Villains of All Nations

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by Marcus Rediker


  Deschamps, Marie, 124

  desertion: of pirates, 50, 75, 76; of sailors, 25, 27, 44, 47

  de Souza, Philip, 174

  devil, the, 153, 167

  Dillon, Thomas, 109

  disability, pirates with, 74, 84

  discipline, 110, 136; harsh, 24, 43, 44, 137, 168; Jamaica, 62, 64; on pirate ships, 17, 65, 75, 154, 176, 195n40

  diseases, 9, 22, 43–44, 49, 58

  doctors and surgeons, ships’, 3, 44, 50, 70, 79, 139

  Downing, Clement, 67

  drink, 25, 29, 34, 57; on pirate ships, 70–73, 74, 93, 149, 165

  drunkenness, 43, 73, 131, 143, 151

  duels, 105, 115, 118

  Dugaw, Dianne, 109, 114, 118, 206n34, 208n47

  Dummer, Edmund, 19

  Dutch, the, 7, 20, 52, 53, 63. See also Netherlands

  Earle, Peter, 8

  East India Company, 57, 83, 144, 197n2

  East Indies, 38, 57

  economy, 17, 19, 23, 99. See also profits

  egalitarianism, 26, 61, 70, 101, 155. See also equality

  election, 63; of officers, 9, 17, 64, 66, 68; of pirate captains, 39, 65, 78, 80, 81, 165

  Elizabeth (ship), 17, 91–92

  empires, 21, 22, 24, 26, 99. See also Britain; colonies and colonialism; imperialism

  England, 24, 46, 62; colonies of, 25, 30, 32; culture of, 112, 119–20, 206n34, 207n42; imperialism of, 20, 21; industry of, 33, 35; laws of, 26–27, 40, 117, 155, 159; Parliament of, 27, 142; pirates from, 36, 51–52, 53; revolution in, 63–64; rulers of, 27, 93; ships of, 36, 45, 65, 185n27; and Spain, 98, 163; and trade, 20, 28, 34, 96, 128–29, 144. See also Britain; English, the; names of specific colonies

  England, Edward, 16, 50; and attacks, 33, 47, 68–69, 83–84, 91, 141; and crew, 72, 80, 89, 138

  England, John, 91

  English, the, 7, 22, 214n23. See also Britain; England

  equality, 25, 60, 175, 176; of food distribution, 54, 66, 73; of resources, 9, 17. See also egalitarianism

  ethnicity, 9, 17, 31, 36, 63. See also race

  Europe, 6, 22, 126, 168; pirates from, 52–53, 55. See also names of specific countries

  Europeans, 12, 20, 22

  Evans, Benjamin, 53

  Evans, John, 92

  executions, 51, 101, 121, 132, 137, 217n42; naval, 43; by pirates, 65, 76, 87, 205n21; prohibition of, 45. See also hangings

  exploitation, 23, 176

  Exquemelin, Alexander, 63, 64

  Fames’ Revenge (ship), 4, 49, 86

  families, 125, 135, 146; of pirates, 56, 105, 106, 115, 117, 188n26; of sailors, 57, 140. See also marriage

  femininity, 118, 124, 210n57

  feminists, 118–19

  Fenn, John, 74, 80, 160

  Fife (pirate captain), 80

  fighting among pirates, 73, 90, 105, 115, 118

  fish and fishermen, 21, 29, 43, 44, 45, 58

  flags, 164, 201n41; black, 4, 8, 77–78, 138; red, 202n42. See also Jolly Roger

  Flanders, Moll, 119

  Flavel, John, 110–11, 134–35

  Fletcher, Samuel, 47

  Fly, William, 1–6, 47, 86, 171, 178n8; capture of, 2, 4, 153; crew of, 80, 81; hanging of, 1–2, 5, 10, 11, 49, 81, 92–93, 172; and Mather, 17–18, 98, 177n3, 180n30

  Flying Gang, 30, 86

  food, 29, 34, 92, 149; distribution of, 65, 66, 70, 73; lack of, 25, 43, 58, 71, 137, 154, 168; on pirate ships, 54, 55, 72, 74, 155, 165; poor quality of, 9, 12, 23, 57. See also fish and fishermen; sugar

  fortresses, 39, 139. See also Cape Coast Castle

  Fowle, Captain, 92

  Fox, Thomas, 95

  Fox (pirate captain), 80

  France, 23, 24; class in, 62, 64; colonies of, 20, 25, 32, 184n22; pirates from, 52, 53, 54, 63, 94; and privateers, 8, 35; ships of, 13, 162–63; and trade, 28, 34; wars of, 7, 19, 21, 33, 36, 163, 210n60

  freedom, 37, 55, 81, 98, 102, 175. See also liberty

  free men, 54, 55, 56

  Frowd (pirate captain), 80

  Fulker, John, 4

  Gambia Castle (ship), 77, 138

  Gay, John, 54, 120, 121, 175, 208n47

  gender, 6, 118, 176, 203n11, 203n14, 204n17. See also femininity; masculinity

  General History of the Pyrates, A (Johnson), 104–5, 107, 108, 121, 125, 157, 173

  George Galley (ship), 53, 70

  Gilbert, Arthur N., 110

  Gillis, John, 117

  Gilmore, Alex, 91

  gold, 21, 40, 67, 139, 143, 175; taken by pirates, 39, 63, 73, 99

  Goldsmith, Oliver, 110

  goods, 21, 23, 33, 76, 162; See also commodities; gold; silver

  governors, 16, 99, 184n22, 197n2; of Antigua, 16, 27, 32, 163, 170; of Jamaica, 46, 53, 57, 103, 107; lieutenant, 55, 96; in North America, 27, 134; of Saint Kitts, 13, 96. See also Johnson, Robert; Rogers, Woodes; Spotswood, Alexander

  Gow, John, 11, 47, 93, 149, 171–72

  Grant, Thomas, 40, 91

  Greece, 174, 175

  greed, 56, 60, 133–34

  Green, John, 2–3, 17, 180n30

  Greenville, Henry, 1–2, 10

  Halladay, William, 86

  Hamilton, Archibald, 16

  Hamilton, George Heard, 125

  Hamilton, Walter, 27, 163, 174

  hangings, 71, 91, 93, 220n1, 220n3; in Africa, 12, 48, 169, 170; in Antigua, 10, 160, 170; in the Bahamas, 10, 11, 58; in Bermuda, 160–61; of black pirates, 53–54; in Boston, 1–2, 5, 10, 13, 49, 99, 127; in Britain, 40, 41, 148–49; and chains, 2, 12, 143, 146, 161; crowds at, 130, 145; in Jamaica, 10, 103, 107, 132, 147; and the Jolly Roger, 6, 11, 165, 202n41; number of, 24, 35, 37, 163; of pirate captains, 47, 172; in plays, 157–61; and religion, 74–75, 153; in Saint Kitts, 96, 101; in South Carolina, 3, 10; in Virginia, 53–54, 82, 97, 112; and women, 112, 114

  Hardy, Richard, 9, 12

  Harley/Harvey, Mary, 112, 205n23

  Harris, Charles, 33, 54, 96, 149, 151

  Hart, John, 170–71

  Haswell, John, 79

  Hawkins, Richard, 66, 76, 87, 148, 149, 165

  health, 73–74, 155, 183n14

  Hedges, Sir Charles, 26

  Hell, 150, 151–53

  Heywood, Peter, 34

  hierarchy, 25, 70

  Hill, Christopher, 63, 119

  Historie der Engelsche Zee-Roovers (Johnson), 121–23

  Hobsbawm, Eric, 85–86

  holidays, 72, 97

  Holland, 52. See also Dutch, the; Netherlands

  Holland, Richard, 33, 80

  Hollett, Joseph, 57

  homosexuality, 74–75, 110, 133

  honesty: of captains, 84, 85, 92; of pirates, 92–93, 101, 102

  Hooff, Peter, 67

  Hope, Charles, 96

  Hope, John, 99, 100

  Hornigold, Benjamin, 7, 36, 80, 81

  Howard, Thomas, 95

  Hudson, Robert, 91

  Huggins, Jeremiah, 73

  Hughson, Shirley Carter, 100

  humor, 155–63, 168

  Hynde, Israel, 79

  illustrations, 121–23

  imperialism, 20, 21. See also colonies and colonialism; empires

  impressment, 43, 48–49, 57, 58, 172, 187n16. See also pirates, forced

  imprisonment, 27, 41. See also jails; prisoners

  India, coast of, 68, 197n2

  Indian Ocean, 8, 16, 30, 36, 83, 154

  injuries, 110; of pirates, 62, 73, 83, 161; provision for, 26, 27, 62, 73, 129, 140, 155

  Ireland, 40, 51–52, 53, 63, 64, 113

  jails, 43, 59, 95

  Jamaica, 45, 64; government of, 57, 98; hangings in, 10, 103, 107, 132, 147; officials of, 34, 46; pirates from, 44, 52; pirates in, 8, 16, 24, 59, 141; sailors in, 2, 190–91n44; support for pirates in, 11, 29, 99, 100; trials in, 103–4. See also under discipline

  Jenkins, Thomas, 3

  Jennings, Henry, 50

  Jennings, John, 36

  Jessop, John, 58

  Johanna (island), 8
3

  John and Hannah (ship), 4

  Johnson, Charles, 28, 90, 179–80n24; and damage by pirates, 31, 33, 34; and A General History of the Pyrates, 107, 108, 121, 125, 157, 173; and pirate officers, 65, 66; and pirates, 13, 117, 131, 153, 163, 175; and sailors, 23, 45, 221n7; and women pirates, 104–5

  Johnson, Robert, 27

  Johnson, Samuel, 43

  Jolly Roger, 9, 46, 56, 60, 162, 201n41; creation of, 4, 78, 164; during fights, 83, 102; at hangings, 6, 11, 12, 165, 201–2n41; illustrations of, 121–22; message of, 14, 169; symbolism of, 98, 164–68

  Jones, Simon, 56, 80, 89

  judges, 26, 128, 131, 152, 174; and executions, 11, 12; in plays, 155–61. See also courts; trials

  juries, 103–4, 155

  justice: distribution of, 17, 86, 92; of pirates, 9, 13, 60, 87, 101; and privateers, 62; for sailors, 4, 89; of the state, 135, 149

  Kennedy, Walter, 38–42, 61, 65, 91, 154, 185n1; crew of, 80; mutiny by, 46; and pirate tales, 38, 42, 173; poverty of, 38, 50, 59

  Kidd, William, 8, 148–49

  killing: of captains, 83; by the military, 124; of pirates, 39, 47, 96, 219n19; by women, 107, 125. See also murder

  Killing, James, 72

  kings, 93; and pardons, 27, 155; and piracy, 31, 129, 143; and privateers, 6, 8, 21

  Knott, Luke, 97

  knowledge, 49, 73, 183n14

  labor, 110, 135, 146, 163, 203n11. See also class, working; work

  labor market, 19, 116

  LaBouche, Oliver, 54, 76, 80, 83; and crew, 87, 89, 141

  land, 21, 22, 25. See also plantations; property

  Lane (pirate captain), 80, 141

  language, 105, 113, 130, 201n39; swearing, 97–98, 109, 115, 133

  lashings, 4, 17, 57, 90. See also whippings

  law and legislation, 62, 128, 146, 150; to benefit the rich, 43, 116; English, 26–27, 40, 117, 129, 155, 159; referring to pirates, 26–28, 174. See also courts; judges; juries; trials

  Lawes, Nicholas, 46, 53, 103, 107

  Leeward Islands, 148, 184n22

  Lemisch, Jesse, 43

  Leslie (pirate captain), 80

  Lesser Antilles, 32

  Lewis, Nicholas, 170–71

  Lewis, William, 54

  liberty, 104, 117–18, 125–26, 210n60. See also freedom

  lieutenants, 40, 150

  Linebaugh, Peter, 119–20, 206n35

  living conditions, 9, 43, 55, 221n8; See also drink; food; sickness

  Logan, James, 29

  London, 20, 25, 32, 40, 157; hangings in, 10, 41, 148; plays in, 54–55; Wapping, 38, 41, 51, 148

  Lorrain, Paul, 145–46

  Low, Edward “Ned,” 33, 46, 50, 220n2; attacks by, 14; and crew, 69, 80, 81, 102, 130, 152; hanging of, 172

  Lowther, George, 78, 96; attacks by, 33, 162–63; and crew, 80, 81, 97, 138, 162; and mutiny, 47, 77, 154

  loyalty, 74, 77, 94

  Lyne, Philip, 54, 80, 87, 162, 171–72

  Macarty, Daniel, 11, 47, 58, 80

  Macrae, James, 83–85, 197n2

  Madagascar, 8, 16, 31, 36, 55, 95

  madness, 130–31

  Magnes, William, 9, 12

  Mansfield, Joseph, 59, 73

  manufactures, 21, 33

  Manwaring, Peter, 72–73

  markets, 22, 23

  marooning and maroon communities, 56, 63, 75, 155, 192n8

  marriage, 105, 107, 207n40

  Martel, Charles, 69, 80, 189n31

  Martinique, 10, 13, 52

  masculinity, 116, 204n14

  Massachusetts, 52, 96, 134

  Massey, John, 77, 162

  mates, 17, 50, 70, 92, 139; first/chief, 3, 4, 15

  Mather, Cotton, 136; and Fly, 4–5, 10, 17–18, 98, 153, 177n3, 180n30; at hangings, 1–2, 127, 177n2; and pirates, 133, 134, 146, 163, 173; rhetoric of, 13, 130; sermons by, 18, 74–75

  Mathew, William, 101–2

  Matthews, Thomas, 16

  medicine, 32, 74

  merchants, 22, 25, 26, 45, 89; American, 19, 29, 32; attacks on, 166; British, 128, 139, 142, 144; capture of, 58, 86–87; complaints of, 31, 32, 35, 139; and extermination of piracy, 37, 134; and support of pirates, 29, 62. See also captains, merchant; ships, merchant

  merchant seamen, 42–43, 170, 190–91n44

  merchant service, 10, 66, 97, 155, 193n19

  merriment, 71–73, 93, 149, 153, 165

  Mething, William, 154

  military, 30, 49, 174, 206n31; and battles, 37, 124; as guard against pirates, 11, 33. See also armies; navies; Navy, Royal; soldiers

  Miller (pirate captain), 80

  Mills, Ann, 113–14

  ministers, 1–2, 17, 110–11, 128, 132, 145–46, 152. See also Mather, Cotton

  Mitchell, Alexander, 2

  Moll Flanders, 120

  Moody, Christopher, 50, 80

  Morgan, Henry, 8, 38

  Morice, Humphrey, 89, 140–42

  Morris, Thomas, 11

  murder, 3, 37, 43, 175; by captains, 17, 171; of captains, 2–3, 4, 17, 171, 180n30. See also killing

  music, 71. See also songs

  mutinies and mutineers, 25, 26, 28, 45, 53, 81; causes of, 44, 70–71, 137–38; as entry to piracy, 46–47, 116, 138, 165, 170; hanging for, 11; leaders of, 50, 55, 154; and murder, 3, 17, 171; against pirate captains, 49, 172; rites of, 56, 77

  Napin (pirate captain), 80

  nationalism, 164, 191n4, 206n31

  Native Americans, 20, 22, 52, 53, 63, 214n23

  navies, 22, 33, 161; captains in, 69, 138, 170; and defeat of pirates, 37, 150–51; and extermination of pirates, 37, 130, 141–42, 183n14, 214n25; patrolling by, 137, 144. See also Navy, Royal; ships, naval

  navigation, 40, 65

  Navigation Spiritualized (Flavel), 134–35

  Navy, Royal, 23, 30; admirals of, 29, 57, 59, 100, 146–47; and battles with pirates, 16, 54, 169; conditions in, 17, 55, 66, 110, 155; sailors in, 15, 43, 44. See also ships, naval

  Neal, Richard, 45

  Netherlands, the, 20, 28; culture of, 112, 206n28, 206n34, 207n42; pirates from, 8, 94; and war, 24, 62, 105, 163. See also Dutch, the

  New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade, A (Snelgrave), 144

  New England, 13, 95, 99, 128

  Newfoundland, 44, 45, 148

  New World, 24, 64, 98, 125. See also America, North; America, Spanish; Americas, the

  New York, 10, 52, 99

  Nichols (pirate captain), 80

  North Carolina, 4, 99, 151

  novels, 119–20

  oaths of honor, 76–77, 79

  officers, 47; admirals, 29, 57, 59, 100, 146–47; ill-treatment by, 65; naval, 150, 161; pirate, 42, 155. See also captains; captains, merchant; captains, pirate; mates; quartermasters

  officials: colonial, 53, 99; and extermination of piracy, 37, 141; government, 93, 100, 101–2; at hangings, 2, 201–2n41

  officials, royal, 54, 85, 86, 99; complaints of, 31–32, 34, 35

  Ogle, Challoner, 142–43

  O’Malley, Grace, 113

  oppression, 17, 85–86, 116, 176

  Orme, Humphrey, 69–70, 170

  paintings, 123–26, 208n52, 209n56, 210n57, 210n59

  pardons, 10, 163, 177n4, 205n23; ineffectiveness of, 32, 137; offers of, 27, 136–37; requests for, 154, 155

  Parry, J.H., 21

  passengers, 111, 204n17

  Pennsylvania, 29, 32, 99

  Phillips, James, 33, 79, 150

  Phillips, John, 45, 47, 49, 58, 153; crew of, 74, 81, 111, 165

  Phillips, William, 48, 91, 171

  pillage, 71, 199n15. See also plunder

  piracy: appeal of, 118; causes of, 19, 26, 56, 57–59, 180n30; by mutiny, 46–47, 138; preconditions for, 28–29; stages of, 35–37

  piracy, war against, 99, 127–47, 163, 170, 216n38; end of, 172–73; and hangings, 127, 130, 132, 143, 144, 145, 146–47; interested parties in, 128–29, 132, 134; and policies, 136–37; and rhetoric, 127, 130–36, 214n23; and slav
e trade, 138, 139, 140–41, 142, 143–44, 214n25; and trials, 129–30, 135, 143

  Piracy Destroy’d (pamphlet), 57

  pirates, 16, 98, 141, 221n9; from Africa, 52–53, 55; attractions of, 60, 79; black, 53–56, 120–21, 132, 151; from Britain, 51–52, 53, 55, 94; conflicts among, 63, 73, 90; damage done by, 139–42; from Europe, 52–53, 54, 55, 94; families of, 49–50, 56, 133, 188n26, 205n23; female, 56, 121, 125–26, 203n10; forced, 48–49, 69, 79, 172, 188n24; geographic origins of, 50–53; image of, 127, 135, 136; and integration of newcomers, 78–79; numbers of, 29–30, 183n16; plays by, 155–61; social class of, 50, 189n27; support for, 98–100; unmarried, 49–50, 197n6; volunteer, 47–48, 67, 77, 78–79, 100. See also Bonny, Anne; buccaneers; crews and crew members, pirate; executions; hangings; ships, pirate; Read, Mary; social order of pirates; social relations of pirates; trials; names of individuals

  Plantain, James, 80, 189n31

  plantations, 22, 32, 63, 142

  Plato, 134–35

  plays, 54–55, 120–21, 208n47; by pirates, 155–61

  plunder, 14, 44, 79; distribution of, 65, 70, 76; of forts and fortresses, 39, 139; of ships, 7, 9, 21, 33, 199n15, 221n8. See also booty; pillage

  Plunkett (official), 97

  Polly (play), 54–55, 120–21, 175, 208nn47–48

  poor people, 38, 125; pirates, 176; sailors, 6, 28, 50, 57, 92; who became pirates, 38, 119. See also class, lower; servants

  Porter (pirate captain), 80

  Portugal, 20, 24, 52, 68, 139; ships of, 88, 171

  Portuguese, the, 39

  poverty, 59, 85–86

  Powell, Thomas, 74

  power, 24, 86, 146, 176, 209n56; of flags, 201–2n41; imperial, 9, 20–21; of pirates, 10, 66, 135, 154; traditional, 61, 117, 136, 164

  Princes Islands, 39, 139

  prisoners, 102; in jails, 43, 59, 95; of pirates, 15, 47, 69, 87–89, 151, 153; in plays, 155, 156–58, 159

  privateers, 6–8, 23, 62, 137, 168; attacks by, 21, 33; who became pirates, 7, 19, 35, 43, 64

  profits, 9, 21, 23, 24, 53

  propaganda, 127, 149

  property, 50, 100, 116, 122, 150, 164; crimes against, 5, 15, 128; protection of, 28, 146

  prostitution, 40, 42, 75, 76, 121, 133

  Protestants, 8, 21

  provisions, 29, 99, 138. See also drink; food

  public, the, 132, 136

  punishment: of captains, 87, 93; by pirates, 42, 69, 75, 76, 82, 154, 195n40; by the state, 23, 86, 135. See also beatings; executions; hangings; lashings; transportation, convict; whippings

  quartermasters, 193n19; of Low, 170–71; pirate, 48, 49, 66–68, 73, 76, 87–88, 115

 

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