A Strategic Industry at Risk. Report to the President and the Congress from the National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors, 1989.
Advisory Council on Federal Participation in Sematech. SEMATECH 1990: A Report to Congress. May 1990.
———. SEMATECH: Progress and Prospects 1989.
Congressional Budget Office. The Benefits and Risks of Federal Funding for SEMATECH. September 1987.
Department of Commerce. Assessment of U.S. Competitiveness in High Technology Industries. Government Printing Office, 1983.
International Trade Administration [A-588-504]. “Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Semiconductors From Japan; Suspension of Investigation.” Federal Register, Vol. 51, No. 151. 6 August 1986, 28253.
Noyce, Robert. “Overview of the Semiconductor Industry.” Testimony before the International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce, April 1983. In High Technology Industries: Profiles and Outlooks—The Semiconductor Industry. Government Printing Office, 1983.
———. A Unique Approach Against Trade Violators.” Testimony delivered before the Section 301 Committee of the U.S. International Trade Commission. 24 May 1989.
———. Statement Before the Committee on Ways and Means, United States House of Representatives.” 2 April 1981.
———. Testimony Before Congress, Telecommunications and Finance Subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, High Definition Television: Hearing Before the House Telecommunications and Finance Subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee. 13 September 1989.
Preserving the Vital Base: America’s Semiconductor Materials and Equipment Industry. Working Paper of the National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors. July 1990.
Reagan, Ronald. “Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union: 25 January 1983. Papers of the Presidents: Administration of Ronald Reagan.
Sanders, W. J. III, “International Trade Policy.” Testimony before the International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce, April 1983. In High Technology Industries: Profiles and Outlooks—The Semiconductor Industry. Government Printing Office, 1983.
Siegel, Lenny. Testimony Before Congress, Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology of the House Committee on Science and Technology and the Task Force on Education and Employment of the House Budget Committee. 16 June 1983, 1100–1101.
Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. High Technology and Japanese Industrial Policy: A Strategy for Policymakers. 1 October 1980, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.
U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration. High Technology Industries, Profiles and Outlooks: The Semiconductor Industry. April, 1983.
U.S. General Accounting Office, Lessons Learned from Sematech, GAO/RCED-92-289, Washington, D.C., September 1992.
U.S. International Trade Commission. Competitive Factors Influencing World Trade in Integrated Circuits. Washington, D.C.: GPO, November 1979.
U.S. Senate Democratic Task Force on the Economy. “Report of the Subcommitteee on Industrial Policy and Productivity.” 4 August 1980.
United States Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Semiconductor Dependency. “Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Semiconductor Dependency.” February 1987.
United States Government Accounting Office. “International Trade: Observations on the U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Arrangement.” Briefing Report to the Honorable Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Senator. Government Printing Office, USIAD-87-134BR.
———. Assessment of the Financial Audit for SEMATECH’s Activities in 1989 April 1991.
———. SEMATECH’s Efforts to Strengthen the U.S. Semiconductor Industry September 1990.
United States Senate. “Uncorrected Transcript of Proceedings, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs: Subcommittee on International Finance, Oversight Hearing on Trade and Technology in the Electronics Industry.” Washington, D.C.: 15 January 1980.
Venture Capital and Innovation. Study prepared for the Joint Economic Committee Congress of the United States. 28 December 1984, S. Prt. 98–288.
Videos
“Living Legends, Profiles from the National Business Hall of Fame.” No date [1988, 1989, or early 1990]. Video, SEMATECH archives.
“A Briefing on Integrated Circuits.” Video distributed by Fairchild Semiconductor. 1966, courtesy Harry Sello.
Noyce interview for “The Machine that Changed the World.” Video, Intel archives.
“Silicon Valley.” Written, Produced, and Directed by Julio Moline. Video, SSC.
Memorial Service. 9 June 1990, Austin, Texas. Video, SEMATECH archives.
Memorial Service. 18 June 1990, San Jose, California. Video, Intel archives.
Interviews and Oral Histories
The author’s interviews are listed in Appendix A, page 385.
Oral histories held in the Intel archives, all conducted by an interviewer identified as “Stein.”
Bill Davidow, Gene Flath, and Bob Noyce, 13 Aug. 1983
Tom Rowe, 10 Oct. 1983 and 15 Feb. 1984
Gordon Moore, Gerry Parker, and Les Vadasz, 17 Oct. 1983
Ed Gelbach, Andy Grove, and Ted Jenkins, 24 Oct. 1983
Stan Mazor, Keith Thomson, and Ron Whittier
Oral histories by Rob Walker, Video, Silicon Genesis Collection, Stanford Special Collections.
Steve Allen, Lawrence Bender, and Richard Steinheimer, 25 May 1995
Frederico Faggin, 22 April 1995
Richard Hodgson, 19 Sept. 1995
Lester Hogan, 22 Aug. 1995
Ted Hoff, 3 March 1995
Regis McKenna, 22 Aug. 1995
Gordon Moore, 18 Sept. 1995
Arthur Rock, 12 Nov. 2002
Jerry Sanders, 18 Oct. 2002
Harry Sello, 8 April 1995
Interviews by Evan Ramstad. Provided to the author courtesy Evan Ramstad
Scott Crom, April 1995
Rowland Cross, Feb. 1996
Grant Gale, Oct. 1994
Gordon and Bettie Moore, 18 May 1997
Arthur Rock, 19 May 1997
Marianne Standing Woolfe, April 1995
Les Vadasz, 18 May 1997
Interviews by Charlie Sporck, undated but conducted in the second half of the 1990s. Provided to the author courtesy Charlie Sporck.
David Allison
Tom Bay
Julius Blank
Bob Graham
Vic Grinich
Andy Grove
Daryl Hatano
Richard Hodgson
Jean Hoerni
Eugene Kleiner
Floyd Kvamme
Jay Last
Regis McKenna
Gordon Moore
Jerry Sanders
Don Valentine
Extended interviews of Robert Noyce
Robert N. Noyce and others, interviews by Herbert S. Kleiman. Interviews conducted for research on “The Integrated Circuit: A Case Study in Process Innovation in the Electronics Industry,” 1965. Audio tape recordings, Stanford Special Collections.
Transcript of the “Machine that Changed the World” interview, Intel archives.
Noyce interview by Rich Karlgaard, 23 May 1990. Printed in “Bob Noyce Talks to Upside,” Upside, July 1990.
“Interview Robert Noyce—1973,” Intel Archives.
Interview, Robert Noyce, Regarding his Work at SEMATECH, Intel Archives.
Robert Noyce, interview by Nilo Lindgren. No date, but roughly 1965. Courtesy Patricia Lindgren.
Robert Noyce, interview by T. R. Reid, 31 Mar. 1982. Courtesy T. R. Reid.
Websites accessed
“A History of the Computer: Mini” Web site.
http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/mini.html
AeA [American Electronics Association] home page.
http://www.aeanet.org Accessed 27 May 2001.
Leo Esaki, “The Global Reach of Japanese Science,”
&nb
sp; http://www.jspsusa.org/FORUM1996/esaki.html Accessed 1 Nov. 2004.
Fullman Glossary of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Process
http://www.fullman.com/semiconductors/Semiglossary Accessed 20 Mar. 2001.
Genentech Web site.
http://www.gene.com Accessed 24 Aug. 2004.
Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge newsletter, 4 Dec. 2000.
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/pubitem.jhtml?id=1821&t=special_reports_donedeals
HP [Hewlett-Packard] History and Facts Web site.
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts.htm
Intel museum.
http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/html Accessed 17 Jan. 1999.
Intel Web site.
www.intel.com Accessed 28 Jan. 2001.
Intersil Lexicon of Semiconductor Terms
http://rel.semi.harris.com/docds/lexicon/preface.html Accessed 20 March 2001.
Microelectronics in Silicon Valley Web site.
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/edpts/hasrg/histsci/microel.html Accessed 18 June 2001.
MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics Web site:
http://webrle.mit.edu/groups/g-surhst.HTM Accessed 28 March 2001.
Nobel Prize Web site for Physics.
www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1956 Now http://nobelprize.org/physics/
“Nolan Bushnell.”
http://www.campusprogram.com/reference/en/wikipedia/n/no/nolan_bushnell.html
PBS Web site for “Transistorized!”
http://www.pbs.org/transistor Accessed 20 March, 2001.
SEMATECH Web site.
http://www.sematech.org/public/corporate/history Accessed 15 March 2001.
Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) Web site.
http://sia-online.org/home.cfm
William Shockley page at Time Web site.
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/Shockley.html
Appendix A
Author’s Interviews and Correspondence
Unless otherwise indicated, all footnoted references to interviews refer to the author’s first interview or communication with a subject
*indicates taped interview
Appendix B
Robert Noyce’s Patents
Index
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), 219, 255, 260, 262
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, 202
Air Force, U.S., 24, 92, 102. See also Defense Department, U.S.
Allison, Dave, 95. See also Signetics
Altair computer kit, 226
aluminum contacts, 98–99
AMD. See Advanced Micro Devices
Amelco-Teledyne, 124, 161
American Electronics Association (AEA), 209, 224, 236, 262. See also Western Electronics Manufacturers Association
American Stock Exchange, 250
Angell, Jim, 162, 385
Apple Computer, 250–53, 276–77
Steve Jobs of, 1, 2, 307
Armbruster, Leslie Gowan, x
Armstrong, Polly, x
Arreola, Jose, x, 385
Asimov, Isaac, 5
Aspen, Colorado, 228, 277
Atari, 253
Atlantic, Iowa, 10–12
AT&T, 24, 287, 288. See also Bell Labs
Audubon Society, 211
Austin, Texas, 281, 286–88, 291–92, 300–301, 305
automotive electronics, 206, 239
Autonetics, division of North American Aviation, 121–22
Bailey, John, 385
Baldridge, Malcolm, 272
Baldwin, Ed, 95–96, 105–8, 161
Baldwin, Megan, xi
Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute, 140
Barbados, West Indies, 237
Bardeen, John, 25–26, 33, 53–54, 68–69
Bassett, Ross, x
Bay, Tom, 96, 105–6, 112, 142, 148, 385
Beadling, Dave, 161, 385
Beckman, Arnold, 84–85, 87–88, 163
and Shockley, 55–56, 58, 72, 74–78
Beckman Instruments, 55, 71, 72, 74
Bell, Alexander Graham, 25
Bell Canada, 189. See also Microsystems International Limited (MIL)
Bell Labs, 42, 63, 79, 99, 103, 126, 181
Shockley and, 53–55
transistor at, 24–27, 33, 39–40, 73
Berlin, Steve and Vera, x
bi-polar circuits, 173–74, 180
Birkenstock, Jim, 385
Blank, Julius, ix, 132, 385
at Fairchild, 94, 106. 119. 161
in group of eight, 81–86, 96, 112, 124
at Shockley, 61, 65, 67, 78
Bocciarelli, Carlo, 49
Bolles, John S., 118
Bonner, Miller, 292–93, 297–98, 385
Book of Knowledge, 8
Borgwardt, Liz, x
Borovoy, Brenda, 148, 385
Borovoy, Roger, ix, 140, 148, 162, 181, 204, 226, 385
and negotiations with Japan, 134, 184
Bottomley, Betty (first wife), 42–46. See also Noyce, Betty Bottomley
Bottomley, Frank (father-in-law), 43–44
Bottomley, Helen MacLaren (mother-in-law), 43–44
Bowers, Ann (second wife), ix, 233–34, 245, 247–48, 264, 269, 289, 300–302, 305, 385
and Apple Computer, 251, 253
as consultant, 238–39
and Intel, 230–31, 235
move to California, 230–32
as Noyce Foundation chair, 306
travel with Noyce, 277–78, 292
wedding, 234–35. See also family
Boysel, Lee, 192–93, 385
Bradley, Albert, 385
Bradley, Bill, 47, 49
Brattain, Walter, 25, 26, 53–54, 68, 69
Bromley, D. Allan, 305
Brown, Jerry, 266
Buckley, Oliver, 26
Bucksbaum, Kay, 385
Buffett, Warren, ix, 3, 166, 209, 385
Burroughs (computer manufacturer), 139, 204
Bush, George H. W., 6, 301, 305
Bush, Vannevar, 31
Busicom (Japanese calculator company), 183–88, 195–96, 199
Business Week, 150, 159, 167, 212, 245
Caen, Herb, 246–47
Caere, 241–43, 275–77, 306
calculators, 184, 185, 187, 195
California, 5, 52, 119, 143, 209. See also San Francisco Bay Area; Silicon Valley; specific locations
California Electronics Association, 238
California Public Utilities Commission, 209
California Transistor Corporation, 86
Callanish Fund, 239–41, 275
camera, step-and-repeat, 94
Campbell, Tom, 270, 385
capital gains tax, 168, 262
Carmel Valley ranch, 278
Carter, Jimmy, 5, 245
Carter, John, 84, 92, 106, 112, 120, 128, 150, 161
Casady, Michelle, xi
Casto, Mar Dell and Maryles, ix, 385
Castrucci, Paul, 292, 296–97
Censtor, 274
Chandler, Alfred, 154
Chapline, Joe, 50, 385
Cheney, Dick, 305
chip: (1103), 189, 195, 197, 204 (4004) (See microprocessor) (8008), 206; (8080), 217, 226 (80386), 257
bi-polar, 173–74, 180
calculator, 184–88, 195, 199
EPROM memory, 203–4, 239, 272
flip, 174
logic, 187
MOS, 173–74, 180–82, 187. See also integrated circuit; microprocessor
chip market, 259, 263, 272, 283
Chorus Pro Musica, 35
civil disturbances, 168
Clark, George, 31, 35, 36, 46, 385
Clark, John, x
Clark Hall (Grinnell), 21–22
Cobb, John, 231
Cohen, Kathy and Bill, 385
Coherent Radiation (laser company), 192
Cold War, 29, 82, 91
college years, 14. See also Grinnell College; MIT
Com
merce, U.S. Department of, 284
components, silicon chip circuit, 100–101
Compton, Karl, 29
computer, 135, 160, 162, 185, 192–93, 227
and integrated circuit, 139
personal, 226, 250–52, 278
size of, 139, 183, 205
Conference on Automobile Electronics, 206
Congregationalist Church, 9–12, 14, 22
Congress, U.S.: on capital gains tax, 168
on SEMATECH funding, 289. See also SIA; lobbying
Control Terminal Corporation, 188
convertible debentures, 164
Cook, Paul, 166, 385
Corning Glass, 192
Corporate Leadership Award (MIT), 246
Corrigan, Wilfred, 260
Cotton, Jeff, 386
Coyle, Alfred “Bud,” 80–81, 83, 85, 89, 113, 158, 166
Crete, Nebraska, 228–29
Currie, Gerard, 166, 386
Cybercom, 192
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration), 287, 289, 296
Data Tech, 166
Davidow, Bill, 183, 203–4, 205, 386
Davis, Tom, 122–23, 164, 240
Decorah, Iowa, 12
Defense Department, U.S., 29, 47, 50, 63, 83, 121
and Fairchild, 130–31
as market for integrated circuit, 137
and SEMATECH, 266, 281–85, 291, 293, 296. See also DARPA
Defense Science Board Task Force on Semiconductor Dependency, 284
de Gaulle, Charles, 286
Denmark, Iowa, 10
Des Moines Register, 7, 16
Deukmejian, George, 287
Diasonics, 275
Dietz, Tim, x
Diffenderfer, David, 386
diffusion, 63, 65, 93–94
Digital Equipment Company (DEC), 217
digital watch, 208, 213. See also Microma
diode, 100, 107. See also four-layer diode; tunnel diode
divorce, 214–18, 234
Doane College, 228–29, 230
Dodd, Rick, xi
Drake, George, 386
DRAM memory, 263–64. See also chip (1103)
Draper Award, 301
Dukakis, Michael, 266
Dutton, Jim, 243, 386
Eastman Kodak (resin), 94
Edison, Thomas, 97
Ehrlich, Paul, 212, 214
Eichler, Joseph, 118
Eiler, Barbara, 386
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 55, 91
Eitel-McCullough, 116
electrometer, 41
Electronic News, 87, 212, 289
The Man Behind the Microchip Page 59