Deschamps, Marie, 124
desertion: of pirates, 50, 75, 76; of sailors, 25, 27, 44, 47
de Souza, Philip, 174
devil, the, 153, 167
Dillon, Thomas, 109
disability, pirates with, 74, 84
discipline, 110, 136; harsh, 24, 43, 44, 137, 168; Jamaica, 62, 64; on pirate ships, 17, 65, 75, 154, 176, 195n40
diseases, 9, 22, 43–44, 49, 58
doctors and surgeons, ships’, 3, 44, 50, 70, 79, 139
Downing, Clement, 67
drink, 25, 29, 34, 57; on pirate ships, 70–73, 74, 93, 149, 165
drunkenness, 43, 73, 131, 143, 151
duels, 105, 115, 118
Dugaw, Dianne, 109, 114, 118, 206n34, 208n47
Dummer, Edmund, 19
Dutch, the, 7, 20, 52, 53, 63. See also Netherlands
Earle, Peter, 8
East India Company, 57, 83, 144, 197n2
East Indies, 38, 57
economy, 17, 19, 23, 99. See also profits
egalitarianism, 26, 61, 70, 101, 155. See also equality
election, 63; of officers, 9, 17, 64, 66, 68; of pirate captains, 39, 65, 78, 80, 81, 165
Elizabeth (ship), 17, 91–92
empires, 21, 22, 24, 26, 99. See also Britain; colonies and colonialism; imperialism
England, 24, 46, 62; colonies of, 25, 30, 32; culture of, 112, 119–20, 206n34, 207n42; imperialism of, 20, 21; industry of, 33, 35; laws of, 26–27, 40, 117, 155, 159; Parliament of, 27, 142; pirates from, 36, 51–52, 53; revolution in, 63–64; rulers of, 27, 93; ships of, 36, 45, 65, 185n27; and Spain, 98, 163; and trade, 20, 28, 34, 96, 128–29, 144. See also Britain; English, the; names of specific colonies
England, Edward, 16, 50; and attacks, 33, 47, 68–69, 83–84, 91, 141; and crew, 72, 80, 89, 138
England, John, 91
English, the, 7, 22, 214n23. See also Britain; England
equality, 25, 60, 175, 176; of food distribution, 54, 66, 73; of resources, 9, 17. See also egalitarianism
ethnicity, 9, 17, 31, 36, 63. See also race
Europe, 6, 22, 126, 168; pirates from, 52–53, 55. See also names of specific countries
Europeans, 12, 20, 22
Evans, Benjamin, 53
Evans, John, 92
executions, 51, 101, 121, 132, 137, 217n42; naval, 43; by pirates, 65, 76, 87, 205n21; prohibition of, 45. See also hangings
exploitation, 23, 176
Exquemelin, Alexander, 63, 64
Fames’ Revenge (ship), 4, 49, 86
families, 125, 135, 146; of pirates, 56, 105, 106, 115, 117, 188n26; of sailors, 57, 140. See also marriage
femininity, 118, 124, 210n57
feminists, 118–19
Fenn, John, 74, 80, 160
Fife (pirate captain), 80
fighting among pirates, 73, 90, 105, 115, 118
fish and fishermen, 21, 29, 43, 44, 45, 58
flags, 164, 201n41; black, 4, 8, 77–78, 138; red, 202n42. See also Jolly Roger
Flanders, Moll, 119
Flavel, John, 110–11, 134–35
Fletcher, Samuel, 47
Fly, William, 1–6, 47, 86, 171, 178n8; capture of, 2, 4, 153; crew of, 80, 81; hanging of, 1–2, 5, 10, 11, 49, 81, 92–93, 172; and Mather, 17–18, 98, 177n3, 180n30
Flying Gang, 30, 86
food, 29, 34, 92, 149; distribution of, 65, 66, 70, 73; lack of, 25, 43, 58, 71, 137, 154, 168; on pirate ships, 54, 55, 72, 74, 155, 165; poor quality of, 9, 12, 23, 57. See also fish and fishermen; sugar
fortresses, 39, 139. See also Cape Coast Castle
Fowle, Captain, 92
Fox, Thomas, 95
Fox (pirate captain), 80
France, 23, 24; class in, 62, 64; colonies of, 20, 25, 32, 184n22; pirates from, 52, 53, 54, 63, 94; and privateers, 8, 35; ships of, 13, 162–63; and trade, 28, 34; wars of, 7, 19, 21, 33, 36, 163, 210n60
freedom, 37, 55, 81, 98, 102, 175. See also liberty
free men, 54, 55, 56
Frowd (pirate captain), 80
Fulker, John, 4
Gambia Castle (ship), 77, 138
Gay, John, 54, 120, 121, 175, 208n47
gender, 6, 118, 176, 203n11, 203n14, 204n17. See also femininity; masculinity
General History of the Pyrates, A (Johnson), 104–5, 107, 108, 121, 125, 157, 173
George Galley (ship), 53, 70
Gilbert, Arthur N., 110
Gillis, John, 117
Gilmore, Alex, 91
gold, 21, 40, 67, 139, 143, 175; taken by pirates, 39, 63, 73, 99
Goldsmith, Oliver, 110
goods, 21, 23, 33, 76, 162; See also commodities; gold; silver
governors, 16, 99, 184n22, 197n2; of Antigua, 16, 27, 32, 163, 170; of Jamaica, 46, 53, 57, 103, 107; lieutenant, 55, 96; in North America, 27, 134; of Saint Kitts, 13, 96. See also Johnson, Robert; Rogers, Woodes; Spotswood, Alexander
Gow, John, 11, 47, 93, 149, 171–72
Grant, Thomas, 40, 91
Greece, 174, 175
greed, 56, 60, 133–34
Green, John, 2–3, 17, 180n30
Greenville, Henry, 1–2, 10
Halladay, William, 86
Hamilton, Archibald, 16
Hamilton, George Heard, 125
Hamilton, Walter, 27, 163, 174
hangings, 71, 91, 93, 220n1, 220n3; in Africa, 12, 48, 169, 170; in Antigua, 10, 160, 170; in the Bahamas, 10, 11, 58; in Bermuda, 160–61; of black pirates, 53–54; in Boston, 1–2, 5, 10, 13, 49, 99, 127; in Britain, 40, 41, 148–49; and chains, 2, 12, 143, 146, 161; crowds at, 130, 145; in Jamaica, 10, 103, 107, 132, 147; and the Jolly Roger, 6, 11, 165, 202n41; number of, 24, 35, 37, 163; of pirate captains, 47, 172; in plays, 157–61; and religion, 74–75, 153; in Saint Kitts, 96, 101; in South Carolina, 3, 10; in Virginia, 53–54, 82, 97, 112; and women, 112, 114
Hardy, Richard, 9, 12
Harley/Harvey, Mary, 112, 205n23
Harris, Charles, 33, 54, 96, 149, 151
Hart, John, 170–71
Haswell, John, 79
Hawkins, Richard, 66, 76, 87, 148, 149, 165
health, 73–74, 155, 183n14
Hedges, Sir Charles, 26
Hell, 150, 151–53
Heywood, Peter, 34
hierarchy, 25, 70
Hill, Christopher, 63, 119
Historie der Engelsche Zee-Roovers (Johnson), 121–23
Hobsbawm, Eric, 85–86
holidays, 72, 97
Holland, 52. See also Dutch, the; Netherlands
Holland, Richard, 33, 80
Hollett, Joseph, 57
homosexuality, 74–75, 110, 133
honesty: of captains, 84, 85, 92; of pirates, 92–93, 101, 102
Hooff, Peter, 67
Hope, Charles, 96
Hope, John, 99, 100
Hornigold, Benjamin, 7, 36, 80, 81
Howard, Thomas, 95
Hudson, Robert, 91
Huggins, Jeremiah, 73
Hughson, Shirley Carter, 100
humor, 155–63, 168
Hynde, Israel, 79
illustrations, 121–23
imperialism, 20, 21. See also colonies and colonialism; empires
impressment, 43, 48–49, 57, 58, 172, 187n16. See also pirates, forced
imprisonment, 27, 41. See also jails; prisoners
India, coast of, 68, 197n2
Indian Ocean, 8, 16, 30, 36, 83, 154
injuries, 110; of pirates, 62, 73, 83, 161; provision for, 26, 27, 62, 73, 129, 140, 155
Ireland, 40, 51–52, 53, 63, 64, 113
jails, 43, 59, 95
Jamaica, 45, 64; government of, 57, 98; hangings in, 10, 103, 107, 132, 147; officials of, 34, 46; pirates from, 44, 52; pirates in, 8, 16, 24, 59, 141; sailors in, 2, 190–91n44; support for pirates in, 11, 29, 99, 100; trials in, 103–4. See also under discipline
Jenkins, Thomas, 3
Jennings, Henry, 50
Jennings, John, 36
Jessop, John, 58
Johanna (island), 8
3
John and Hannah (ship), 4
Johnson, Charles, 28, 90, 179–80n24; and damage by pirates, 31, 33, 34; and A General History of the Pyrates, 107, 108, 121, 125, 157, 173; and pirate officers, 65, 66; and pirates, 13, 117, 131, 153, 163, 175; and sailors, 23, 45, 221n7; and women pirates, 104–5
Johnson, Robert, 27
Johnson, Samuel, 43
Jolly Roger, 9, 46, 56, 60, 162, 201n41; creation of, 4, 78, 164; during fights, 83, 102; at hangings, 6, 11, 12, 165, 201–2n41; illustrations of, 121–22; message of, 14, 169; symbolism of, 98, 164–68
Jones, Simon, 56, 80, 89
judges, 26, 128, 131, 152, 174; and executions, 11, 12; in plays, 155–61. See also courts; trials
juries, 103–4, 155
justice: distribution of, 17, 86, 92; of pirates, 9, 13, 60, 87, 101; and privateers, 62; for sailors, 4, 89; of the state, 135, 149
Kennedy, Walter, 38–42, 61, 65, 91, 154, 185n1; crew of, 80; mutiny by, 46; and pirate tales, 38, 42, 173; poverty of, 38, 50, 59
Kidd, William, 8, 148–49
killing: of captains, 83; by the military, 124; of pirates, 39, 47, 96, 219n19; by women, 107, 125. See also murder
Killing, James, 72
kings, 93; and pardons, 27, 155; and piracy, 31, 129, 143; and privateers, 6, 8, 21
Knott, Luke, 97
knowledge, 49, 73, 183n14
labor, 110, 135, 146, 163, 203n11. See also class, working; work
labor market, 19, 116
LaBouche, Oliver, 54, 76, 80, 83; and crew, 87, 89, 141
land, 21, 22, 25. See also plantations; property
Lane (pirate captain), 80, 141
language, 105, 113, 130, 201n39; swearing, 97–98, 109, 115, 133
lashings, 4, 17, 57, 90. See also whippings
law and legislation, 62, 128, 146, 150; to benefit the rich, 43, 116; English, 26–27, 40, 117, 129, 155, 159; referring to pirates, 26–28, 174. See also courts; judges; juries; trials
Lawes, Nicholas, 46, 53, 103, 107
Leeward Islands, 148, 184n22
Lemisch, Jesse, 43
Leslie (pirate captain), 80
Lesser Antilles, 32
Lewis, Nicholas, 170–71
Lewis, William, 54
liberty, 104, 117–18, 125–26, 210n60. See also freedom
lieutenants, 40, 150
Linebaugh, Peter, 119–20, 206n35
living conditions, 9, 43, 55, 221n8; See also drink; food; sickness
Logan, James, 29
London, 20, 25, 32, 40, 157; hangings in, 10, 41, 148; plays in, 54–55; Wapping, 38, 41, 51, 148
Lorrain, Paul, 145–46
Low, Edward “Ned,” 33, 46, 50, 220n2; attacks by, 14; and crew, 69, 80, 81, 102, 130, 152; hanging of, 172
Lowther, George, 78, 96; attacks by, 33, 162–63; and crew, 80, 81, 97, 138, 162; and mutiny, 47, 77, 154
loyalty, 74, 77, 94
Lyne, Philip, 54, 80, 87, 162, 171–72
Macarty, Daniel, 11, 47, 58, 80
Macrae, James, 83–85, 197n2
Madagascar, 8, 16, 31, 36, 55, 95
madness, 130–31
Magnes, William, 9, 12
Mansfield, Joseph, 59, 73
manufactures, 21, 33
Manwaring, Peter, 72–73
markets, 22, 23
marooning and maroon communities, 56, 63, 75, 155, 192n8
marriage, 105, 107, 207n40
Martel, Charles, 69, 80, 189n31
Martinique, 10, 13, 52
masculinity, 116, 204n14
Massachusetts, 52, 96, 134
Massey, John, 77, 162
mates, 17, 50, 70, 92, 139; first/chief, 3, 4, 15
Mather, Cotton, 136; and Fly, 4–5, 10, 17–18, 98, 153, 177n3, 180n30; at hangings, 1–2, 127, 177n2; and pirates, 133, 134, 146, 163, 173; rhetoric of, 13, 130; sermons by, 18, 74–75
Mathew, William, 101–2
Matthews, Thomas, 16
medicine, 32, 74
merchants, 22, 25, 26, 45, 89; American, 19, 29, 32; attacks on, 166; British, 128, 139, 142, 144; capture of, 58, 86–87; complaints of, 31, 32, 35, 139; and extermination of piracy, 37, 134; and support of pirates, 29, 62. See also captains, merchant; ships, merchant
merchant seamen, 42–43, 170, 190–91n44
merchant service, 10, 66, 97, 155, 193n19
merriment, 71–73, 93, 149, 153, 165
Mething, William, 154
military, 30, 49, 174, 206n31; and battles, 37, 124; as guard against pirates, 11, 33. See also armies; navies; Navy, Royal; soldiers
Miller (pirate captain), 80
Mills, Ann, 113–14
ministers, 1–2, 17, 110–11, 128, 132, 145–46, 152. See also Mather, Cotton
Mitchell, Alexander, 2
Moll Flanders, 120
Moody, Christopher, 50, 80
Morgan, Henry, 8, 38
Morice, Humphrey, 89, 140–42
Morris, Thomas, 11
murder, 3, 37, 43, 175; by captains, 17, 171; of captains, 2–3, 4, 17, 171, 180n30. See also killing
music, 71. See also songs
mutinies and mutineers, 25, 26, 28, 45, 53, 81; causes of, 44, 70–71, 137–38; as entry to piracy, 46–47, 116, 138, 165, 170; hanging for, 11; leaders of, 50, 55, 154; and murder, 3, 17, 171; against pirate captains, 49, 172; rites of, 56, 77
Napin (pirate captain), 80
nationalism, 164, 191n4, 206n31
Native Americans, 20, 22, 52, 53, 63, 214n23
navies, 22, 33, 161; captains in, 69, 138, 170; and defeat of pirates, 37, 150–51; and extermination of pirates, 37, 130, 141–42, 183n14, 214n25; patrolling by, 137, 144. See also Navy, Royal; ships, naval
navigation, 40, 65
Navigation Spiritualized (Flavel), 134–35
Navy, Royal, 23, 30; admirals of, 29, 57, 59, 100, 146–47; and battles with pirates, 16, 54, 169; conditions in, 17, 55, 66, 110, 155; sailors in, 15, 43, 44. See also ships, naval
Neal, Richard, 45
Netherlands, the, 20, 28; culture of, 112, 206n28, 206n34, 207n42; pirates from, 8, 94; and war, 24, 62, 105, 163. See also Dutch, the
New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade, A (Snelgrave), 144
New England, 13, 95, 99, 128
Newfoundland, 44, 45, 148
New World, 24, 64, 98, 125. See also America, North; America, Spanish; Americas, the
New York, 10, 52, 99
Nichols (pirate captain), 80
North Carolina, 4, 99, 151
novels, 119–20
oaths of honor, 76–77, 79
officers, 47; admirals, 29, 57, 59, 100, 146–47; ill-treatment by, 65; naval, 150, 161; pirate, 42, 155. See also captains; captains, merchant; captains, pirate; mates; quartermasters
officials: colonial, 53, 99; and extermination of piracy, 37, 141; government, 93, 100, 101–2; at hangings, 2, 201–2n41
officials, royal, 54, 85, 86, 99; complaints of, 31–32, 34, 35
Ogle, Challoner, 142–43
O’Malley, Grace, 113
oppression, 17, 85–86, 116, 176
Orme, Humphrey, 69–70, 170
paintings, 123–26, 208n52, 209n56, 210n57, 210n59
pardons, 10, 163, 177n4, 205n23; ineffectiveness of, 32, 137; offers of, 27, 136–37; requests for, 154, 155
Parry, J.H., 21
passengers, 111, 204n17
Pennsylvania, 29, 32, 99
Phillips, James, 33, 79, 150
Phillips, John, 45, 47, 49, 58, 153; crew of, 74, 81, 111, 165
Phillips, William, 48, 91, 171
pillage, 71, 199n15. See also plunder
piracy: appeal of, 118; causes of, 19, 26, 56, 57–59, 180n30; by mutiny, 46–47, 138; preconditions for, 28–29; stages of, 35–37
piracy, war against, 99, 127–47, 163, 170, 216n38; end of, 172–73; and hangings, 127, 130, 132, 143, 144, 145, 146–47; interested parties in, 128–29, 132, 134; and policies, 136–37; and rhetoric, 127, 130–36, 214n23; and slav
e trade, 138, 139, 140–41, 142, 143–44, 214n25; and trials, 129–30, 135, 143
Piracy Destroy’d (pamphlet), 57
pirates, 16, 98, 141, 221n9; from Africa, 52–53, 55; attractions of, 60, 79; black, 53–56, 120–21, 132, 151; from Britain, 51–52, 53, 55, 94; conflicts among, 63, 73, 90; damage done by, 139–42; from Europe, 52–53, 54, 55, 94; families of, 49–50, 56, 133, 188n26, 205n23; female, 56, 121, 125–26, 203n10; forced, 48–49, 69, 79, 172, 188n24; geographic origins of, 50–53; image of, 127, 135, 136; and integration of newcomers, 78–79; numbers of, 29–30, 183n16; plays by, 155–61; social class of, 50, 189n27; support for, 98–100; unmarried, 49–50, 197n6; volunteer, 47–48, 67, 77, 78–79, 100. See also Bonny, Anne; buccaneers; crews and crew members, pirate; executions; hangings; ships, pirate; Read, Mary; social order of pirates; social relations of pirates; trials; names of individuals
Plantain, James, 80, 189n31
plantations, 22, 32, 63, 142
Plato, 134–35
plays, 54–55, 120–21, 208n47; by pirates, 155–61
plunder, 14, 44, 79; distribution of, 65, 70, 76; of forts and fortresses, 39, 139; of ships, 7, 9, 21, 33, 199n15, 221n8. See also booty; pillage
Plunkett (official), 97
Polly (play), 54–55, 120–21, 175, 208nn47–48
poor people, 38, 125; pirates, 176; sailors, 6, 28, 50, 57, 92; who became pirates, 38, 119. See also class, lower; servants
Porter (pirate captain), 80
Portugal, 20, 24, 52, 68, 139; ships of, 88, 171
Portuguese, the, 39
poverty, 59, 85–86
Powell, Thomas, 74
power, 24, 86, 146, 176, 209n56; of flags, 201–2n41; imperial, 9, 20–21; of pirates, 10, 66, 135, 154; traditional, 61, 117, 136, 164
Princes Islands, 39, 139
prisoners, 102; in jails, 43, 59, 95; of pirates, 15, 47, 69, 87–89, 151, 153; in plays, 155, 156–58, 159
privateers, 6–8, 23, 62, 137, 168; attacks by, 21, 33; who became pirates, 7, 19, 35, 43, 64
profits, 9, 21, 23, 24, 53
propaganda, 127, 149
property, 50, 100, 116, 122, 150, 164; crimes against, 5, 15, 128; protection of, 28, 146
prostitution, 40, 42, 75, 76, 121, 133
Protestants, 8, 21
provisions, 29, 99, 138. See also drink; food
public, the, 132, 136
punishment: of captains, 87, 93; by pirates, 42, 69, 75, 76, 82, 154, 195n40; by the state, 23, 86, 135. See also beatings; executions; hangings; lashings; transportation, convict; whippings
quartermasters, 193n19; of Low, 170–71; pirate, 48, 49, 66–68, 73, 76, 87–88, 115
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