8Jean-Baptist Colbert, marquis de Torcy (1665–1746), a grandson of the late minister Colbert, was secretary of state for foreign affairs.
9Dangeau, volume 7, p. 418.
10Mercure Galant, November 1700, p. 237; see also Dangeau, volume 7, pp. 418–19. In time, the ambassador’s words would be attributed to Louis, see for example Voltaire, p. 310.
11Orléans. Duchesse d’, Letters (Scott–Stevenson), volume II, p.26.
12Louis’s early morning prayers were said as he knelt at his prie-dieu, but at mass he was accompanied by the rest of the royal family, who all knelt side by side at a carpeted balustrade. Louis alone had a hassock (Norton, Saint-Simon at Versailles, p. 35).
13Voltaire, pp. 312–14.
14Dunlop. p. 363.
15Ibid., p. 365.
16Cronin, p. 313. Some of Louis’s letters can be found in Louis XIV, Œuvres, volume VI.
17Ogg, pp. 85–6.
18Ibid., p. 86.
19Bluche, Louis XIV, p. 521.
20Cronin, p. 316.
21Ibid., p. 317.
22Claude Henri, duc de Villars (1653–1734), maréchal de France.
23Cronin, p. 317.
24Ferdinand Marcin or Marsin (1656–1706) was an ambassador and maréchal of France.
25Cited in Cronin, p. 318.
26Ibid.
27Ibid., pp. 318–19; Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume II, pp. 18–22.
28For the death of Athénaïs, see Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume II, pp. 31–37; Hilton, pp. 355–6.
29Ogg, p. 90.
30Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott–Stevenson), volume I, p. 276.
31The harsh winter was described by Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume II, pp. 106–12.
32Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott–Stevenson), volume II, p. 23.
33There are several variants of this parody. This one is translated from the version printed by Brown, p. 217. Brown (p. 217) also notes that a crowd of starving people marched on Versailles to demand bread, only to be turned back by troops as they approached the château. It was a chilling presentiment of the so-called women’s riot of October 5, 1789. The events in 1709 had a happier ending.
34Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott–Stevenson), volume II, p. 26.
35Lair, Louise de La Vallière, pp. 384, 385.
36Ogg, p. 91.
37The text of the letter is printed in Sourches, volume 11, pp. 356–58.
38Louis-Joseph, duc de Vendôme (1654–1712), was general of the galleys, viceroy of Catelonia, and generallisimo of Spain.
39Louis François, marquis then duc de Boufflers (1644–1711), maréchal de France.
40Cronin, pp. 321–2.
41Cited in Hassall, Louis XIV, p. 389.
42John-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy (1665–1746), was the grandson of the late minister, Colbert.
TWENTY-SEVEN: GATHERING TWILIGHT
1Motteville, volume III, p. 295; see above, p. 165.
2For this section, see Saint-Simon (Wormeley) volume II, pp. 241–4, 247–53, 267; Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, pp. 39–42.
3Marie-Émilie Thérèse de Joly de Choin (1670–1732). Her name is sometimes rendered as Chouin.
4Like that of his father, the dauphin’s marriage was morganatic. Marie-Anne, princesse de Conti, was Louis’s legitimized daughter by Louise de La Vallière.
5Louis XIV, Œuvres, volume IV, p. 458.
6Choisy was the dauphin’s country seat.
7Louis XIV, Œuvres, volume IV, pp. 465–6.
8Jean Boudin (d. 1728) was the king’s apothecary and a student of Fagon.
9Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, Louis’s legitimized daughter by Athénaïs.
10Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 39.
11Ibid., p. 40.
12Ibid., p. 39.
13Ibid., p. 41.
14Cronin, p. 325.
15Saint-Simon (Wormeley) volume III, p. 59.
16Cronin, p. 325.
17This section follows Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume II, pp. 34–39.
18Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott–Stevenson), volume II, p. 130.
19Ibid., p. 49. Saint-Simon’s tribute is particularly touching (Wormeley, volume III, p. 45):
With her, all joy, all pleasure, all amusements even, and every species of grace were eclipsed; darkness covered the whole Court; she had animated, she had lighted every corner of it; she had filled it, she had pervaded its most inward parts. If the Court existed without her it was only to languish. Never was a princess so regretted, or so deserving of it; and thus it is that regrets have never passed away; involuntary and latent sorrow has remained, with an awful void which has never been diminished.
20Cited in Williams, Rose of Savoy, p. 449, note.
21Cronin, p. 326.
22Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 47.
23Marie-Adélaïde often used tobacco products for toothache, either as snuff, a chew, or smoked in a pipe.
24Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 32, 35, 36.
25Ibid., pp. 73–77; see also Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 57.
26Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 74.
27Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 50.
28Ibid., p. 57.
29Ibid., p. 51.
30Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 65–66. In the interests of clarity, this child will continue to be referred to as the duc de Bretagne, rather than the dauphin. He was, incidentally, the second duc de Bretagne. An elder brother, who bore the same title, had been born to the duc and duchesse de Bourgogne in 1704 but died the following year.
31Cronin, pp. 328–29.
32Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 52. According to Saint-Simon (Wormeley, volume III, p. 67), the young duc d’Anjou was given medicine brought from Turin by the comtesse de Verue. The comtesse was a mistress of Victor Amadeus, who had sent her the medicine after she had been poisoned and lay dying at Turin. She brought some of this antidote with her when she returned to France.
33Cited in Cronin, p. 329.
TWENTY-EIGHT: LE SOLEIL SE COUCHER
1Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de Villars (1653–1734), maréchal de France.
2Alfred Baudrillart, Philippe V et et la cour de France, 1700–1715 (Paris: Bureau de la Revue, 1869), p. 479.
3Baudrillart, pp. 480–81.
4The renunciations were registered in parlement on March 15, 1713 (Gazette, 1713, pp. 131–32).
5Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, pp. 71–4.
6Ibid., p. 75.
7Ibid., p. 21.
8Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 158.
9Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 76; Gazette, 1714, pp. 371–2. In time, even this small distinction would be removed and du Maine and Toulouse would be fully equal to legitimate princes of the blood (Voltaire, p. 306).
10Voltaire, p. 306.
11Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 156.
12Jean and François Anthoine, Journal de la Mort de Louis XIV (Paris: Quantin, 1880), p. 86.
13Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 163.
14Ibid., p. 164.
15Ibid.
16Ibid., pp. 164–5. Saint-Simon (p. 165) felt obliged to assure his readers of his sources for these two speeches by the king:
I hold those [words] said by the king to the president and the procureur-général, who could never forget them, from the first-named; it is true that this was a long time after they were said; for one ought to be exact in reporting such things. I also heard them from the procureur-général, who repeated them to me, apart and at another time, in precisely the same language, and such as I have here written down. With regard to what the king said to the Queen of England, which is even stronger and more explicit because he was more free with her, perhaps also because Mme. de Maintenon
was present, on whom the greater part of the reproaches were intended to fall, I knew it two days later from M. de Lauzun, to whom the Queen of England told it while still in her first surprise.
That Louis was coerced into writing his will in favor of the duc du Maine and his circle is supported by Saint-Simon’s assertion that Louis had wanted to entrust the young king’s education to the duc de Beauvillier, who had served as governor to the royal grandsons. Beauvillier requested Saint-Simon to help him with this charge: see Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 169–71.
17Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 166.
18Ibid., p. 166.
19See the argument in Dunlop, p. 455.
20This section follows Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 206–10.
21Dangeau, volume 15, p. 411.
22Dunlop, pp. 456–60.
23See above, pp. 122–3, 211.
24Blennerhassett, p. 293.
25This event is described by Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 210–11.
26This section follows Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 264–79; Dangeau, Journal, volume 16, pp. 11–12, 95–137 and the account written by the Anthoine brothers, pp. 5–77. Quotations and additional information are as indicated.
27Dangeau, volume 16, p. 11.
28Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 270–1.
29The duc d’Orléans told his mother that Louis “had told him that he had made a will about which he would have no complaints to make, and this will was found to be entirely in favor of the Duc du Maine.” Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 97. At a lit de justice which followed the king’s death, Orléans was recognized as regent, see Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, pp. 95, 97.
30Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, pp. 273–4. Saint-Simon assures his readers that these words were written down within the hour.
31Voltaire, pp. 307–9. Louis XV had these words inscribed and hung in his bedroom, where Voltaire found and copied them.
32Orléans, duchesse d’, Letters (Scott-Stevenson), volume II, p. 93.
33Voltaire, p. 307.
34Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 275; cf Voltaire, p. 307.
35Dangeau (volume 16, p. 136) gives the time of Louis’s death at eight forty-five; Saint-Simon (Wormeley), volume III, p. 275, places it as eight fifteen.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
A
Act of Renunciation, 198–199
Ad sacrum beati Petri sedem, 122
Affaire des Poisons, 262–269, 273
Aguesseau, Henri François d’, 385–386
Albret, maréchal d’, 202
Alexander VII, Pope, 122, 156–158, 172–173, 211
Alexandre le Grand, 197
Amadeus I, Victor, 88, 304
Amadeus II, Victor, 340, 346
Amiens, siege of, 310
Angélique, Mère, 121
Angleterre, Henriette d’, 112–120. See also Henriette, duchesse d’Orléans
Anjou, duc d’, 266, 353–356, 379, 382–384. See also Philippe V, King of Spain
Annat, Father, 123, 147
Anne, Queen of England, 381
Anne of Austria
anointment of son, 58, 60–68, 75
birth of sons, ix, 10–11, 13
death of, 194–195
death of husband, 14
Foucquet and, 126–128, 130–132
Fronde and, 33–57, 60–61
illnesses of, 154–156, 178–179, 192–194
marriage of, 1–13
marriage of son, 86–100, 117–120, 126–127, 153–156
Mazarin and, 14, 17, 71–84, 88–112
quarrel with son, 170, 172, 174–177
raising sons, 15–63
regency powers of, 387
Tartuffe and, 170–173
will of husband, 387
Anne-Elisabeth, Princess, 154
Aquin, Antoine d’, 318–320
Ariosto, 167
Armagnac, comte d’, 299
Armagnac, Mme d’, 204
Armide et Renaud, 309
Arnauld, Antoine, 121–123
Arnauld, Henri, 134
Arnauld, Simon, 332
Artagnan, Charles de Batz Castelmore, d’ 135–137, 182, 229, 240
Aubigné, Charles d’, 274–275, 278
Aubigné, Constant d’, 274
Aubigné, Françoise d’, 273–284, 290, 293–297
Aubigné, Jeanne d’, 274–277
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d’, 273
Aubray, Antoine Dreux d’, 262
Augustine of Hippo, 121, 123
Augustinus, 121–122, 389
B
Bade, Mme de, 203
Bailleul, Nicolas de, 20
Bailly, Monsieur, 374
Ballet de la Nuit, 58–59
Ballet des Fêtes de Bacchus, 48
Ballet des Plaisirs, 70
Ballet des Saisons, 120
Baron, Michel, 238–239
Baudean, Bérénice de, 275
Beata Dei Genitrix, 61
Beaufort, duc de, 16, 21, 42, 56, 106, 116–117, 129
Beauvais, bishop of, 18–20, 62–63
Beauvais, Mme de, 37, 72–73
Beauvillier, duc de, 343, 355, 376
Beauvillier, duchesse de, 336
Béjart, Armande, 131, 238–239
Béjart, Madeleine, 131
Bellièvre, Pomponne de, 74–75, 123, 236–237, 332
Benserade, Isaac de, 58, 70, 202
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 272, 309
Berry, duc de, 355, 376–377, 382–383
Berryer, Louis, 185
Bléneau, battle of, 54–55
Blois, Françoise-Marie de, 350
Blois, Marie-Anne de, 185–186, 196–197, 243, 259, 339
Bontemps, Alexandre, 71, 224, 250, 294
Bossuet, Bishop Jacques-Bénigne, 147–148, 207, 244, 247, 283, 285, 330, 335–337
Boudin, Jean, 369–370, 377
Boufflers, maréchal de, 367
Bouillon, Mme de, 350
Bourbon, Anne-Louise-Françoise de, 339
Bourbon, Henri II de, 16
Bourbon, Louis III de, 339
Bourdaloue, Père, 283, 314
Bourgogne, duc de, 289, 300, 336, 340–343, 358, 361–362, 372–373, 382–384
Bourgogne, duchesse de, 341–343, 346, 348, 358, 369, 373, 384
Bouthillier, Claude, 20
Boyne, battle of, 330
Braganza, Catherine of, 126
Brancas, Mme de, 172, 177
Bretagne, duc de, 379
Breteuil, baron de, 387–388
Brienne, Loménie de, 105, 119–120, 132, 135–137, 152
Brienne, Mme de, 20, 23, 93, 103
Brinon, Mme de, 315, 335
Broussel, Pierre, 34, 56
Buckingham, Duke of, 5–6, 20
Büderich, siege of, 234
Burning Chamber, 264
Bussy-Rabutin, comte de, 167, 207, 257–260, 283
C
Calvinism, 121, 123, 212, 236, 275, 312
Cardilhac, Jeanne de, 274
Carlos II, King of Spain, 198, 254–255, 305, 326–327, 353–355, 359
Carmelite Marguerite, 9
Cassini, Giovanni, 272, 389
Caumont, Antoine-Nompar de, 222–223
Caumont, Charlotte de, 223
Caumont, Gabriel-Nompar de, 223
Caumont, Henry Nompar de, 223
Caylus, Mme de, 294, 375
Ceremonial, 300
César, duc de Vendôme, 16, 241, 366
César, Père, 258
Châlons, bishop of, 62–63
Chambre Ardente, 264–266
Chambre de justice, 182–185, 189
Chambre de l’Arsenal, 264
Chambre des Comptes, 28
, 33, 134
Chambre Saint-Louis, 33, 35
Chambres de réunions, 303–306
Chamillart, Michel, 299
Chamley, marquis de, 325
Charles, Archduke, 354–355, 361
Charles, Prince of Wales, 5, 26–27, 29. See also Charles II, King of England
Charles I, King of England, 5, 34, 39, 57, 112, 215–217
Charles II, King of England, 112–115, 141, 162, 214–215, 324
Charles III, King of Spain, 381
Chartres, duc de, 340, 349–352
Château de cartes, 151–164, 166–167
Chavigny, Léon de, 20
Chémerault, Mlle de, 117
Chevreuse, duc de, 19
Chevreuse, duchesse de, 4, 21, 42, 123, 126–127, 336
Chigi, Cardinal Flavio, 157, 172–173
Choin, Mlle de, 369
Choisy, Mme de, 118, 132–133, 257, 369
Christina of Sweden, 28, 78–79, 82
Christine de France, 255
Civil wars, 32–34, 45, 49, 54, 107, 190, 195, 199, 336. See also Fronde
Clément, Monsieur, 210, 288–289
Clement IX, Pope, 211–212
Clement X, Pope, 284, 285
Clement XI, Pope, 389–390
Clovis, 11, 43, 61, 102
Coislin, Cardinal de, 342
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
daughters of, 336
death of, 291–292
as finance minister, 109–111, 124–126, 137–143, 158–164, 182–185, 200, 214, 240, 264, 269–272
Foucquet and, 134, 189, 191
illness of, 291
Lauzun and, 226
Le Tellier and, 134, 189, 232–233
lottery and, 169
Mazarin and, 103–104
Colbert, Jean-Charles, 124
Commentaries of Caesar, 25
Condé, prince de, 8, 14–21, 30–56, 75, 79, 82, 94–96, 106–107, 116, 126, 129, 149, 162, 186, 196–197, 206, 230–234, 244, 300, 311, 321, 339
Condé, princesse de, 14, 18
Contarini, Angelo, 22
Conti, Louis de, 339
Conti, prince de, 18, 40–42, 45, 53, 87, 98, 106, 129, 170, 321, 339
Conti, princesse de, 369, 371
Corneille, Pierre, 179
Corneille, Thomas, 179
Cornet, Nicolas, 122
Cosnac, Daniel de, 87
Cotardais, Gabrielle Glé de la, 162
Coypel, Antoine, 388
Coypel, Noël, 160
Créqui, duc de, 157
Croissy, Colbert de, 303–304
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