queens, 21, 113
Quelch, John, 99
race, 6, 17, 56, 176
Rackam, Calico Jack, 68, 80, 115; and Bonny, 107, 117, 207n40; and crew, 103, 108, 109
radicals, 63, 112, 116, 210n60, 221n9
rage, 17, 39, 42, 130, 168, 170, 176
Randolph, Isham, 86
Ranger (ship), 79, 150, 197n6
Rankin, Hugh, 55, 220n1
rape, 74, 106, 111, 115, 138
Rawley, James A., 144
Read, Mary, 104–22, 125–26, 203n10; capture of, 106, 116; cross-dressing of, 107, 108–9, 110, 112–13, 206n28, 206n35; family of, 105, 115, 117; and fighting, 105, 107, 112, 115, 116, 118, 206n31; as inspiration, 120–21; in literature, 105, 107–8, 125; lovers of, 105, 116, 117
religion, 117; and extermination of piracy, 135–36; and pirates, 146, 153, 160, 166–67; and war, 21, 191n4. See also Catholics and Catholicism; ministers; Protestants; sermons
revenge, 95, 101, 197n6; against captains, 82, 87, 91, 93, 163, 180n30; for executions, 13, 86, 96; and women, 125, 207n40
Revenge (ship), 86, 165
rewards, 83, 136
rhetoric, 6, 214n23
Rhode Island, 10, 52, 74, 99, 128
Richards, Stanley, 14, 80, 91
Richardson, Samuel, 120
riots, 100, 131, 147
Roberts, Bartholomew, 9–10, 16, 32, 36, 52, 91, 153; attacks by, 91, 142; fame of, 173–74; letters by, 101–2
Roberts, Bartholomew, and crew, 73, 79, 80, 205n21; articles of, 71, 74, 75, 111; attacks on, 37, 97, 143, 175; and burning of ships, 95–96, 101, 139; and captives, 15, 48; capture of, 7, 11–12, 169; and hanging, 169, 170; and officers, 40, 69; and punishment, 76, 87; self-destruction of, 149, 150; ships taken by, 33, 92, 148, 161
Roche, Philip, 45, 47, 50, 171
Rogers, Woodes, 16, 59; executions by, 11, 93; and extermination of pirates, 30–31, 36, 38, 44, 137; and women pirates, 107, 117, 207n40
Romans, the, 174
Rover (ship), 94, 197n6
Royal African Company, 142; ships of, 77, 89, 91, 138, 143, 154; and the slave trade, 140, 144
Rubin, Alfred P., 28
rulers, 137, 174–75; of Atlantic empires, 24, 26, 31; British, 27, 93, 103; queens, 21, 113. See also kings
safety, 73, 100
sailors, 100, 136, 204n14, 209n56; ancient and medieval, 62–63; and Charles Johnson, 23, 45; death of, 9, 27, 43, 44, 110, 187n16; desertion by, 25, 27, 44, 47; families of, 57, 140; female, 105, 109, 118, 204n15, 205–6n26; in Jamaica, 2, 190–91n44; justice for, 4, 89; merchant, 42–43, 58, 170, 190–91n44; poor, 6, 28, 50, 57, 92; poor treatment of, 93, 137–38, 221n7, 221n9; Royal Navy, 15, 43, 44; violence toward, 22, 43, 57. See also mutinies and mutineers
Saint Kitts, 10, 13, 96, 100, 101
Sample, Robert, 80, 141
Savelle, Max, 24
Scotland, 10, 40, 51–52, 53, 63
Scott, William, 154
Scudamore, Peter, 48
sea, dangers of, 33, 40, 43, 134–35, 139, 155
sermons, 5, 18, 74–75, 132, 145
servants, 21, 22, 63; indentured, 45, 46, 63
sexuality, 74–75, 110–11, 121, 133, 204n18, 205n21. See also homosexuality; marriage; prostitution
shipping, 216n38. See also trade
ships, 28–29; British, 15–16, 34, 94, 206n31; burning of, 13, 15, 34, 91, 101, 139, 141; capture of, 69, 81, 85, 90, 141, 162, 185n27; consort, 68, 83, 150; convoys of, 32, 142–43; defense of, 26–27; destruction of, 35, 102; French, 162–63; as gifts, 85, 88; men-of-war, 7, 16, 38, 44, 59, 82, 90; owners of, 26, 34, 92; plunder of, 7, 9, 21; privateering, 15, 44; sinking of, 40, 91; sloops, 29, 39, 69. See also names of specific vessels
ships, merchant, 43, 100, 103; burning of, 9, 95, 149; capture of, 33–35, 48–49, 72, 89, 140, 148, 161; conditions on, 17, 57, 68; mutiny on, 47, 70; plunder of, 33, 199n15, 221n8; sinking of, 4, 9, 15, 34, 69; slave, 47, 53, 54, 88, 138–39. See also captains, merchant; merchants; names of specific vessels; ships, naval, 9, 15, 17, 27, 29, 32, 100. See also names of specific vessels
ships, pirate, 17, 29, 34, 50, 54, 78, 221n8; names of, 86, 197n6; physical structure of, 138–39. See also crews and crew members, pirate; pirates; names of specific vessels
Shipton (pirate captain), 54, 80, 96
shipwrecks, 33, 40, 43, 139
Shute, Samuel, 134
sickness, 44, 74
Sierra Leone, 52, 76, 141, 142; attacks on fort in, 39, 139; pirates in, 89, 95, 141
Sierra Leone River, 34, 87, 94, 97
silver, 21, 67, 73, 99
Silver, Long John, 9
Simons, Nicholas, 96–97
Simpson, David, 69
sinkings, 40, 91; of merchant ships, 4, 9, 15, 34, 69
Skinner, Captain, 89–90
Skyrm (pirate captain), 54, 80
slavery and slave trade, 23, 58, 137; captains in, 89, 91; fortresses of, 7, 39, 139; illegal, 24, 144; pirates in, 54, 189n31; ships of, 47, 53, 54, 88, 138–39; and war against piracy, 140–41, 142, 143–44, 214n25
slaves, 22, 58, 138; escaped, 6, 55, 56; ex-pirates as, 53, 143; shipments of, 21, 24, 34, 140, 143–44
Slush, Barnaby, 60, 100
Smith, Stephen, 57, 154
Snelgrave, William, 34, 66, 141; and captured ships, 34; crew of, 56, 89;
and pirate crews, 71, 76, 98, 111; as prisoner, 39–40, 47, 87–89, 144, 151, 153, 185n1
Snell, Hannah, 113, 120, 206n31
social order: of authorities, 5, 6, 146, 174; maritime, 110
social order of pirates, 5, 16–17, 60–82, 85, 201n39; and articles, 64–65; and the buccaneers, 61–64; and connections among crews, 78–79, 80, 81; and councils, 68–69; and discipline, 75–76; and food and drink, 70–73; and merriment, 71–72; and newcomers, 77–79; and oaths, 76–77; and quartermasters, 66–68; and sexuality, 74–75; and social security, 73, 155
social relations of pirates, 83–102; among themselves, 94–95, 97–98; and captains of good character, 83–85, 87–89, 92; and captains of poor character, 89–91, 93; and honesty, 84, 85, 92, 101; and justice, 85, 86–87, 89, 101; and officials, 93, 102; and revenge, 95–97; and supporters, 98–100
soldiers, 63, 124–25; female, 105, 109–10, 118, 205–6n26, 207n36. See also armies
Solgard, Philip, 96, 151
solidarity, 84, 94, 100, 111, 201n41
songs, 56, 64, 207n42; about women sailors, 113–14; sung by pirates, 72, 133, 155
South Carolina, 29, 52; blockades in, 32, 74; Charleston, 100, 106, 129, 154, 190–91n44; hangings in, 3, 10; officials of, 27, 128, 129; trials in, 72, 94, 100, 154, 161
Spain, 23, 63; and attacks, 24, 45, 94, 98; and the Caribbean, 28, 34; Catholicism of, 8, 21, 191n4; colonies of, 20, 25, 30; pirates from, 53, 94; and privateers, 35, 137; wars of, 6–7, 19, 20–21, 33, 36, 62
Spaniards, 46, 171
Sparks, Robert, 138–39, 154
Spotswood, Alexander: and Bahamas pirates, 7, 30; and hangings, 12, 13, 86; and pirates, 32, 47, 82, 99; and pirates’ revenge, 13, 96
Spriggs, Francis, 33, 48, 54, 96, 171; captives of, 148, 149; and crew, 69, 73, 78, 80, 165
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 9
stories, 41–42, 59, 64, 113, 155, 157, 173
Stubbs, James, 89
sugar, 21, 22, 24, 29, 34, 72
suicide, 150, 151
survival, 25, 37, 101, 115, 206n35
Sutton, Thomas, 9, 12, 153
Swallow (ship), 7, 44, 73, 142–43, 150, 169
Sweden, 52, 53
Swiss, the, 124–25
Sydney, Sir Henry, 113
symbolism, 97, 118, 146, 176, 201–2n41; of the Jolly Roger, 98, 164–68
Sympson, David, 9, 12
Tarlton, Thomas, 91
Taylor, Edward, 16, 189n31
Taylor, John, 74
Teach, Edward. See Blackbeard
terror: dialectic of, 147, 220nn1–3; by pirates, 5–6, 13–14, 83, 134, 165–66; by the state, 5, 10,
13, 143, 149
theft, 28, 40, 75. See also plunder
Thomas, Dorothy, 108–9
threats, 13, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101–2
torture, 17, 83, 86, 87, 175, 198n10
trade, 16, 28, 144, 216n38; crisis in, 31–35; disruption of, 9, 32, 128, 137; with England, 20, 28, 34, 96, 128–29, 144. See also merchants; ships, merchant
tradition, 66, 68
Traherne, Joseph, 91
transportation, convict, 41, 46, 58, 63, 112, 204n15
treason, 93, 128
Treasure Island (Stevenson), 9
trials, 26, 50, 74, 135; in Africa, 95, 143; of Bonnet and crew, 72, 94, 99–100, 129–30, 154; in Boston, 4, 85, 129; in Jamaica, 103–4; mock, 155–61; show, 103, 157; in South Carolina, 94, 154, 161; in Virginia, 12, 112; of women, 104, 107
Trott, Nicholas, 128, 131, 174
trust, 66, 67, 68
Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates, The (pamphlet), 107, 108
Turley, Hans, 74
Upton, Captain, 16
Upton, John, 44
Valentine, John, 128
values, 26, 61, 115, 152. See also democracy; egalitarianism; equality; freedom; honesty; liberty; loyalty; solidarity
van Bynkershoek, Cornelius, 25
van de Pol, Lotte C., 113, 206n27, 206n34
Vane, Charles, 33, 69, 80, 91, 93, 95; demotion of, 115, 220n3
vengeance. See revenge
Vernon, Edward, 29, 57, 59, 100, 146–47
violence, 13, 127, 130, 176; of captains, 17, 87, 220n3; and colonialism, 22–23; of the state, 62, 116, 172; toward sailors, 22, 43. See also beatings; brutality; lashings; murder; rape; suicide; torture; war; whippings
violence of pirates, 15, 122, 131–32, 171, 198n14; as response to crackdown, 37, 147, 170, 172
Virginia, 19; hangings in, 10, 53–54, 82, 96, 112; trials in, 12, 112. See also Spotswood, Alexander
volunteering, 47–48, 67, 77, 78–79, 100
voting, 68, 69, 71, 77, 79
wages, 25, 44, 70; low, 9, 10, 23, 43, 45, 155; withholding of, 2, 12, 27, 89, 90, 175
Walden, John, 161
Wales, 51–52, 53, 174
Walpole, Robert, 97, 120, 142, 175, 221n7
war, 24, 77, 176, 198n14; prevalence of, 20–22; privateers in, 6–7, 21, 33, 137; with Spain, 8, 19, 20–21, 36, 62; of Spanish Succession, 6–7, 33, 38, 64; women in, 203n8, 204n12
water, 29, 57
wealth, 21, 24, 99, 116, 197n6; accumulation of, 22–23. See also class, upper
weapons, 67, 75, 87, 98, 124, 132, 138; and women pirates, 105, 109, 115, 116, 121, 123
West Indies, 52, 63; disruption of trade in, 9, 21, 32, 35, 128, 142; pirates in, 29, 36, 38, 47, 54; and trade, 19, 28
West (pirate captain), 80
Weymouth (ship), 44, 142–43
Wheelwright, Julia, 118–19, 205–6n26
whippings, 86, 92. See also lashings
white men, 54, 132
Whitney, Captain, 16
Whydah (ship), 32, 67, 139
Williams, Edmund, 112
Williams, Paul, 54, 68, 69, 80
Willis, Francis, 138
Wills, Thomas, 71
Willson, George, 87
Wilson, John, 74
Winchelsea (ship), 53, 130, 170
Wingfield, John, 58
Winter, Captain, 54, 80
wives, 27, 49, 56, 204n17
women, 6, 41, 54–55, 138, 208n52; bare-breasted, 121–24, 209n56, 210n57, 210n60; courageous, 115, 116, 210n59; exclusion of, 111, 203n11, 205n25; pirates, 56, 121, 125–26, 203n10; pregnant, 103–4, 107, 113; as sailors, 105, 109, 118, 204n15, 205–6n26; at sea, 204–5n18; and sexuality, 74, 76; in war, 203n8, 204n12; as warriors, 114, 118, 206n34, 207n42, 208n47; working-class, 112, 114, 123. See also Bonny, Anne; prostitution; Read, Mary
work, 25, 133–34. See also labor
workers and proletarians, 23, 63, 117, 119, 206n35. See also class, working
working conditions, 55, 57–59, 61, 64, 190–91n44
Worley, Edward, 77
Yeats (pirate captain), 80
Beacon Press
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© 2004 by Marcus Rediker
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The diagram entitled “Connections among pirate crews, 1714–1727” was drawn by Hyla Willis.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rediker, Marcus.
Villains of all nations : Atlantic pirates in the golden age / Marcus Rediker.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
E-ISBN 978-0-8070-9538-6
ISBN 0-8070-5024-5 (alk. paper)
1. Pirates—Atlantic Coast (U.S.)—History—18th century. 2. Pirates—Atlantic Coast (U.S.)—Biography. 3. Pirates—Caribbean Area History—18th century. 4. Atlantic Coast (U.S.)—History, Naval—18th century. 5. Caribbean Area—History, Naval—18th century.
I. Title.
F106.R42 2004
910.4'5—dc22 2003021508
Table of Contents
Cover
Also by Marcus Rediker
Title page
Dedication
Contents
1. A Tale of Two Terrors
2. The Political Arithmetic of Piracy
6. The Women Pirates: Anne Bonny and Mary Read
Conclusion: Blood and Gold
Notes
Acknowledgments
Index
Copyright
Villains of All Nations Page 27