by A. N. Wilson
Austen, Jane, 43–4, 197; Pride and Prejudice, 25, 121, 164
Australia, 143–4
Australopithecus afarensis, 343
Autobiography (CD): on Owen, 8, 177; ignores parents’ scientific interests, 29; preoccupation with self, 29, 31, 53; on time in Edinburgh, 40, 59; on scientific studies, 50; on ambitions, 62; on life at Cambridge, 68; praises Paley, 80; on pre-marriage activity, 145; regrets not benefitting fellow beings, 297; reveals no knowledge of Greek, 301; writing, 338; full version (1958), 340
Aveling, Edward, 328–9
Ayerst, Dr James, 272
bacteria, 344
Baden-Powell, Robert (later Baron), 304, 310
Bahia (San Salvador), 100
Bakewell, Robert, 19
Baltimore, David, 344–5
Balzac, Honoré de, 8–9
Band, Lucy and Lesley Hall, 316
Banks, Joseph, 65, 70, 77, 112, 116
Barlow, Nora, Lady, 133, 135, 137, 340
Barmouth, Wales, 72
barnacles, 197–200, 207, 217
Barrett, Paul (Fuegian), 110
Basket, Fuegia, 87, 90, 111, 118, 162
Bates, Henry Walter, 230–1
Bateson, William, 276
Baudin, Captain Nicolas, 76
Beagle, HMS: CD’s voyage in, 3, 257; FitzRoy commands, 86–7; as survey ship, 86, 114; described, 89; fitted out for expedition, 89–90; shipboard life, 95; voyage, 98–101, 106; class differences, 100; at Tierra del Fuego, 111–12; in South America, 119–20, 122, 128; repaired, 120; in Galápagos Islands, 132; return to England, 144
Beaufort, Sir Francis, 88, 90, 95, 147–8
Beche, Sir Henry Thomas de la, 174
Bell, Thomas, 145, 236
Belloc, Louise Swanton, 245
Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, 335
Bhagavad Gita, 247
Bible: truth questioned, 47, 81, 125, 185; and creation, 116, 238; CD disbelieves in, 352; see also Christianity
Blake, William, 82
Blonde, HMS, 131
Bloomsbury Set, 315
blushing, 323
Blyth, Edward: articles on transmutation in evolutionary theory, 136–40, 148–50, 155, 166, 171, 174, 185, 216; moves to Calcutta, 175–6, 194, 216; CD shares beliefs, 218–21, 229, 247; correspondence with CD, 219, 276; on kinship of man and apes, 219–20; on species adaptation, 221; influence, 359; Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum Asiatic Society in Calcutta, 218
Boehm, Sir Edgar, 7–8, 11, 358
Bohr, Niels, 329
Bonpland, Aimé, 76
Boswell, James, 141; Life of Johnson, 55
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 70; Voyage autour du monde, 146
Boulton, Matthew, 26
Bowen, Mrs (Ras Darwin’s friend), 326
Bowlby, John, 30–1
Boyle’s Law, 16
Bradley, George, Dean of Westminster, 349–50
Brasier, M. D.: Darwin’s Lost World, 110
Bravo, Mrs Charles, 202
Brazil, 101–5
Brent, Bernard, 224
Breughel, Peter: Das Schlaraffenland (painting), 38
Brewster, Jane Kirk, Lady, 264
Bridges, E. L.: Uttermost Part of the Earth, 118
Britain: population increase, 9, 19–20; middle-class cohesion, 20–2, 26, 32; evangelical revival, 43
British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS): Oxford meeting (1860), 258–66, 286; Hooker addresses on failure of CD’s theory, 280
British Museum, 167
Brixham Cave, Devonshire, 302
Brocchi, Giambattista, 50–1
Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 262–3
Brodie, Jessy, 183–4, 205, 213, 215
Bronn, H. G., 317
Brontë, Charlotte: Jane Eyre, 183
Brown, Lancelot (‘Capability’), 26
Brown, Robert, 235, 236
Browne, Janet, 309, 312, 328
Browne, Sir Thomas, 161
Browning, Robert, 11, 21, 325
Brückner, Eduard, 174
Buckland, William, 83, 151, 174, 178–9, 190
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 262
Buenos Aires, 106, 114
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de: Histoire naturelle, 56, 58
Burrow, J. W., 256
Butler, Mary, 270
Butler, Samuel (later Bishop of Lichfield), 35–6, 64
Butler, Samuel (satirist): reputation and influence, 335; conflict with CD, 336–7, 340–2; Erewhon, 337–8; Evolution, Old and New, 340–1; Life and Habit, 341; Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification, 341; ‘On Wild Animals and One’s Relations’, 32; Notebooks, 32; Unconscious Memory, 341; The Way of All Flesh, 32, 313, 335–7
Button, Jemmy (Fuegian), 87, 90, 111–13, 117–19
Byerley, Tom, 27
Bynoe, Benjamin, 90, 101, 148
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 197, 241
Cambridge: Botanic Gardens, 69
Cambridge Philosophical Society, 66
Cambridge University: Ras attends, 37–8, 42, 67; Erasmus Darwin Sr at, 38; CD attends, 62–5, 67–71, 83; science studies, 65–7; examinations, 74, 77, 83; Botany School Library, 256; Horace Darwin at, 353
Campbell, Anthony K. and Stephanie B. Matthews, 271
capitalism: in England, 334
Carlyle, Jane Welsh (Jenny), 154, 181
Carlyle, Thomas, 154, 202, 273, 284
Carpenter, William, 236; Principles of Human Physiology, 191
Case, Mr (Shrewsbury schoolmaster), 35
Casement, Sir Roger, 304
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 86–7, 128
catastrophism, 48, 60, 151
Catholic Emancipation (1829), 38
Cave Man theory, 306
cells: origins, 249
Chagas’s disease, 127, 271
Challenger, HMS, 128, 130–1, 151
Chambers, Robert, 260; Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 191–6, 218, 229, 238, 241, 245, 256, 259, 293, 324, 359, 364
Chambers, William, 195
Chancellor, George, 110
Chapman, John, 212, 273
Charles Island (Galápagos), 132
Chatham Island (Galápagos), 132
Chester (candidate for Beagle voyage), 91
Chester, Colonel (US genealogist), 339
Chesterton, G. K., 11
child mortality, 295
Chile: CD in, 120–30; volcanic eruption and earthquake, 129
Chiloe (island), Chile, 128–9
chimpanzees, 363–5
Chomsky, Noam, 324
chordates, 252
Christianity: believers, 11–12, 44–5; disputes over, 77–8; Paley on, 77; and evolutionary theory, 186, 266, 353; CD retains belief in, 190; CD loses belief in, 239, 327; Ruskin on, 329; Romanes rejects, 334; see also Bible; Church of England; religion
chromosomes, 276, 364
Church of England: evangelical revival, 43–4; resists Darwinism, 321
Churchill, John (of Princes Street, Soho), 191, 202
Churchill, Winston S., 316
Clapham Grammar School, 227
Clapham Sect, 44
Clark, Sir James, 209
class (social): CD’s attitude to, 160; and status, 164; and breeding, 314–16; see also gentry; middle class
Clerk Maxwell, James, 279
Cobbett, William, 157
Coldstream, John, 198
Cole, Sir Henry, 273
Cole, Lowry Egerton Cole, Viscount, 178
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 23, 28, 58, 61
Collingwood, Cuthbert, 236
colonialism: Victorian belief in, 117
Compton-Burnett, Ivy, 313
Comte, Auguste, 330
Concepción, Chile, 129–30
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de, 157
Conrad, Joseph: Nostromo, 103
consciousness: as phenomenon, 6
Contemporary Review, 314
/> contraception, 314–15
Cook, Captain, James, 75, 112, 116, 119, 124, 140, 142, 146–7, 170–2
Cooke, Dr John, 216
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 13–14, 18
Copleston, Revd Edward, 98
Corday, Charlotte, 29
Corfield, R. H., 125, 127–8
Correns, Carl, 276
Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 62, 219
Cosegüina (volcano), Nicaragua, 129
Cotton, Dr Richard, 210
Covington, Syms, 108, 129, 167–8, 199, 201
creation: in Bible, 116–17; belief in, 257
creationists: oppose neo-Darwinism, 10, 13; and scientific explanation of species development, 288
Cresswell, Richard, 261–2
Cresy, Edward, 182
Crichton-Brown, Dr James, 323
Crick, Francis, 277, 344
Cromwell, Oliver, 47
Cullwick, Hannah, 312
Cuvier, Georges, 8–9, 14, 16, 48, 50, 109, 155, 178, 247; Histoire naturelle des poissons, 48
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 204
Daphne Major (island), Galápagos, 134
Darwin family: pedigree, 39; outings, 210; intermarriage, 331
Darwin, Amy (née Ruck; Francis’s wife), 327, 331
Darwin, Annie (CD/Emma’s daughter): birth, 180; photographed, 204; in Malvern, 205; and CD’s water cure, 207; tuberculosis, 209–13; and Aunt Sarah Wedgwood, 210; death and funeral, 214–15, 351; gravestone, 272–3
Darwin, Caroline (CD’s sister) see Wedgwood, Caroline
Darwin, Catherine (CD’s sister), 31, 40, 104, 121, 123, 200
Darwin, Charles (Robert): central contentions, 2, 17; scientists’ views of, 2–4; on struggle for existence, 2, 121, 159, 294–5, 304–5, 346, 355; statue, 7–9, 358; reputation fluctuates, 10; on basic building blocks of living things, 16; and idea of progress, 17–18; birth and family background, 19, 22–8, 31; club membership, 22; preoccupation with self, 29, 31; and mother’s death, 30–1; early passion for natural world and outdoor activities, 31, 37; family wealth, 33–4; schooling, 35–8; reading, 38, 40, 42, 59, 75, 80, 116, 161; studies in Edinburgh, 39–42, 45–6, 49, 51–4, 59; explores North Wales, 42; shooting, 42, 72–3; curiosity, 46; influenced by Jameson on geology, 49–50; self-mythologizing, 52; disparages Grant, 53; attends Cambridge University, 62–5, 67–71, 74, 83; declines clerical career, 62–3; distant relations with father, 62, 74–5, 92–3; father proposes clerical career for, 62–3, 69, 77; gives up medical studies, 62; wealth, 69–70, 77, 101, 104, 162; ambitiousness, 71–2, 146, 171, 237; artistic and musical tastes, 71; entomological interests, 73–4; Hume’s influence on, 79; influenced by Paley, 80; accompanies Sedgwick to Wales, 83–5; joins FitzRoy’s Beagle expedition, 88–92; height, 90; relations with FitzRoy, 91–3, 95, 98; seasickness, 94–5, 113; shipboard life on Beagle, 95–6; interest and expertise in geology, 96–8, 109–10, 126, 171; in crossing the line ceremonies, 99–100; in Rio de Janeiro, 100–4; racial views, 105; political views, 106–7; palaeontological investigations in South America, 108–10; recognition as scientist, 114, 154–5, 169–71; researches and collecting in South America, 114–15; in Chile, 120–30; correspondence with home from Beagle, 120–1; marriage to Emma Wedgwood, 121, 145, 162–3, 168; influenced by Lyell, 123, 220; illness in Chile, 126–7; view of working men, 126; in Galápagos Islands, 132–3; and Galápagos finches, 134–5; in New Zealand and Australia, 141–4; sexuality, 141, 163, 336; returns to England, 144; as recluse in Kent, 145, 224, 274; works on collection of specimens, 145–6; self-promotion, 147; and Blyth’s theories, 149–50, 166, 175–6; Notebooks, 149–50, 155, 161–2, 174–5, 315; appointed a secretary of Geological Society, 154; reads Malthus, 158–9, 166; attitude to social class, 160; on sexual desire, 161; marriage relations, 164–6, 168–9, 200; religious neutrality, 426 164–5, 187, 190; health condition, 165, 169, 172–3, 190, 200–1, 208, 234–5, 242–3, 271–4, 327, 332; takes house in Upper Gower Street, London, 167; learns German, 168; children, 169, 172, 180, 187, 215, 225, 267–8; meets Humboldt in London, 180; moves to Down House, Kent, 181–2; contemplations, 184–5; courtesy to servants, 184; life at Down House, 188–9, 227, 267; reads Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 194–6; studies barnacles, 197–200, 207, 217; awarded Royal Medal of Royal Society of London, 198; and father’s death and funeral, 200–1; takes water cure, 202–8, 242–3, 244, 258, 271–2; consults clairvoyant, 208; declining religious belief, 208, 213, 239, 271, 351–2; and daughter Annie’s illness and death, 212–14, 323, 351; Huxley meets, 217–18; on natural selection as mechanism of evolution, 220–2; keeps pigeons, 223–5; friendships and social life, 224–5; children’s schooling, 226–7; correspondence, 227–9, 322, 327, 351; letter from Wallace on natural selection, 229, 232; findings presented with Wallace’s to Linnean Society, 232–6; public reticence, 234; modifications and emendations to theory, 252; admits difficulties on evolution theory, 253; later life, doubts and corrections, 257; absent from Oxford debate (1860), 258, 262, 265–6; and reception of The Origin of Species, 267; worries about Etty’s health, 267; work on orchids, 268–9; and Henslow’s death, 270, 272; diet, 271; suffers memory loss, 272; ageing, 273–4, 322, 332, 349; grows beard, 273–4; and inheritance, 276–80, 282–3; wide range of research, 276–7; Hooker disavows, 280–1; on ‘pangenesis’, 282; weakness in languages, 301–2; on human morals and behaviour, 306–7, 356; Mivart praises, 309; and Ernst Haeckel, 316–18, 328, 334–5, 341; nominated for honorary Oxford doctorate, 321, 330; anecdotal style, 322; loses interest in poetry and music, 323, 349; unemotionalism in later years, 323; achievements, 329–30, 346–8; friendship with Romanes, 332–5; Samuel Butler criticizes, 335–42; ancestry, 337–9; as theorist, 347; death and funeral, 349–50; modern reputation as scientist, 357–60, 366–7
Darwin, Charles Waring (CD/Emma’s son): birth, 187, 225; photographed, 204; disability, 226; scarlet fever and death, 235, 237
Darwin, Elizabeth (Betty/Bessy; CD/Emma’s daughter), 187, 227, 312
Darwin, Emma (née Wedgwood; CD’s wife and cousin): as prospective wife for CD, 43; religious devoutness, 45, 164, 187, 239, 257, 272; entertains party of officers, 121; marriage to CD, 121, 145, 162, 164, 168; on religious effect of evolution, 140; as CD’s confidante, 161; in CD’s notebooks, 162; appearance, 164; letters to CD, 164–5; marriage relations, 164–6, 168–9, 200; on Covington, 168; children, 169, 172, 180, 182, 187, 209, 211, 215, 225; piano playing, 169; and CD’s health condition, 173; house-hunting away from London, 180–1; moves to Down House, Kent, 181–2; runs household, 188, 227; and CD’s evolutionary theory, 191; finances, 204; moves to Malvern, 205; on Annie’s illness, 210–11; absent from Annie’s funeral, 214–15; limited friendships and social life, 224, 226; and death of son Charles Waring, 235; letter to son Leonard, 267; and reviews of The Origin of Species, 267; CD’s devotion to, 271; recipe book, 271; rediscovers Annie’s gravestone, 273; on CD’s nervous fit, 332; on Samuel Butler, 338; and CD’s funeral, 349–50
Darwin, Erasmus (CD’s brother; Ras): boyhood, 31, 35–6; studies at Cambridge, 37–8, 42, 676; later career, 38; medical training at Edinburgh, 39–40, 42, 52; indifference to medical career, 62; studies anatomy in London, 64; addiction to opium, 72; Carlyle judges idle, 154; visits Down House, 182; attends father’s funeral, 200–1; arranges spiritualist seance, 326–7; religious scepticism, 327; death, 347
Darwin, Erasmus (CD’s grandfather): background and career, 22, 28, 225; evolutionary theory, 23, 44, 54, 57, 59, 138, 185, 247; politics, 24, 147; and Josiah Wedgwood, 25–6; at Cambridge, 38; as non-believer, 44, 67; in Lunar Society, 45; Goethe reads, 57; Coleridge visits, 58; welcomes French Revolution, 77; Krause writes on, 338; theorizing, 339–40; The Botanic Garden, 23; The Temple of Nature, 23, 57; Zoonomia, 23, 53–4, 57–8, 63, 155, 360
Darwin, Etty (Henrietta; CD/Emma’s daughter) see Litchfield, Henrietta
Darwin, Frances (George’s wife), 327 Darwin, Francis (CD’s son): and father’s concern for notebooks, 15
0; on mother’s religious practices, 187; on father in garden, 188–9; birth, 200; entomological interests, 244; on father’s insomnia, 274; as father’s secretary, 327; marriage, 327; ‘The Analogies of Plant and Animal Life’, 342; More Letters of Charles Darwin, 278
Darwin, George (CD/Emma’s son): birth, 187; and father’s death, 200; letter from Etty on religion, 239; and father’s reaction to Thomson’s argument on age of earth, 292; advocates eugenics, 314–15; attends seance, 326; and Samuel Butler, 336–7; helps with paper on great-grandfather Erasmus, 339
Darwin, Horace (CD/Emma’s son): birth, 187, 215; falls for Miss Ludwig, 227; entomological interests, 244; career, 313; at Cambridge, 353; helps CD with correspondence, 353
Darwin, Leonard (CD/Emma’s son): birth, 187, 209; letter from mother, 267; family and career, 313
Darwin, Marianne (CD’s sister), 30–1, 201, 237
Darwin, Mary Eleanor (CD/Emma’s daughter): birth and death, 182, 187
Darwin, Robert Waring (CD’s father): character and appearance, 25, 27, 37; marriage, 25–7; and wife’s death, 30; religious practice, 35; attends Edinburgh and Leiden universities, 38; and sons’ education, 38–9; beliefs, 45; distant relations with CD, 62, 74–5, 92–3; proposes Church career for CD, 62–3, 69, 77; influenced by Gilbert White, 68–9; and CD’s ambitiousness, 72; CD gives death’s head hawkmoth to, 74; ill health, 74; advises CD against Beagle expedition, 88–90; value of estate, 142; wealth, 162; and CD’s marriage, 163; CD consults over health condition, 172–3; and Josiah Wedgwood’s death, 182; death and funeral, 200–1, 203; will, 203–4
Darwin, Susan (CD’s sister), 31, 91–2, 206
Darwin, Susannah (née Wedgwood; Sukey; CD’s mother): marriage, 24–7; background, 28–9; interest in botany, 29; ill health and death, 30, 35, 72
Darwin, William (16th/17th century), 28
Darwin, William (b.1620), 28
Darwin, William Erasmus (CD/Emma’s son): born, 169, 182; babyhood, 173; collects insects, 210–11; schooling at Rugby, 224, 226, 234; letter from sister Etty on Madame Grut, 243; CD wakes at night, 274; career, 313
Darwin Project (Cambridge, England), 351
Darwinism: as new religion, 311, 319–20; popularity in Germany, 328; resistance to argument, 347; see also evolution
Daubeny, Charles, 260
Davy, Humphry, 204
Dawkins, Richard: belief in Darwinism, 2; on development of eye, 254; and genetics, 277, 356–8; condemns Edward O. Wilson, 355; on CD’s scientific achievements, 358–9; writings, 361; The Blind Watchmaker, 2, 12, 82; The Selfish Gene, 2, 4, 358