Study of email exchanges: Victor Brajer and Andrew Gill, “Yakity-Yak: What Talks Back? An Email Experiment,” Social Science Quarterly 91.4 (2010).
Women’s domination of social media: Maeve Duggan, “It’s a Woman’s (Social Media) World,” Pew Research Center, December 9, 2013, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/12/its-a-womans-social-media-world/.
On male silence: Jack O. Balswick and Charles W. Peek, “The Inexpressive Male: A Tragedy of American Society,” Family Coordinator 20.4 (1971): 363–68; Michael McGill, The McGill Report of Male Intimacy (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985); Jack Sattel, “The Inexpressive Male: Tragedy or Sexual Politics?” Sexual Politics, 23:4, April 1976, pp. 469–77; Scott and Oates anecdote: in Marilyn J. Landis, Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2001); Baldessare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, trans. George Bull (London: Penguin, 1976); Philip quote from Plutarch, Plutarch on Sparta, trans. Richard J. A. Talbert (London: Penguin Classics, 1988).
Men-women communication: Deborah Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand (New York: William Morrow, 2007).
ONE The Hollow Patriarchy
Academic degrees of women and men: U.S. Census 2012, table 299, www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/12statab/educ.pdf.
Women dominate in growth industries: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The 30 Occupations with the Largest Projected Employment Growth, 2010–2020,” February 2012, www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t06.htm.
Women as breadwinners: Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms,” Pew Research Center, May 29, 2013, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms/.
The pay gap: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Women in the Labor Force: A Databook,” 2011, www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook2011.htm; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Women’s Earnings as a Percent of Men’s in 2010,” January 10, 2012, www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120110.htm; Pew Research Center, “On Pay Gap, Millennial Women Near Parity—For Now,” December 11, 2013, www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2013/12/gender-and-work_final.pdf; PwC, “International Women’s Day: PwC Women in Work Index,” March 2013. Accessible from here: hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/401343.
The Forbes list: Andrea Navarro, “The World’s Richest Women 2014,” Forbes, March 3, 2104, www.forbes.com/sites/andreanavarro/2014/03/03/the-worlds-richest-women-2014/.
Percentages of men and women in the professions: Martha S. West and John W. Curtis, “AAUP Gender Equity Indicators 2006,” AAUP, 2006, www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/63396944-44BE-4ABA-9815-5792D93856F1/0/AAUPGenderEquityIndicators2006.pdf; U.S. Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Releases Equal Opportunity Tabulation That Provides a Profile of America’s Workforce,” November 29, 2012, www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/employment_occupations/cb12-225.html; U.S. Census Bureau, “2008–2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates,” October 27, 2011, www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/cb11-tps40.html; Julie Triedman, “A Few Good Women,” American Lawyer, May 28, 2015; Roger Cheng, “Women in Tech: The Numbers Don’t Add Up,” CNET, May 6, 2015, www.cnet.com/news/women-in-tech-the-numbers-dont-add-up/.
Female board membership: PwC, “International Women’s Day, PwC Women in Work Index.”
Women in political office: World Economic Forum, “Global Gender Gap Report 2014,” http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/; National Women’s Political Caucus statistics as reported in Why Congress Needs Women, ed. Michele A. Paludi (Washington: ABC-CLIO, 2016).
Decisions in the home: Pew Research Center, “Women Call the Shots at Home: Public Mixed on Gender Roles in Jobs,” September 25, 2008, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/09/25/women-call-the-shots-at-home-public-mixed-on-gender-roles-in-jobs/.
Gender in China and OECD: James Farrer, Opening Up (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Leta Hong Fincher, Leftover Women: The Resurgence of Gender Inequality in China (New York: Zed Books, 2014); OECD, “Women and Men in OECD Countries,” n.d., www.oecd.org/std/37962502.pdf.
International Monetary Fund report: Katrin Elborgh-Woytek, Monique Newiak, Kalpana Kochhar, Stefania Fabrizio, Kangni Kpodar, Philippe Wingender, Benedict Clements, and Gerd Schwartz, “Women, Work and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity,” International Monetary Fund, September 2013, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2013/sdn1310.pdf.
Goldman Sachs study: Sandra Lawson, “Women Hold Up Half the Sky,” Global Economics Paper No. 164, Goldman Sachs, March 4, 2008, www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/women-half-sky-pdf.pdf.
Patriarchy in Japan: World Economic Forum, “Global Gender Gap Report 2014”; Jonathan Soble, “Abe Pushes for More Women in Senior Roles,” Financial Times, April 19, 2013.
Genital mutilation: Heather L. Sipsma, Peggy G. Chen, Angela Ofori-Atta, Ukwuoma O. Ilozumba, Kapouné Karfo, and Elizabeth H. Bradley, “Female Genital Cutting: Current Practices and Beliefs in Western Africa,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, November 2011, www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-090886/en/.
Missing women: Amartya Sen, “More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing,” New York Review of Books, December 20, 1990.
Boys receive more education than girls: UNESCO, “World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education,” 2012, www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/unesco-world-atlas-gender-education-2012.pdf.
Modern parenthood: Kim Parker and Wendy Wang, “Modern Parenthood,” March 14, 2013, Pew Research Center, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/; Alex Williams, “Just Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home,” New York Times, August 10, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/fashion/dads-are-taking-over-as-full-time-parents.html?_r=0.
Child care: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development,” 2006, www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/documents/seccyd_06.pdf; RAND Europe, “Use of Childcare in the EU Member States and Progress towards the Barcelona Targets,” Short Statistical Report No. 1, April 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/documents/140502_gender_equality_workforce_ssr1_en.pdf; Lilian V. Faulhaber, “How the I.R.S. Hurts Mothers,” New York Times, April 3, 2013.
The gender gap among millennials: Pew Research Center, “On Pay Gap, Millennial Women Near Parity—For Now.”
Maternity leave: Abt Associates, “Family and Medical Leave in 2012: Detailed Results Appendix,” revised April 18, 2014, www.dol.gov/asp/evaluation/fmla/FMLA-Detailed-Results-Appendix.pdf; “Longer Maternity Leave Is Hurting Women’s Careers, Says Equality Watchdog,” Telegraph, July 14, 2008, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2403726/Longer-maternity-leaving-is-hurting-womens-careers-says-equality-watchdog.html.
Gender diversity on corporate boards: Gwladys Fouché, “A Woman’s Place Is . . . on the Board,” Guardian, August 10, 2005, www.theguardian.com/business/2005/aug/10/workandcareers.genderissues; McKinsey & Company, “Women Matter: Gender Diversity, a Corporate Performance Driver,” 2007, www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/women-matter-oct-2007; Corinne Post and Kris Byron, “Women on Boards and Financial Performance: Meta-analysis,” Academy of Management Journal, August 2015.
2011 study of millennials: Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor, “For Millennials, Parenthood Trumps Marriage,” Pew Research Center, March 9, 2011, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/03/09/for-millennials-parenthood-trumps-marriage/.
Sigmar Gabriel quote: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/05/german-vice-chancellor-sigmar-gabriel-time-off-dad.
Anne-Marie Slaughter quote: Anne-Marie Slaughter, Unfinished Business (New York: Random House, 2015).
TWO The New Fatherhood
Fathers spending time with their children: Parker and Wang, “Modern Parenthood.”
Desire to have children: “The Match.com Single in America Study 2011,” Uptodate, http://blog.match.com/singles-study/. This study was commissioned by a corporation, but it was undertaken by Helen Fisher, a
biological anthropologist, and Stephanie Coontz and the University of Binghamton’s Institute of Evolutionary Studies. For the study on depression in men and women without children, Robin Hadley of Keele University presented the research at the British Sociological Association annual conference on April 3, 2013. As reported in Sarah Glynn, “Men More Depressed Than Women if Childless,” Medical News Today, April 4, 2013, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/258531.php.
Families without fathers: U.S. Census Bureau, “Living Arrangements of Children: 1960 to Present,” figure CH-1, 2011, www.census.gov/hhes/families/files/graphics/CH-1.pdf; Centre for Social Justice, “Lone Parents Tally Heads for Two Million as Numbers Rise 20,000 a Year, Says CSJ Report,” press release, n.p., www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Press%20releases%202013/CSJ-Press-Release-Lone-Parents.pdf.
Fatherlessness as social disaster: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “HHS Launches ‘Be Their Dad’ Parental Responsibility Campaign,” press release, March 26, 1999, http://archive.hhs.gov/news/press/1999pres/990326.html; U.S. Department of Justice, “What Can the Federal Government Do to Decrease Crime and Revitalize Communities?,” January 5–7, 1998, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172210.pdf; N. M. Astone and S. McLanahan, “Family Structure, Parental Practices and High School Completion,” American Sociological Review 56.3 (1991): 309–20; Nancy Vaden-Kiernan, Nicholas S. Ialongo, Jane Pearson, and Sheppard Kellam, “Household Family Structure and Children’s Aggressive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study of Urban Elementary School Children,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 23.5 (1995): 553–68; David Autor and Melanie Wasserman, “Wayward Sons: The Emerging Gender Gap in Labor Markets and Education,” Third Way, 2013, http://economics.mit.edu/files/8754; G. R. Weitoft, A. Hjern, B. Haglund, and M. Rosen, “Mortality, Severe Morbidity, and Injury in Children Living with Single Parents in Sweden: A Population-Based Study,” Lancet 361.9354 (2003): 289–95; James M. Herzog, Father Hunger: Explorations with Adults and Children (New York: Routledge, 2014).
Family structure and economic mobility: Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, and Emmanuel Saez, “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States,” June 2014, www.equality-of-opportunity.org/images/mobility_geo.pdf.
ad anecdotes: Huggies etc., as reported in Paul Raeburn, Do Fathers Matter?: What Science is Telling Us About the Parent We’ve Overlooked (New York: Macmillan, 2014).
U.S. divorce rates: Rose M. Kreider and Renee Ellis, “Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2009,” Current Population Reports, May 2011, www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p70-125.pdf.
Changing opinions of gay marriage: Justin McCarthy, “Same-Sex Marriage Support Reaches New High at 55%,” Gallup, May 21, 2014, www.gallup.com/poll/169640/sex-marriage-support-reaches-new-high.aspx; Peter Wallsten and Scott Wilson, “Obama endorses gay marriage,” Washington Post, May 9, 2012; Sarah McBride, “Mozilla CEO resigns, opposition to gay marriage drew fire,” Reuters, April 3, 2014; Pew Research Center, “Support for Same Sex Marriage Grows as More Americans Change Their Views,” March 26, 2013, www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/support-for-same-sex-marriage-grows-as-more-americans-change-their-views/.
Kennedy and Scalia quotes from Obergefell v. Hodges: www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf
Senator Rubio’s remarks: “Rubio Delivers Address on 50th Anniversary of the ‘War on Poverty,’ ” Marco Rubio, U.S. Senator for Florida, January 8, 2014, www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=958d06fe-16a3-4e8e-b178-664fc10745bf.
Deportation: Holly Avey, “It’s Time for a Feminine Perspective,” Human Impact Partners, November 24, 2014, www.humanimpact.org/tag/immigration/.
Incarceration of black men: Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2012).
My Brother’s Keeper: David Hudson, “President Obama Launches My Brother’s Keeper, His New Initiative to Help Young Men of Color,” White House, February 27, 2014, www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/02/27/president-obama-launches-my-brothers-keeper-his-new-initiative-help-young-men-color.
THREE Straight Camp
Recognizing gender: Bobbi Carothers and H. T. Reis, “Men and Women Are from Earth: Examining the Latent Structure of Gender,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, October 22, 2012, advance online publication, www.psych.rochester.edu/people/reis_harry/assets/pdf/CarothersReis_2012.pdf.
Women in film: Melissa Silverstein, “Infographic: Women Directors in the Studio System,” Indiewire, August 28, 2014, http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/infographic-women-directors-in-the-studio-system; Stacy L. Smith, Marc Choueiti, and Katherine Pieper, “Gender Inequality in Popular Films: Examining On Screen Portrayals and Behind-the-Scenes Employment Patterns in Motion Pictures Released between 2007–2013,” University of Southern California, 2014, http://annenberg.usc.edu/pages/~/media/MDSCI/Gender%20Inequality%202007-2009.ashx; Sarah Kaplan, “Could the Sony Hacks Help Close the Hollywood Pay Gap?,” Washington Post, January 11, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/style-blog/wp/2015/01/11/could-the-sony-hacks-help-close-the-hollywood-pay-gap/.
Naomi Wolf quote: Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth (London: Chatto & Windus, 1990).
Simone de Beauvoir quote: Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde (New York: Vintage, 2011).
Coco Chanel quote: Lisa Chaney, Coco Chanel: An Intimate Life (New York: Penguin, 2012).
Christine Lagarde quote: As reported in The Guardian, “It’s payback time: Don’t expect sympathy—Lagarde to Greeks.” Larry Elliott and Decca Aikenhead, May 25, 2012, www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/25/payback-time-lagarde-greeks.
On the word bro: Katherine Connor Martin, “The History of ‘Bro,’ ” Oxford Words Blog, October 9, 2013, http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/10/the-rise-of-the-portmanbro/; Erin Gloria Ryan, “The United States of Bros: A Map and Field Guide,” Jezebel, April 2, 2014, http://jezebel.com/the-united-states-of-bros-a-map-and-field-guide-1550563737.
Suicide: Niobe Way, Deep Secrets: Boys’ Friendships and the Crisis of Connection (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC Finds Suicide Rates among Middle-Aged Adults Increased from 1999–2010,” press release, May 2, 2013, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0502-suicide-rates.html; Shu-Sen Chang, David Stuckler, Paul Yip, and David Gunnell, “Impact of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Suicide: Time Trend Study in 54 Countries,” British Medical Journal, September 17, 2013, www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5239.
Aristotle quote: Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Martin Ostwald (New York: Prentice Hall, 1962).
Overcompensation: Robb Willer, Christabel Rogalin, Bridget Conlon, and Michael T. Wojnowicz, “Overdoing Gender: A Test of the Masculine Overcompensation Thesis,” American Journal of Sociology 118 (2013): 980–1022; Norman Mailer, Advertisements for Myself (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Philip Roth, Portnoy’s Complaint (New York: Vintage, 1994); Honoré de Balzac, Treatise on Elegant Living, trans. Napoleon Jeffries (New York: Wakefield, 2010).
Susan Sontag quote: Susan Sontag, “Notes on ‘Camp’ ” in Against Interpretation (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1966).
FOUR The Pornography Paradox
Pornography numbers: Sebastian Anthony, “Just How Big Are Porn Sites?,” Extreme Tech, April 4, 2012, www.extremetech.com/computing/123929-just-how-big-are-porn-sites; “Pornhub 2013 Year in Review,” Pornhub Insights, December 17, 2013, www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-2013-year-in-review.
David Cameron quote: “Online pornography to be blocked by default, PM announces,” July 22, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/uk-23401076.
Ruskin quote: Tim Hilton, John Ruskin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).
Vanity Fair quote: Nancy Jo Sales, “Friends Without Benefits,” Vanity Fair, September 26, 2013.
Teenage sex: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activi
ty, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing, 2006–2010. National Survey of Family Growth,” Vital and Health Statistics, series 23, number 31, October 2011, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_031.pdf.
Oral and anal sex: National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, “Percentage of Americans Performing Certain Sexual Behaviors in the Past Year (N=5865),” table, www.nationalsexstudy.indiana.edu/graph.html.
Sexual health: Anjani Chandra, William D. Mosher, Casey Copen, and Catlainn Sionean, “Sexual Behavior, Sexual Attraction, and Sexual Identity in the United States: Data from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth,” National Health Statistics Reports, March 3, 2001, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr036.pdf.
Effects of pornography: Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant, “Effects of Massive Exposure to Pornography,” in Pornography and Sexual Aggression, ed. Neil M. Malamuth (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984); Drew A. Kingston, Paul Fedoroff, Philip Firestone, Susan Curry, and John Bradford, “Pornography Use and Sexual Aggression: The Impact of Frequency and Type of Pornography Use on Recidivism among Sexual Offenders,” Aggressive Behavior 34.4 (2008): 341–51; Dominique Simons, Sandy Wurtele, and Peggy Heil, “Childhood Victimization and Lack of Empathy as Predictors of Sexual Offending against Women and Children,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17.2. (2002): 1291–307; Timothy Benecke, “Male Rage: Four Men Talk About Rape,” Mother Jones, July 1982, 22; Natalie Purcell, Violence and the Pornographic Imaginary (New York: Routledge, 2012); Todd D. Kendall, “Pornography, Rape, and the Internet,” September 2006, http://idei.fr/sites/default/files/medias/doc/conf/sic/papers_2007/kendall.pdf; Berl Kutchinsky, “Pornography and Rape: Theory and Practice? Evidence from Crime Data in Four Countries Where Pornography Is Easily Available,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 26 (1991): 47–64; Milton Diamond and Ayako Uchiyama, “Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crimes in Japan,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22.1 (1999): 1–22.
Andrea Dworkin: Andrea Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women (New York: Putnam’s, 1981); Pornography Resource Center quote is from Men Confront Pornography, ed. Michael Kimmell (New York, Meridien, 1991); Andrea Dworkin, “Remembering the Witches,” Our Blood—Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (London: Women’s Press, 1982).
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