A History of the Muslim World to 1405
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Armenians, 9, 37, 89–90, 160, 173, 191, 234, 278
al-Ash‘ari, 136–137, 218
‘ashura’ (Ashura), 143, 156
“Assassins.” See Nizaris.
Asturias, 43, 99
‘Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 197, 269
Ayyubids, 180–181
al-Azhar mosque and school, 158
al-‘Aziz, 156
Badr, Battle of 26, 29
Badr al-Jamali, 159–161, 178
Baghdad, 72, 77, 86–92, 109, 111, 134, 143–144, 150–151, 176, 196, 202, 206, 218, 220, 246, 265, 285
Balkh, 212
Banu Marin. See Marinids.
baqa’, 125, 127
baraka, 310
Barcelona, 168, 184, 186
Barquq, 297–298
al-Basasiri, 150, 158–159
Basra, 37, 49, 65, 73, 109, 123, 134, 200, 241, 243
baths, 242–243
batin, 78, 217
Batu, 195, 197, 261–263, 279
Baybars, 181, 197, 271–272
Bayezit, 281–282, 285
Bayt al-Hikma, 129, 131, 133, 199
bedouin, 17–18, 36, 49–50, 144, 164–165, 234, 247, 250, 298
Bektashiya, 315–316
Berbers, 41–42, 56, 58–59, 167–168, 182, 298;
Kutama Berbers, 95, 98, 155, 159;
Sanhaja Berbers, 166, 183–184;
Masmuda Berbers, 184–185;
Zanata Berbers, 98, 185;
Marinids, 186–187
Berke, 197, 263, 271
bid‘a, 292
al-Biruni, 200
Buddhism, 43–44, 48, 110, 220, 265, 268
Bukhara, 11, 43, 92, 106, 108, 145, 148, 194, 201, 240, 268, 315
al-Bukhari, 117
Bursa, 280
Buyid sultanate, 93; 142–144, 148, 150, 201, 214, 218
Byzantine Empire, 4–11, 15, 19, 22, 27, 37, 47–48, 52–54, 89, 101, 105–106, 110–111, 115, 121–122, 144, 151–153, 158, 173–175, 233–234, 237, 263, 271, 280
Caesarea, 37
Cairo, 155, 159, 161, 164, 180, 195, 272, 282, 301
caliphate, beginnings, 34, 45–47;
evolution of, 252–254
camel, 17–18, 105
Camel, Battle of the, 65
Carmathians, 94–95, 155, 159, 217
Carthage, 41–42
Chaghatay khanate, 261, 265, 267–269, 275, 283
Chaghri, 148, 150
Chalcedon, Council of, 9
Charlemagne, 100
Chinggis Khan, 194–195, 261, 275
Christianity, 8–9, 12, 23, 28, 30, 124, 126, 133
Christians, under the Byzantines, 8–9, 37–38, 41;
under the Sasanians, 13, 48;
in the Arabian Peninsula, 19, 22;
in Medina, 29;
during the conquest of Syria, 47;
under the Umayyads of Damascus, 47–49, 53–54, 56;
under the Umayyads of Cordoba, 103;
under the Fatimids, 156;
in Sicily, 163;
under the Saljuqs, 173, 234, 236;
under the Crusaders, 175–176;
under the Mamlukes, 181, 270;
under the Almoravids, 184;
under the Qipchaq khanate, 263–264;
under the Il-khanate, 265
Cid, El, 232
Cilicia, 234, 278
Circassians, 271, 273, 282, 297
Comnenus, Alexius, 163, 173–174
Constantinople, 5, 7–8, 15, 37, 39, 41–42, 153, 174, 271, 280–281, 283, 301
conversion, 50, 248–251
Cordoba, 100, 102, 167, 187
Crete, 41, 144
Crusader states, 175–177, 196
Crusades, 172–174, 180–181, 231;
First, 174–175, 278;
Second, 178;
Third, 180;
Fourth, 181, 191, 271, 278
Ctesiphon, 12, 14–15, 37, 128
Cyprus, 41
Damascus, 10, 17, 37, 39, 45, 66, 98, 100, 104–105, 116, 132, 178–179, 195, 212, 272, 285–286, 293, 297–298
Dar al-Hikma, 158, 161
Dawlatabad, 275
Daybul, 44, 110
Delhi, 195, 268, 273–276, 284
Delhi Sultanate, 273–276
dervish, 313
devshirme, 281
dhikr, 125, 206, 315
dhimmis, 48, 188, 248–251. See also Christians and Jews.
Ditch, Battle of the, 26–27, 29
Druze, 157–158, 306
Edessa, 175, 178
Edirne, 280
education, 219–223
Esfahan, 93, 150–151, 154, 201, 246
fana’, 125, 127
al-Farabi, 132, 144, 202
Fatima, 64, 66, 83
Fatimids, 94–98, 150, 154–165, 178–180, 215–217, 231, 239
fatwa, 305
Ferdowsi, 146–147, 240
Fertile Crescent, 4, 36, 144
Fez, 97–98, 102, 155, 165, 186–187, 245, 297
fiqh, 302–305
Firuz Shah Tughluq, 275
Five Pillars, 80–83
Fustat, 38–39, 49, 64, 155, 164
futuwwa, 244
Gabriel, 22–23
gazis, 152, 173, 233–236, 278–281
Genoa, 176, 231, 272
Ghadir Khumm, 67, 143, 156
Ghassanids, 10, 15, 20, 37
ghaza. See gazis.
al-Ghazali, 202–206, 254
Ghazan, 265, 294
Ghazna, 11, 146, 149, 200
Ghaznavids, 146–149, 241
ghulat, 73, 306
Ghurids, 273
gnosticism, 209, 211–212
God, 20, 23–25, 27, 29, 31, 81, 126, 134–136, 211–212, 218, 299–301, 304, 307, 315
Golden Horde, 197, 261–265, 268–269, 271, 284
Granada, 167, 187, 204, 283, 297, 301
Great Berber Revolt (740), 59, 65, 72, 86–87, 96, 100, 155, 165
Greater Concealment (Greater Occultation), 77, 214–215
Hadith, 23, 80, 116–122, 131–132, 183, 208, 211, 218, 222 , 239, 246, 294, 303–304, 308, 312
Hafez, 299–301
al-Hafiz, 156, 216
hajj, 82
al-Hajjaj, 44, 50, 57
al-Hakim, 156–158, 249, 306
al-Hallaj, 126–127, 307
Hamadan, 150, 190, 201, 241, 246, 283
Hamdanids, 144
Hanafi madhhab, 119–121, 304
Hanbali madhhab, 120–121, 136, 294, 303
Harran, 293
Harun al-Rashid, 77, 88, 93, 134
Hasan al-‘Askari, 77, 92, 143
Hasan al-Basri, 70, 124
Hasan ibn ‘Ali, 67, 70
Hasan-i Sabbah, 160–162, 215
Hasday ibn Shaprut, 103
Hattin, Battle of, 180
Heraclius, 15, 37
Herat, 43, 194, 246, 267, 283, 287
Hidden Imam, 77, 80, 143, 214, 219, 308
hijra, 25–26, 187
Hilali invasion, 164–165, 250
Hilla, 215
Hinduism, 44, 48, 146, 275–276, 284
Hira, 14, 19–20, 22, 37, 241
Hisham, 58–59, 72
Hormuz, 276
hujja, 78, 161
Hulagu, 195–197, 261, 264, 295
Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 129
Husayn ibn ‘Ali, 68–69, 70–71, 74–75, 143, 219
Ibadi Kharijism, 97, 106, 156, 306–307
Ibn al-‘Arabi, 212, 294
Ibn Bajja, 202
Ibn Battuta, 268, 290, 301–302
Ibn al-Hanafiya, 70–71
Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 117, 120, 134–136, 218
Ibn al-Haytham, 200
Ibn Hisham, 88
Ibn Ishaq, 88
Ibn Khaldun, 286, 297–299
Ibn Munqidh, Usama, 177
Ibn Rushd, 202–204, 225
Ibn al-Shatir, 295–298
Ibn Sina, 201–202, 204, 225, 292
/> Ibn Tashfin, 166, 168–169, 183
Ibn Taymiya, 204, 293–294, 304, 312
Ibn Tufayl, 202
Ibn Tulun, Ahmad, 92, 253
Ibn Tumart, 184–185, 186
Ibn Yasin, ‘Abdullah, 166, 183
Ibn al-Zubayr, ‘Abdullah, 70
Ibrahim (Abraham), 21, 23, 30
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, 72
idhan, 81
Idris ibn ‘Abdullah, 97
Idris II, 97
ijaza, 222
ijtihad, 303–305
Il-khanate, 197, 261, 263–269, 271, 279, 299, 313, 315
Illuminationism, 211–212
Iltutmish, 274–275
imam/Imam, 75, 321
Imami Shi‘ites, 76–78. See also Twelver Shi‘ites.
Innocent III, 186
iqta‘, 143, 247
islam 23, 81
Isma‘il (Ishmael, son of Abraham), 21, 83
Isma‘il ibn Ja‘far, 76, 95–96, 155
Isma‘ilis, 76, 78–80, 94–96, 110, 150, 154–162, 188, 192–193, 195, 201, 215–18
Jacobites. See Syrian Orthodox Church.
Ja‘far al-Sadiq, 75–76, 119–120
al-Jahiz, 88
Janissary corps, 281
Jawhar al-Rumi, 155, 163, 239
Jerba, 163
Jerusalem, 15, 37, 47, 175, 179–180
Jesus, 8–9, 17, 23–24, 29, 70, 186, 211, 215
Jews, under the Sasanians 13, 37;
in the Arabian Peninsula, 19, 26;
in Medina, 29;
under the Byzantines, 37;
under the Visigoths, 42;
under the Umayyads of Damascus, 42–43, 47–49, 53, 56;
during the conquest of Syria, 47;
under the Umayyads of Cordoba, 103;
in Malabar, 110;
under the Fatimids, 156;
in Sicily, 163;
under the Zirids of Granada, 103, 167;
under the Saljuqs, 173;
under the Crusaders, 175–176;
under the Almoravids, 184;
under the Il-khanate, 265;
under the Mamlukes, 270
jihad, 35, 233–236
Judaism, 12–14, 23, 28, 30, 126, 133
al-Junayd, 127, 205, 208
Jundishapur, 14–15, 128–129
Justinian, 8, 10, 15
Ka‘ba, 20–21, 27, 81, 83, 95, 239
kalam, 133–137, 203–204, 218–219
Karbala, 68–69, 143, 219
Kebek, 268
Khadija, 22–23, 25, 51
khanaqa, 206, 220
Kharijism, 65, 80, 83, 95–98, 120, 182, 249, 253, 306
Khazars, 15
khirqa, 309
Khusrow I, 12, 15
Khwarazm-Shahs, 191–192, 194, 273
al-Khwarizmi, 129, 225
al-Kindi, 131–132
Konya, 152, 176, 191, 195, 212, 279
Kose Dagh, Battle of, 195, 279, 315
Kufa, 37, 49, 57, 65–66, 68, 70–72, 123, 241, 243
Kufic script, 14, 19
kuttab, 219
Lahore, 149, 195, 273–275
Lakhmids, 14–15, 19–20
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of, 186–187
Lesser Concealment, (Lesser Occultation), 77, 79, 92, 214
Lisbon, 185, 187
madrasa, 220–223, 225
mahdi, 70, 77, 95–96, 185–186, 215, 314
Mahdiya, 96, 163, 164
Mahmud of Ghazna, 146, 148, 200–201, 238, 273
maktab, 219
Malabar, 110
malamatiya, 312
Malatya, 233
Malik ibn Anas, 119, 135
Maliki madhhab, 119–121, 156, 166, 183, 186, 297
Malik-Shah, 153–154, 160–161, 201
Mamlukes, 181, 197, 263, 265, 269–273, 282–283, 285, 293, 295, 297
mamluks, 90, 238–239, 263, 271;
in Abbasid caliphate, 90–91;
in Samanid regime, 145–146;
in Buyid army, 150;
in Saljuq army, 149, 154;
in Fatimid army, 159;
in Ayyubid army, 180–181;
become independent rulers in Egypt, 181, 196–197;
in Mamluke army, 269–270, 282
al-Ma’mun, 77, 88–89, 117, 128, 135, 218
Manichaeism, 43, 134–135, 300
al-Mansur, 86, 128, 233
Manzikert, Battle of, 153, 234, 277
maqamat, 125
Maragha, 265, 267, 295
Marinids, 186–187, 297
Marrakesh, 166, 185–187
Mashhad, 219
Mas‘ud of Ghazna, 148–149
mathematics, 129, 200–201, 291–293
al-Mawardi, 253
Mawlid al-Nabi, 156
Mazandaran, 11
Mecca, 20–31, 82, 155, 159, 212, 307
medicine, 132, 201, 292
Medina, 17, 19, 25–29, 33, 45–46, 51, 66, 68, 73–74, 155, 159, 219
Merv (Mary), 14, 39, 43, 71, 77, 89, 148–149, 191, 194, 201, 251
Mevlevi order, 213
mihrab, 81–82
mi‘raj, 211
Moghulistan, 268–269
Mongke, 261
Mongols, 194–197, 257–269
Monophysitism, 9–10, 14–15, 19, 30, 37–38, 48
monsoons, 110
mosque, 51, 242;
masjid, 81, 219, 323;
jami‘, 219–220, 322
Mosul, 104, 144, 174, 176, 178–179
Mozarabs, 103
mu’adhdhin (muezzin), 81
Mu‘awiya, 39, 42, 45, 65–66, 68, 87
Mudejars, 188, 323
Muhammad (the Prophet), 4, 22–31, 33–36, 39, 45–46, 49, 51–52, 67, 81–83, 118, 123, 132, 207, 211
Muhammad I (sultan of the Great Saljuqs), 154, 176, 190–192
Muhammad al-Baqir, 74–76
Muhammad al-Darazi, 157
Muhammad ibn ‘Ali (Abbasid leader), 71–72
Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, 76, 78, 94
Muhammad ibn Qasim, 44
Muhammad ibn Tughluq, 274–276, 301
Muhammad Khwarazm-Shah, 191–192, 194
Muhammad al-Mahdi. See Muhammad al-Muntazar.
Muhammad al-Muntazar, 77. See also Hidden Imam.
muhtasib, 53
al-Mu‘izz, 155
Mukhtar, 70
Multan, 44, 110
Muqaddima, 298
Murat I, 281
Murcia, 185, 187, 212
murshid. See shaykh.
Musa ibn Nusayr, 42
Musa al-Kazim, 76–77
Muscat, 110
muslim, 81
al-Musta‘li, 161, 217
Musta‘lis, 161, 216
al-Mustansir, 158–161, 164
al-Mu‘tasim, 89–90
al-Mutawakkil, 91, 250
Mu‘tazilism, 117–118, 134–136, 218
muwallads, 102, 183–184, 323
Myriokephalon, Battle of, 193
Nabateans, 17
Nahavand, 38, 49, 55
Najaf, 219
Najran, 19
Naqshbandiya, 315
al-Nasir, 190–192, 207, 244, 254
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 267
al-Nasir Muhammad, 271–273, 301
Navarre, 168
Neoplatonism, 130–132, 202–204, 209, 211–212, 217–218
Nestorians, 9, 13–14, 31, 37, 43, 48, 110, 128, 249–250, 265
New Saray, 264, 268
Nicaea, 153, 174, 191, 271, 278, 280
Nicopolis, Battle of, 281
Nishapur, 39, 148–149, 194, 201–202, 205, 265
Nizam al-Mulk, 149, 151, 153, 160–161, 202, 220
Nizar, 161
Nizaris, 160–162, 188, 192–193, 195, 217
noria, 104
Normans, 162–165, 173–174, 185
Nusayris, 306–307, 315
Ogedai, 195, 261
Oghuz, 145, 148, 191
&nb
sp; Orhan, 280, 301
Orthodox Church, 9
Osman, 280
Ottoman Sultanate, 277–282, 285, 313
Palaeologus, Michael, 271, 280
Palermo, 107
Palmyra, 10, 22
Pamplona, 100
“party kings,” 167–169
People of the Book, 29
Persian language, 14, 53, 191, 237, 248;
poetry and prose, 92, 146–147, 213, 227, 240, 251, 276, 279, 299–301
Petra, 17, 21
philosophy, 130–137, 201–204, 209–214, 222, 225–227, 291, 293–294, 298
pir. See shaykh.
Pisa, 176, 231
plague, 8, 37, 159, 273, 282–283, 297
Plotinus, 130
Poitier, Battle of. See Tours, Battle of.
Polo, Marco, 258, 265, 268, 302
Prester John, 257, 261
Punjab, 44, 110, 273, 275
qadi, 115, 122
Qadiriya order, 207
Qadisiya, Battle of, 37
al-Qa’im, 253
qanat, 11, 104, 264
Qandahar, 11
Qara-khanids, 148, 153, 191
Qara-khitai, 191, 194
Qarluqs, 145–146, 148
Qayrawan, 42, 58–59, 79, 96–98, 106, 164–165
Qazvin, 201
qibla, 81–82
Qilij Arslan, 174
Qipchaq khanate. See Golden Horde.
Qipchaqs, 145, 180, 271, 273
Qubilai, 261
Qum, 161, 218
Qur’an, 19, 23–26, 29, 31, 35–36, 45, 48, 51, 63, 78, 82, 121–123, 134–136, 183, 185, 202–203, 208, 211, 218, 220, 225, 229, 239–240, 246, 294, 300, 303, 308, 312
Quraysh, 21, 25, 27, 63
Qutayba ibn Muslim, 43
al-Qutb, 211, 314
Qutlumish, 151–153
Qutuz, 196
Rabi‘a, 124
Ramadan, 82
Rashid al-Din al-Sinan, 192
Rayy, 39, 93, 108, 143, 146, 150, 190, 201, 204, 241
al-Razi, Abu Bakr (Rhazes), 132, 201, 225
al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, 204
Reconquista, 172, 182, 185–188, 223
ribat, 165, 206
ridda wars, 35, 49
al-Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 212–213, 279
Rustamid dynasty, 96–98
Safavids, 316
al-Saffah, 72, 86
Saffarids, 92, 240, 253
saint, 126, 310
Saladin, 179–180, 217
Salamiya, 79, 95
salat, 81, 243
Saljuqs, invasion of, 148–153;
Great Saljuqs, 154, 161, 173, 176, 190–191, 241, 247;
Saljuqs of Rum, 153, 173–174, 176, 191, 195, 212, 234, 241, 279
Samanids, 92, 145–146, 148, 201, 238, 240
Samarqand, 11, 43, 108–109, 148, 192, 194, 201, 268, 284–285, 287
Samarra, 90–92, 111, 143, 250
Sanjar, 154, 190–191, 201
Santiago de Compostela, 168, 312