convoys SC 95 to SC 101 (from Halifax) sailed with 318 ships. All told: 12,471 vessels sailed in these eastbound convoys in three full years of operations. See Volume I, Plate 10, and Plate 13.
† For a detailed list of Allied airborne ASW units in the North Atlantic area, see Appendix 10.
* See Volume I, pp. 475-481.
† The U.S. Navy’s PBY-5A Catalinas and the Canadian Canso “A” flying boats operating in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were fitted with retractable wheels and could therefore fly from land bases in icy winter months.
‡ See Volume I, p. 687.
* On October 29, VP 73 deployed to Morocco for Torch via Ballykelly, Northern Ireland. U.S. Navy Squadron VP 84 (Catalinas) in Argentia replaced VP 73 in Iceland and VP 82, reequipped with PV-3 Venturas, replaced VP 84 in Argentia. The Ventura was envisioned as an upgraded Hudson (top speed 318 m.p.h. versus 250 m.p.h.; pay load six depth charges versus four), but the plane was crippled with defects and deficiencies in 1942 and was therefore unsuitable for its ASW mission.
* See Volume I, p. 341.
† Coastal Command aircraft Had also sunk three U-boats in the Bay of Biscay unassisted by surface craft (U-502, U-578, U-751), and Royal Navy aircraft had sunk two (U-64, U-451). U.S. Army and Navy aircraft had sunk six others in American waters, three in cooperation with surface ships: U-94, U-153, U-166, U-576, U-654, and U-701.
* The Canadians provided seventeen corvettes for Torch.
* The 1,800-ton Coast Guard cutter Muskeget, reporting weather from a station south of Greenland. All 121 men on board perished.
* Three destroyers of the hunter-killer 20th Support Group raced to the assistance of RB 1 but had no success.
† At the time of the award, his confirmed score was twe
lve ships, including Veteran, sunk for 61,700 tons and damage to the two tankers.
* Halifax 205 to 208; Slow Convoy 98 to 102; RB 1; Outbound North and Outbound North (Slow) 126 to 134. HX 208 was the first of this type to sail from New York, on September 17. See Appendix 3.
* At the time, the Admiralty credited a Hudson of British Squadron 269 with sinking U-582 and the British destroyer Viscount with sinking U-619. However, according to Franks (1995), in the postwar reappraisal, credit for sinking both boats went to aircraft, as described herein.
† The identity of the Catalina and pilot is difficult to establish. Remarkably, four different Catali-nas (Nos. 8, 9, 10, 12) of VP 73 carried out attacks on U-boats in that area on October 5 and 6. The pilots were C. F. Swanson, M. Luke, W. Mercer, and W. B. Huey, Jr. Niestle” credits Swanson.
* Trojer’s claims in two attacks on Slow Convoy 104 were eight ships sunk fof 43,547 tons. His confirmed score was five ships sunk for 29,681 tons, the highest confirmed score of any U-boat on the North Atlantic run in the fall of 1942.
* U-boat Killer (1956).
† Bringing the number of RAF B-24s assigned to operational Coastal Command ASW squadrons to twenty-one.
‡ After U-213 and U-215, she was the third of the six clumsy Type VIID minelayers to be sunk within four months.
* This was the heaviest damage inflicted on a Halifax convoy by U-boats since the attack on Halifax 133 sixteen months earlier, from June 24 to June 29, 1941.
† Two regular warships of Escort Group C-4, the ex-American four-stack destroyer St. Croix and corvette Sherbrooke, were in the dock for refits.
* Credit for her kill went initially to Squadron Leader Terence Bulloch in a British B-24 of Squadron 120 based in Iceland, but a postwar Admiralty analysis identified the explosion of Hatimura as the likely cause.
* Squadron 145 was preparing to reequip from Hudsons to Cansos, but this would take quite some time. The new Squadron 162 was scheduled for Cansos.
† Halifax 209 to 212; Slow Convoy 103 to 107; Outbound North and Outbound North (Slow) 135 to 141. See Appendix 3.
‡ U-216, U-353, U-412, U-582, U-597, U-599, U-619, U-627, U-658, U-66L The VIIC U-132, sunk on November 5 in action against Slow Convoy 107, would raise the loss of VIICs to eleven.
§ U-89, U-254, U-257, U-382, U-440, U-595, U-607, U-609, U-620, U-664. The U-620, shifted to the Gulf of Cadiz, was at sea on this patrol for sixty days.