The Oxford Handbook of German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century
Page 159
Marx and 152–8, 161–2
see also alienation
ethics and ethical systems 8, 61, 473–93, 815
Aristotle 156, 160
Feuerbach 480–1
Fichte 17–20
Hegel’s Moralität and Sittlichkeit 478–9
Hegel’s socially and historically constructed self 477–80
Kant’s attempt to anchor morality in freedom 473–5, 479–80
Kierkegaard 138–40
Marx 432–3, 482–4, 489, 815
and natural science 480–4
Nietzsche’s inescapable aims of life 488–93
Schiller, and the aspiration for a unified self 475–7, 480
Schleiermacher 38–9
Schopenhauer and philosophical psychology 484–8
Schopenhauer’s inversion of Fichte 116–18
see also morality and moral philosophy
eugenics 689
Euripides 509
evolution 674–93
and Entwicklung 674–8, 681–5
Fichte 678–9
Haeckel’s monism 690–2
Hegel 682–5
Herder’s Entwicklung 676–7
Kant’s Entwicklung 676–8
Lamarckian model 690
and materialistic philosophies 690–2
Nietzsche 687–9
Schelling, and romanticism 679–82
Schopenhauer 685–8
evolution theory (Darwinism) 7, 95, 610–12, 614, 674–5, 685
and social Darwinism 687, 689, 693
existentialism 8, 103, 299–313
becoming who you are 309–13
and the death of God 300–9
Dupré 301
Heidegger 302–3
Kierkegaard 299–310, 313
Nietzsche 299–313
Sartre 299–300, 306–9, 313
Schelling 304–6, 308, 311–13
expressionism 692
fascism 695
Fechner, Gustav Theodor 561, 597
feminism 534–50
and anti-feminism 547–8
and Berlin salon culture (1790s) 535–7
early German romanticism, and philosophical feminism 549–50
and the Jena Circle 535–6
and the ‘republic of despots’ 535–40
romantic sociability 540–7
socialist utilitarian 547
and symphilosophy 29–33, 268, 540, 542–3, 544, 708
woman at the end of the nineteenth century 547–9
Feuerbach, Ludwig 150–1, 155–7, 162, 165, 189, 361–2, 449, 450, 584, 587, 615, 691, 692, 807–11, 813
atheism 832–7, 841–2
critique of Hegel 813, 829–30
ethics 480–1
idealism 258
and Judaism 740–1, 748
materialism 608–10
religious critique 807–11
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 8, 11–24, 32, 34, 44, 46–7, 52, 68, 70–6, 81–2, 88–9, 92, 98, 109–13, 120–1, 124, 129, 139–40, 144, 150, 154, 262–4, 267–8, 294, 453, 528
act of ‘recognition’ 15–16
Bildung 699, 700–1
Christianity 739–40
citizenship and education 458–9
conscience as ethical arbiter 18
consciousness model 354–8
dialectics 657–60
and the drive to self-activity 117
early and later philosophies 21–2
education 460–3
ethical system 17–20
evolution 678–9
freedom 11–12, 13, 18–19, 24
‘I’ and ‘not-I’ 238–40, 250, 658–9, 700
idealism 1, 237–48, 251, 254, 260–1, 383, 421, 518–24
and ‘intellectual intuition’ 13
language, philosophy of 384
law, philosophy of 15–17
metaphysics 575, 581–2
methodology of the sciences 595
moral philosophy 12, 18, 72–3
nationalism 529, 531
‘natural drives’ 19
nature, philosophy of 323–4
and the new European order 23
as philosophical teacher and public intellectual 20–2
political philosophy 22–4, 531
‘positing’ 13–14
purpose of philosophy 20–2
rationalism 285–7
reason 12–13
self-consciousness 271–2
skepticism and epistemology 555–9
and the state 16–17, 19–20
‘subject-objectivity’ 14
Tathandlung 13, 238, 239
theory of the self 145
transcendental philosophy 74
transcendental science 13–15
Filmer, Robert 528
Fischer, Karl 364
Fischer, Kuno 171, 283, 286–8, 290–3
Flaubert, Gustave 615
Fogelin, Robert 624
Forel, August 616
Forster, Georg, and pluralist cosmopolitanism 746–7
Forster, Michael N. 75 n.24, 252 n.38, 355–8, 374–80, 737, 747–8
Foucault, Michel 433, 628–9, 799
Frank, Manfred 69, 71, 88
Frankfurt School 822
Frederick William IV 462, 789, 832
freedom 144, 146, 150
and Bildung through education 702–5
and causality 577
Dilthey’s idealism of 184–5
Fichte and 11–13, 18–19, 24
Kant’s attempt to anchor morality in 235, 473–6, 479–80
Kant’s centrality of 117, 759–61
Schelling 90–1, 95–102
as self-determination 139
Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob 5, 207–26, 373, 378, 380, 424–5, 426, 589
1891/92 essays 215–18
anti-psychologism 211
axioms 412–13, 220–1
Begriffsschrift 409–13
cardinality concept 213–14
early work 211–15
language, philosophy of 209–10, 221, 224–6, 386–97
legacy 222–6
logicism 207–8, 215–23
principle of extensionality 212–13
quantified logic 208–9
Russell’s paradox 219–20
truth-value 217–18
value-range 209, 219–20, 223–4
French Revolution (1789–99) 28–9, 46, 235, 254, 270, 453, 520, 528, 740, 781–2
and Hegel 517–18, 782
and the Romantic movement 524–5
Freud, Sigmund 100 n.36, 290, 354, 366, 431, 692
Friedman, Maurice 299–300
Friedrichsmeyer, Sara 540–1
Fries, Jakob Friedrich 284–7, 290, 530, 562
and the philosophy of science 339–40, 346
Froebel, Friedrich 459, 463
Gabler, G. A. 254
Gadamer, Hans-Georg 419–20, 432, 512, 698 n.8
hermeneutics 396, 594–5
Galison, Peter 793
Gardner, Sebastian 368
Gemes, Ken 205
Gentile, Giovanni 584
Gentz, Friedrich von 528
Gerard, Alexander 497
German Historismus 779–81, 783
German idealism see idealism (German)
Gesner, Johann Matthias 455, 769–70
Geuss, Raymond 739, 822 n.68
Gloy, Karen 660
Gobineau, Arthur de 530
Gödel, Kurt 223, 413
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 68, 82 n.39, 198–201, 259, 271, 274, 431, 537, 595, 682, 696, 705–6, 784, 833
and education 453–6, 458
and Greek culture 753–5, 759, 762, 770
nature, philosophy of 319 n.1, 341–2, 681
science, philosophy of 341–2, 348
Weltliteratur 465–6
Gontard, Susette 274
Görres, Joseph 467
Gotha programme (1875) 167
Göttingen University 283, 454–5, 770<
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Graßman, Günther 407
Graßman, Robert 407
Greece, ancient:
and freedom 752–3, 756–8, 759
Goethe 753–5, 759, 762, 770
Hegel 64–5
Herder 754–5, 759, 770
Hölderlin 753, 771
Humboldt 770–1
Lessing 754
Nietzsche 188–9, 682, 714, 772–6
Schiller 753, 763, 770–1
Schlegel 753, 763, 765–6
see also antiquity, the burden of
Greek tragedy 714
Nietzsche on 628
Gregory, Frederick 365
Grimm Brothers 467
Grunow, Eleonore 26
Gruppe, Otto Friedrich 5, 393, 396, 404
Gymnasia 7, 454, 460–2
Haar, Michel 634
Habermas, Jürgen 89, 105, 420, 433–4
Haeckel, Ernst 95, 348–9, 596, 614, 616–17, 846
and Darwinism 690–2
Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der 467
Halle University 27, 34, 454–5
Haller, Karl Ludwig von 528
Hamann, Johann Georg 3, 5, 142 n.23, 422, 588
philosophy of language 373–7, 390, 392, 396, 416–17, 421
Hardin, C. L. 824
Hardtwig, Wolfgang 796–8, 803
Harris, Henry 57
Hartkopf, Werner 660
Hartmann, Eduard von 132–4, 293–4, 488–9
philosophy of the unconscious 130–1, 366–8
Hartmann, Klaus 249
Haym, Rudolf 293
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 2–3, 8, 23, 46–65, 68–70, 76–7, 88–94, 98, 103, 109, 112–13, 120 n.65, 124, 130–1, 149–52, 154–5, 158, 167, 178, 181, 189, 270, 274, 286, 376, 378, 413, 475 n.3, 525, 527, 529–30, 583–4, 601, 691, 700 n.16, 721, 832, 844
‘Abstract Right’ 61
aesthetics 63–5, 496, 502, 504–5, 506–7
‘being’ 54
Bildung 709–11
Christianity, critique of 807–8, 810–11 n.24, 813–14, 830–1, 833, 839
concept of recognition 158
Confucianism 724–5
consciousness, ‘experience’ of 50–3, 55–6
consciousness, model of 354–8
Daoism 724
death 789
dialectic 54, 63, 131, 150–1, 254, 274, 402–4, 652, 657, 662–70
dissolution of the mind-body problem 358–61
Eastern thought 722–5, 733
‘essence’ and ‘appearance’ 54–5
ethics 61, 485, 489
evolution 682–5
and the French Revolution 517–18, 782
Greek art and culture 64–5
history, philosophy of 5, 177, 436–9, 441–5, 448–51, 605, 684, 780, 786–8, 791
history, world 62–3
‘I’ and ‘not-I’ conjecture 250
and idealism 1, 48–9, 245–55, 383, 518–24
Jena romanticism 259–61, 268–9
‘judgement’ 56–7
language, philosophy of 384–6, 393
logic 58–9, 252–4
metaphysics 569, 573–91
Moralität and Sittlichkeit 478–9
nature, philosophy of 7, 59–60, 320, 327–9, 332, 679
‘objective spirit’ 52, 181
and the Other 6, 747–8
phenomenology 710–11, 747
Phenomenology of Spirit 49–51, 245, 573, 807–11
political philosophy 531
religion, philosophy of 150, 608
science, philosophy of 346
self-consciousness 52, 843
separation of state and religion 747
skepticism and epistemology 555, 559–61, 567–8
socially and historically constructed self 477–80, 483
spirit 52, 60, 61–5
subjective consciousness 64
‘syllogism of reflection’ 56–8
system 829–30
the Oldest System Program 766–96
unconscious mental processes 50
‘unhappy consciousness’ 807–11, 835–6
Vorstellungen 65
writing 101–2
Hegelianism see Left Hegelians
Heidegger, Martin 88–9, 105, 146, 249, 296, 420–1, 427–8, 430–2, 512, 587, 692, 733
debate with Carnap 594
existentialism 302–3
hermeneutics 396, 594, 595
on Hölderlin 277–9
metaphysics 576, 581, 585–6, 588
Heidelberg School 282
Heidelberg University 47, 283
Heidelberger, Michael 365–6
Heine, Heinrich 102, 240 n.12, 261
Hellingrath, Norbert von 277
Helmholtz, Hermann von 189, 283, 286, 289, 290, 331, 596, 801
philosophy of science 344–6
skepticism and epistemology 562–4, 567
Hempel, Carl 604–5
Hengstenberg, E. W. 832
Henning, Leopold von 402
Henrich, Dieter 278, 278 n.31
Heraclitus 570, 634–6, 638
Herbart, Johann Friedrich 284–7, 290–3, 459
education 463–4
methodology of the sciences 597
Herder, Johann Gottfried 3, 5, 75 n.24, 267, 273, 422, 539 n.13, 588, 595, 624, 739, 784, 795
and Bildung 702–3
critique of Kant’s championing of race 743–6
‘cultural’ nationalism 782
education, philosophy of 6, 456–8, 463
Entwicklung 676–7
Greek art and culture 754–5, 759, 770
hermeneutics 601, 603
language, philosophy of 373–9, 382, 390, 392, 416–17
and the Other 6, 746–7
pluralist cosmopolitanism 737–8
Weltliteratur 465–6
Hermann, Wilhelm 349–50
hermeneutics 180–2, 416–34, 601, 603
aesthetic and ethical dimensions 427–9
Dilthey 180–2, 377–81, 429–31, 571, 801–2
emergence of modern 417–19
explanation and understanding 429–31
Gadamer 396, 594–5
Heidegger 396, 495, 595
psychologism and semantics 424–7
reader-text relationship 417–19
Schlegel and classical 377–81
Schleiermacher 43–4, 419–24, 426–9, 431–4, 601, 603, 660–2, 748, 787
of suspicion 431–4
Herms, Ernst 35
Herodotus 757
Herz, Henriette 536, 539, 546
Hess, Jonathan M. 740
Hess, Moses 155–7, 162, 348
Heyne, Christian Gottlob 455, 770
Hilbert, David 220–2, 365 n.31, 412
Hintze, Otto 804
historicism 3, 174–5, 779–804
angst, ‘existential’ and ‘epistemological’ strains 796–804
Burckhardt’s ‘age of revolution’ 792, 798–9
Christian faith ‘crisis’ 796–8
Dilthey 599–602, 801–2
Droysen 792, 799–80
German Historismus, emergence of 779–81, 783, 786–92
Hardtwig 796–8, 803
Hegel 5, 177, 436–50, 605, 684, 780, 786–8, 791
as hermeneutic-critical method 792, 796
historical school 786–92
historical ‘sense’ 793–6
Humboldt 792–6
Marx and Nietzsche 448–51, 798–9
Meinecke 783–4, 797
‘Methodological Controversy’ 803
methodology of historical research 800
and neo-Kantianism 801–2
Niebuhr 786–7, 800
Nietzsche 436, 448–51, 798–9
‘philosophical history’ 795
philosophy of 5, 436–51, 795
philosophy and history dialectic 785
‘Prussian School’ of German history 790
Ranke 78
6, 789–92, 797, 800
Rickert 295, 571, 781, 802–3
Savigny 786–9
Schlegel and method 84–5
and ‘science’ 784–5
Troeltsch 781, 796–7, 804
Windelband 802
Hobbes, Thomas 519, 589
Hogrebe, Wolfram 88, 94
Hölderlin, Friedrich 46, 47, 245, 275 n.24, 525, 696
and Greek art and culture 753, 771
and romanticism 270–9
Oldest System Program 766–9
Home, Henry, Lord Kames 497
Hotho, H. G. 504
Houlgate, S. 684
Howard, Thomas 796
‘humanism’ and German education 457–61
Humboldt, Alexander von 7, 320, 596, 681
methodology of the sciences 595
and scientific knowledge 332–3
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 5, 378, 386, 422, 467, 588, 601, 701, 721, 787
Bildung 6–7, 704–5, 757
and education 453–4, 457–8, 459–62, 465
essays on the Bhagavad Gitā 723–4
and Greek culture 770–1
‘historical sense’ 792–6
language, philosophy of 381–3, 396
Oriental literature 722
as pluralist cosmopolitanism 747
Hume, David 111, 142, 191, 346–7, 557, 572, 576
metaphysics 573, 577
methodology of the sciences 597
perspectivism 624–5
Husserl, Edmund 179, 182, 290, 378, 565, 733
phenomenology 692
Huxley, Thomas H. 615
‘I’:
absolute 75
concept 55
‘I’ and ‘not-I’ conjecture 55, 238–40, 250, 658–9, 700
idealism 1–2, 46, 48–9, 109–10, 112–13, 121–2, 126–8, 133–4, 140, 172, 231–55, 284, 320, 330, 420
aftermath 254–5
Fichtean 1, 237–40, 241, 242–8, 251, 254, 260–1, 383, 421, 518–24
Hegelian 245–54, 518–24
‘I’ and ‘not-I’ conjecture 55, 238–40, 250, 658–9, 700
Kantian 1, 231–4, 237–8, 240–3, 250–1, 254, 258, 383–4, 518–24
modifying from within 129–30
and the philosophy of language 383–6
in reaction to Kant 234–6
Schellingian 1–2, 74, 90, 95, 240–7, 254–5, 383
transcendental 1, 74–7, 82–3, 59, 88–90, 94–5, 231–4, 289, 383, 501
ideology 806–27
art and culture 822–3
art and Marx’s theory 816
competing group interests and Marx’s theory 823–6
conscious/unconscious intentions 819
development of Marx’s theory 811–16
economics and Marx’s theory 815–16
as empirical theory 813
extensions of Marx’s theory 822–6
falseness as essential feature 820–1 n.65, 822
gender and ideology 825
genetic fallacy 817, 820
communicating 818
and civil law 814–15
nations and ideology 824–5
objections to Marx’s theory 817–22
origins of Marx’s theory 806 n.3, 807–10