Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction

by Allen C. Guelzo

  48. Gorgas, diary entry for July 28, 1863, in The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 75.

  49. Capt. Frank Imboden, diary entry for July 17–18, 1863, in Spencer C. Tucker, Brigadier General John D. Imboden: Confederate Commander in the Shenandoah (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 150, 172.

  50. William Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, 312.

  51. “Occupation of Nashville,” February 26, 1862, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 4:205; Engle, Buell, 185, 316–20.

  52. Whitelaw Reid, Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers (New York: Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin, 1868), 1:313–14, 325–26, 328–29; Garfield to Lucretia Garfield, February 13, 1863, in The Wild Life of the Army: Civil War Letters of James A. Garfield, ed. F. D. Williams (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1964), 233.

  53. Davis to J. A. Seddon, December 18, 1862, in Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: Letters, Papers and Speeches, ed. Dunbar Rowland (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 5:386; Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis: Confederate President (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), 2:344–45.

  54. James Lee McDonough, Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 118–22; William M. Lamars, The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 213–14, 219, 223, 225, 233–36.

  55. Peter Cozzens, No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 172–74; Robert P. Broadwater, General George H. Thomas: A Biography of the Union’s “Rock of Chickamauga” (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 100–101; Wilson J. Vance, Stone’s River: The Turning-Point of the Civil War (New York: Neale, 1914), 56–57.

  56. Cleburne to Bragg, January 13, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 20(I):684.

  57. McWhiney, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, 374, 378.

  58. J. P. McCown to Braxton Bragg, July 17, 1862, and “Special Orders No. 3,” September 25, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 16(I):801, 16(II):876–77; Thomas Jordan and J. P. Pryor, The Campaigns of Lieut. Gen. N.B. Forrest, and of Forrest’s Cavalry (New Orleans: Blelock, 1868), 162, 172–81; John Allan Wyeth, That Devil Forrest: The Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest (New York: Harper, 1959), 92–125; Thomas A. Head, Campaigns and Battles of the Sixteenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteers, in the War Between the States (Nashville, TN: Cumberland Presbyterian, 1885), 425.

  59. Morton, The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Cavalry (Paris, TN: Guild Bindery Press, 1988 [1909]), 12, 13.

  60. Ibid., 16–17.

  61. Louis Garesché, Biography of Lieut. Col. Julius P. Garesché, Assistant Adjutant-General, U.S. Army (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1887), 439; Halleck to Rosecrans February 1, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 22(II):31; Lamars, The Edge of Glory, 267–68.

  62. “General Halleck’s Report of Operations in 1863,” November 15, 1863, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1865), 8:181; Freeman Cleaves, Rock of Chickamauga: The Life of General George H. Thomas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1948), 149–50.

  63. Steven E. Woodworth, Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 65.

  64. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War, 115, 117.

  65. “Report of Brigadier-General B. R. Johnson,” October 26, 1863, in Rebellion Record, 10:407–16; Peter Cozzens, This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 357–73; Glenn Tucker, Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), 250–77.

  66. John Hay, diary entry for October 19 and October 24, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s White House, 94, 98; James Lee McDonough, Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 45–46; Charles A. Dana to Stanton, October 18, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 30(I):221.

  67. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in Memoirs and Selected Letters, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 388–89; Alexander K. McClure, Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 196; Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln, 247.

  68. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War, 61; Wiley Sword, Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 53; Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 34–35.

  69. W. F. Dowd, “Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge,” The Southern Bivouac 1 (November 1885): 399; Larry J. Daniel, Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 375–76; Thomas L. Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 275–76.

  70. McDonough, Chattanooga, 35.

  71. “Speech of A. H. Stephens,” in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1861), 1:45; Marilyn Mayer Culpeper, Trials and Triumphs: Women of the American Civil War (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 21; Jim Jeffcoat, in Armstead L. Robinson, Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 82; Mosby, Memoirs, 19.

  72. Gary W. Gallagher, “An Old-Fashioned Soldier in a Modern War? Robert E. Lee as Confederate General,” Civil War History 45 (December 1999): 311–12; Lee, in “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston, May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” 479; Pollard, The Lost Cause, 46, 49.

  73. Shorter, in War of the Rebellion, Series Four, 1:773; Malcolm C. McMillan, The Disintegration of a Confederate State: Three Governors and Alabama’s Wartime Home Front, 1861–1865 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1986), 33.

  74. “Henry L. Benning’s Secessionist Speech,” in Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860, 142.

  75. Southern Editorials on Secession, ed. Dumond, 408.

  76. “Constitution of the ‘Confederate States of America,’” March 11, 1861, in Rebellion Record, 2:321–27; “Constitution of the ‘Confederate’ States,” in Political History of the Rebellion, 98–100; Marshall L. DeRosa, The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), 23, 40–44, 91–101.

  77. Davis, “Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government,” February 18, 1861, in Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, 1:35.

  78. Reagan, Memoirs with Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War (New York: Neale, 1906), 252; William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Knopf/Random House, 2000), 351–57; Morris Schaff, Jefferson Davis: His Life and Personality (Boston: J. W. Luce, 1922), 76.

  79. Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 305–16.

  80. Davis to W. M. Brooks, March 13, 1862, and to Varina Davis, June 11, 1862, in Jefferson Davis: Letters, Papers and Speeches, 5: 216–17, 272; Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, 504.

  81. John Sergeant Wise, The End of an Era (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 401–2; Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 147–48.

  82. Burton Jesse Hendrick, Statesmen of the Lost Cause: Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet (New York: Literary Guild, 1939), 188; Jon L. Wakelyn, “Christopher Gustavus Memminger,” in Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary, ed. C. F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 288–95.

  83. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 2:17–18; Henry Dickson Capers, The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger (Richmond, VA: Everett Waddey, 1893), 10–11.

  84.
Douglas B. Ball, Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 85–98, 128–29; Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy, 135.

  85. Gorgas, diary entry for October 29, 1863, in Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 85.

  86. Thomas Alexander and Richard Beringer, The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress: A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior, 1861–1865 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1972), 406ff.; Wilfred Buck Yearns, The Confederate Congress (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1960), 9–10, 15–16; Gaither to Zebulon Vance, April 24, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:131–32; John E. Gonzales, “Henry Stuart Foote: Confederate Congressman and Exile,” Civil War History 11 (December 1965): 390; Clement Eaton, Jefferson Davis (New York: Free Press, 1977), 211; Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy, 63; Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), 218–19.

  87. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” March 28 and August 18, 1862, Messages and Papers, 1:205–6, 236; “The Rebel Conscription Law,” in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1864), 1(Supp.):324–25; David J. Eicher, Dixie Betrayed: How the South Really Lost the Civil War (New York: Little, Brown, 2006), 104, 217.

  88. Joseph H. Parks, Joseph E. Brown of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 204; Brown to Stephens, July 2, 1863, in The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, ed. U. B. Phillips (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1913), 598; Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan, 1924), 24, 298–99; Yearns, The Confederate Congress, 83.

  89. Phelan to Davis, December 9, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 17(II):790; Robinson, Bitter Fruits of Bondage, 183–87; Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 120; Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy, 71.

  90. John Christopher Schwab, The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1901), 202–8; Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 198; Neely, Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation, 319–20.

  91. William A. Smith to Zebulon Vance, January 3, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:3; Wilfred Buck Yearns, “Florida,” in The Confederate Governors (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 36, 68.

  92. Gregory P. Downs, Declarations of Dependence: The Long Reconstruction of Popular Politics in the South, 1861–1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 35; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, ed. E. S. Miers (New York: Sagamore Press, 1958), 309, 316, 345, 349; “Inflation Grips the South: Luther Swank Reports from a Field Hospital,” ed. Horace Mathews, Civil War Times Illustrated 22 (March 1983): 46.

  93. Pickett to D. H. Maury, December 10, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 5:991–92; Richard N. Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), 195–97.

  94. Vance to James A. Seddon, January 5, 1863, and L. S. Fash to Vance, June 1, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:5, 180.

  95. Philip S. Paludan, Victims: A True Story of the Civil War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981), 84–98; Mark E. Neely, Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 18–22.

  96. Seddon to Vance, May 23, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Vance, 2:167; Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 130–34; Victoria E. Bynum, The Free State of Jones: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 115–21.

  97. “Letter of Alexander Stephens on State Sovereignty,” September 22, 1864, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 11:182–84; Steven E. Woodworth, “The Last Function of Government: Confederate Collapse and Negotiated Peace,” in The Collapse of the Confederacy, eds. Mark Grimsley and Brooks Simpson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 23; Escott, After Secession, 155.

  98. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” December 7, 1863, in Messages and Papers, 1:366, 369, 371; “Secret Session,” February 1 and February 17, 1864, in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, 3:648–53, 797; Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave Off Defeat (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 28–29; Eicher, Dixie Betrayed, 142; Vance to Gabriel J. Rains, March 31, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:102.

  99. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” November 7, 1864, in Messages and Papers, 1:495.

  100. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 139; Howell and Elizabeth Purdue, Pat Cleburne: Confederate General (Hillsboro, TX: Hill Jr. College Press, 1973), 267; O. G. Eiland to Davis, July 20, 1863, in Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 103–4.

  101. Beringer, Why the South Lost the Civil War, 384–85; Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 215.

  102. “Open Session,” March 8, 1865, in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 4:670; Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 118.

  103. George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper, 1865), 59; “A Colored Man,” September 1863, in Freedom’s Soldiers, 110; Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 288–89.

  104. Gallagher, The Confederate War, 87, 140, 157, 163, 172; Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 102–11, 138, 141, 153, 163, 246–48.

  1. Willard Glazier, The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape: Giving a Complete History of Prison Life in the South (Hartford, CT: H. E. Goodwin, 1867), 38.

  2. John Algernon Owens, Sword and Pen: or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier in War and Literature (Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler, 1889), 222.

  3. Glazier, The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape, 287–306.

  4. Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 83–84; LaWanda Cox, “The Perception of Injustice and Race Policy: James F. McGogy and the Freedmen’s Bureau in Alabama,” in Freedom, Racism, and Reconstruction: Collected Writings of LaWanda Cox (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 183; Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” in Collected Works, 5: 371–72.

  5. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 1:8–15; Alfred M. Green, in The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union, ed. James M. McPherson (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 32–33; Wilson, in Mia Bay, The White Image in the Black Mind: African American Ideas About White People (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 76.

  6. “Northern Black Sergeant to the Headquarters of the Department of the South,” October 15, 1864, in Freedom, A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867: Series Two, The Black Military Experience, Ira Berlin et al., eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 342.

  7. Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: Long-mans, Green, 1956), 185; David W. McCullough, Brooklyn—and How It Got That Way (New York: Dial Press, 1983), 35–36; Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in Am
erica (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 91; Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Free Press, 1990), 191–96.

  8. “General Orders No. 60,” August 26, 1862, in The War of the Rebellion, Series Two, 4:857; “General Orders No. 111,” in Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, 1:274; Gregory J. W. Urwin, Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 41–42, 166; Kirby-Smith to Taylor, June 13, 1863, in Report on the Treatment of Prisoners of War by the Rebel Authorities During the War of the Rebellion (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1869), 641; Richard Reid, Freedom for Themselves: North Carolina’s Black Soldiers in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 94–95.

  9. “Statement of William J. Mays, Company B, Thirteenth Tennessee Cavalry,” April 18, 1864, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 32(I):525; John Cimprich, Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 72–85.

  10. Brig. Gen. Augustus Chetlain to Washburne, April 14, 1864, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 32(I):364; James M. Williams, May 26, 1863, in Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861–1867: Series Two (Book One): The Black Military Experience, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 574; Lincoln, “Order of Retaliation,” July 30, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:357; Craig L. Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals: Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. Navy, and the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 48.

  11. James Henry Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom: A Black Soldier’s Civil War Letters from the Front, ed. Virginia M. Adams (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 9.