5. What is required: Spaceguard Survey Report, Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazards.
6. LONEOS: Edward Bowell, Bruce Koehn, and Brian Skiff, “The Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS): Ten Years of Asteroid and Comet Discovery,” 4.
7. Spacewatch: NASA, “Near-Earth Object Program: Spacewatch,” last modified March 7, 2014, http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/programs/spacewatch.html (accessed March 7, 2014).
8. The US reconnaissance satellite program during the Cold War was first code-named Corona and then Keyhole, with successive satellites being called KH-4, KH-5, and so on through KH-11, which sent down imagery in near real time. See William E. Burrows, Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security.
9. Sentinel's cost: Doug Messier, “B612 Foundation's Sentinel Telescope Will Cost $450 Million,” Parabolic Arc, April 20, 2013, http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/04/20/b612-foundations-sentinel-telescope-will-cost-450-million/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
10. Sentinel and Lu's statement: Keith Cowing, “B612 Foundation Announces SENTINEL Mission,” NASA Watch, June 28, 2012.
11. Musk and Hyperloop: “No Loopy Idea,” Economist, August 17, 2013, 65.
12. Tonry: University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, “ATLAS: The Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System,” press release, February 15, 2013, http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/ATLAS/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
13. Mainzer: Darren Quick, “NASA's NEOWISE Survey Provides Best Estimate Yet of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids,” Gizmag.com, May 16, 2012, http://www.gizmag.com/nasa-neowise-pha/22575/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
14. Johnson: Author interview on August 8, 2013.
15. Asteroids have a good side: Ibid.
16. Perozzi: “Target Asteroid Tracked by European Teams,” Spaceguard Centre, July 19, 2013, http://www.spaceguarduk.com/news/583-target-asteroid-tracked-by-european-teams (accessed March 7, 2014).
17. Drolshagen: Ibid.
18. Bisei: S. Okumura et al., “Spaceguard Activity in Japan: Past and Future in Bisei Spaceguard Center,” Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (May 2012), http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2012/pdf/6274.pdf (accessed March 7, 2014).
19. Hayabusa mission: “Hayabusa Spacecraft Returns Asteroid Artifacts from Space,” NASA, November 17, 2010, http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/hayabusa.html (accessed March 7, 2014); “Hayabusa,” Wikipedia, last modified January 16, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayabusa (accessed March 7, 2014).
20. Chang'e 2: “Chang'e 2,” Wikipedia, last modified February 23, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_2 (accessed March 7, 2014).
21. 4179 Toutatis: “4179 Toutatis,” Wikipedia, last modified February 20, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis (accessed March 7, 2014).
22. “Iron Fist”: Jane Perlez, “Chinese, with Revamped Force, Make Presence Known in East China Sea,” New York Times, July 28, 2013.
23. Puchkov: “FEMA, Russian Ministry to Join Forces against Space Threat,” Spaceguard Centre, June 27, 2013, http://www.spaceguarduk.com/news/576-fema-russian-ministry-to-join-forces-against-space-threat (accessed March 7, 2014).
24. Molchanov's statement: “Russia to Use Ballistic Missiles to Fight off Asteroid Threat,” SpaceDaily.com, January 31, 2013, http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_to_use_ballistic_missiles_to_fight_off_asteroid_threat_999.html (accessed March 7, 2014).
25. Citadel: “Russia to Build Anti-meteorite Shield—The Project, Titled ‘Citadel,’ Would Cost about $500 Million, and Could Be Implemented Only with International Cooperation,” InvestmentWatch (blog), March 12, 2013, http://investmentwatchblog.com/russia-to-build-anti-meteorite-shield-the-project-titled-citadel-would-cost-about-500-million-and-could-be-implemented-only-with-international-cooperation/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
26. Popovkin's reprimand: Doug Messier, “Roscosmos Head Reprimanded for Failures,” Parabolic Arc, August 2, 2013, http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/08/02/49548/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
27. Apollo asteroids are a class of asteroid whose trajectories cross Earth's path. The first one to carry that name was seen and recorded in 1862. They are named after the Greek Sun god because of their close approach to the Sun. The Chelyabinsk asteroid was an Apollo. Suffice it to say they have no connection with the US manned lunar-landing program.
28. AIAA position paper: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), “Dealing with the Threat of an Asteroid Striking the Earth,” 6–7.
29. 2004 Planetary Defense Conference position paper: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) 2004 Planetary Defense Conference, White Paper Summarizing Findings and Recommendations from the 2004 Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth from Asteroids, 8–9.
30. 2007 Planetary Defense Conference position paper: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) 2007 Planetary Defense Conference, White Paper: Summary and Recommendations 2, 7, 14.
31. AIAA position paper: Space Systems Technical Committee and Systems Engineering Technical Committee, “Responding to the Potential Threat of a Near-Earth-Object Impact,” passim.
32. Bong Wei's plan: “Asteroid Impact Avoidance,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance (accessed March 7, 2014).
33. IAA position: International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), 2013 IAA Planetary Defense Conference White Paper, 11–12.
34. Republicans and an asteroid capture: Kenneth Chang, “Plan to Capture an Asteroid Runs into Politics,” New York Times, July 30, 2013.
35. NASA task force recommendations: NASA Advisory Council, Final Report of the Ad-Hoc Task Force on Planetary Defense, October 6–7, 2010, passim.
36. Ibid.
37. Morrison: David Morrison, “Impacts and Evolution: Protecting Earth from Asteroids,” 444–45.
38. Harris and NEOShield defense: Leonard David, “Asteroid Threat to Earth Sparks Global ‘NEOShield’ Project,” Space.com, January 26, 2012, http://www.space.com/14370-asteroid-shield-earth-threat-protection-meeting.html (accessed March 7, 2014).
39. Proponents of SDI maintained that it was stabilizing because it was defensive. Its opponents, the author being among the first of them, believed that it was destabilizing because a nation that had an effective antiballistic-missile capability could be tempted to launch a preemptive first strike against its Cold War adversary because it thought it would survive a counterattack. See William E. Burrows, “Ballistic Missile Defense: The Illusion of Security,” Foreign Affairs, Spring 1984.
40. DE-STAR: Elizabeth Howell, “Laser-Blasting System Could Vaporize Big Asteroids,” Universe Today, February 15, 2013, http://www.universetoday.com/100021/laser-blasting-system-could-blow-up-big-asteroids/ (accessed March 7, 2014).
41. The need for a survey: David Morrison, Clark R. Chapman, and Paul Slovic, “The Impact Hazard,” 87.
42. The Science Definition Team mandate: Near-Earth Object Science Definition Team, Study to Determine the Feasibility of Extending the Search for Near-Earth Objects to Smaller Limiting Diameters: Report of the Near-Earth Object Science Definition Team, iv–v.
CHAPTER 8. THE SURVIVAL IMPERATIVE
1. Schweickart's and Cernan's observations: Frank White, The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 38–39.
2. Osepok: Buzz Aldrin and John Barnes, Encounter with Tiber, 189.
3. The Intruder and the Bombardments: Ibid., 288.
4. The skipper: Told to the author.
5. Barbicane's pronouncement: Jules Verne, Around the Moon, 789.
6. The fate of Earth: Ibid., 791.
7. Clarke on human destiny: Arthur C. Clarke, The Exploration of Space, 185–86.
8. On making the Moon habitable: Ibid., 111–19.
9. The underground enclave: Ibid., 116.
10. The Moon's advantages: Ibid.
11. Jones on exploration: Tom Jones, Sky Walking: An Astronaut's Memoir, 343.
12. Young on NASA: John W. Young, Forever Young: A Life of Adventure in Air a
nd Space, 368.
13. Clarke on planetary engineering: Clarke, Exploration of Space, 118.
14. Space exploration: Gerard K. O’Neill, “The Colonization of Space.”
15. Space colony: He wrote that the cylinders would be about sixteen miles long in one place and twenty miles long in another.
16. O’Neill on colonies: O’Neill, “Colonization of Space,” passim.
17. Dyson on $96 billion: Freeman Dyson, Disturbing the Universe, 124.
18. On responsibility for Island One: Ibid., 124–25.
19. New cultures: William Sims Bainbridge, Goals in Space: American Values and the Future of Technology.
20. Bainbridge on colony conditions: Ibid., 167.
21. Spacesuits: Ibid., 112.
22. Murray's vision: Bruce C. Murray, Journey into Space: The First Thirty Years of Space Exploration.
23. Murray on financial return: Ibid., 308.
24. Schmitt on the Moon's resources: Harrison H. Schmitt, Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space, 5.
25. On the uses of helium-3: Ibid., 165.
26. Wasser on space development almost stopping: Alan Wasser, “The Space Settlement Initiative,” in Return to the Moon, edited by Rick N. Tumlinson and Erin R. Medlicott, 105.
27. Wasser and the Space Settlement Initiative: Alan Wasser, “The Space Settlement Initiative,” National Space Society, last modified February 2012, http://spacesettlement.org/ (accessed March 8, 2014).
28. Wessen on aviation and spaceflight: Annalee Newitz, Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction, 242–43.
29. Newitz on leaving Earth: Ibid., 235.
BOOKS
Aldrin, Buzz, and John Barnes. Encounter with Tiber. New York: Warner Books, 1996.
Alvarez, Walter. T. Rex and the Crater of Doom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Bainbridge, William Sims. Goals in Space: American Values and the Future of Technology. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Balmer, Edwin, and Philip Wylie. When Worlds Collide. New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1932.
Burrows, William E. Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security (New York: Random House, 1986).
Clarke, Arthur C. The Exploration of Space. New York: Harper, 1951.
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———. Rendezvous with Rama. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Dyson, Freeman. Disturbing the Universe. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
Giertz, Bo. The Hammer of God. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 1960.
Hoyle, Fred, and N. C. Wickramasinghe. Diseases from Space. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
———. Lifecloud: The Origin of Life in the Universe. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
Jones, Tom. Sky Walking: An Astronaut's Memoir. New York: Smithsonian-Collins, 2006.
Levine, Arnold S. Managing NASA in the Apollo Era. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA, 1982.
Levy, David H. Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 1995.
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Mackenzie, Dana. The Big Splat; or, How Our Moon Came to Be. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
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Murray, Bruce C. Journey into Space: The First Thirty Years of Space Exploration. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
Newitz, Annalee. Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction. New York: Doubleday, 2013.
Pasachoff, Jay M. Contemporary Astronomy. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: CBS College Publishing, 1981.
Remo, John L., ed. Near-Earth Objects: The United Nations International Conference. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 822. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1997.
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Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. The Little Prince. New York: Harvest, 1943.
Salisbury, Harrison E., ed. Anatomy of the Soviet Union. London: Nelson, 1967.
Schmitt, Harrison H. Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space. New York: Copernicus Books, 2006.
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Wells, H. G. The War of the Worlds. New York: Pocket Books, 1988.
White, Frank. The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
Yeomans, Donald K. Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
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Morrison, David, Clark R. Chapman, and Paul Slovic. “The Impact Hazard.” In Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, by Tom Gehrels. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994.
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Alvarez, Luis W., Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen V. Michel. “Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.” Science 208, no. 4448 (June 6, 1980): 1095–1108.
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REPORTS
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) 2004 Planetary Defense Conference. White Paper Summarizing Findings and Recommendations from the 2004 Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth from Asteroids. Washington, DC: AAAS, February 2004.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) 2007 Planetary Defense Conference. White Paper: Summary and Recommendations. Washington, DC: NASA, May 10, 2007.
Arentz, Robert F., et al. NEO Survey: A Fast and Efficient Means for Finding Near Earth Objects. Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp., September 8, 2010.
Chapman, Clark R., Daniel D. Durda, and Robert E. Gold. The Comet/Asteroid Impact Hazard: A Systems Approach. Boulder, CO: Southwest Research Institute, February 24, 2001.
Charania, A. C., and Agnieszka Lukaszczyk. Assessment of Recent NEO Response Strategies for the United Nations. Spaceworks Engineering, 2009.
Committee to Review Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Space Studies Board, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, and National Research Council. Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth-Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
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