The Last Empire

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The Last Empire Page 61

by Serhii Plokhy


  Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 13

  Strauss, Bob, 76, 115, 163, 188, 203, 238

  Suicides, 135, 140, 148, 149, 150

  Summits

  Bush-Gorbachev, 4, 9–10, 13–15, 17–18, 20–23

  modern-day, 3–4

  See also Almaty summit

  Suslov, Mikhail, 11

  “Sverdlovsk mafia,” 215, 228, 349

  Syria, 231, 232, 237

  “System Change,” in Baltics, 50

  Szmagala, Taras, 266

  Szporluk, Roman, 40

  Tajikstan, 163, 322, 361, 382

  Talbott, Strobe, 15, 333–335, 336

  Taliban, 203

  Tatars, Crimean, 177, 281

  Technology, 208

  U.S. aid with, 194, 341, 347

  Teeter, Robert, 379–380

  Teheran Conference, 193

  “10 + 1.” See “Statement of the President of the USSR and the Supreme Leaders of the Republics”

  Ternopil oblast, 280, 293

  Ter-Petrosian, Levon, 186–187, 361

  See also Armenia

  Terrorism, xvi, 245

  Testing

  ban, 211

  with Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 6

  missiles, 15–17

  nuclear weapons, 15–16

  Thatcher, Margaret, 233, 386

  Thornburgh, Dick, 260

  Tiananmen Square massacre, 77

  Tikhonov, Nikolai, 54

  Time. See Vremia

  Timur and His Team (Gaidar, A.), 215

  Titarenko, Raisa. See Gorbacheva, Raisa

  Tolstoy, Leo, 41, 103

  Trade. See Most-favored-nation trade status

  Transcarpathia, 282, 283

  Transnistria, 177, 360, 361, 362

  Treaties

  Anti-Ballistic Missile, 51

  borders, 176

  Limited Nuclear Test-Ban, 6

  Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, xviii, 34, 193, 301, 369, 400

  new union, 41, 48, 49, 61–62, 134, 136–137, 144, 162, 163, 184–185, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 255–258, 264, 272–273, 281, 295–296, 303, 304–305, 397

  between nuclear republics, 348

  peace, 231–232, 233

  Russia, post-Soviet republics and economic, 206, 221–230

  SALT I, 6, 51

  SALT II, 6

  Soviet republics and new union, 41, 48, 49, 61–62, 134, 136–137, 144, 162, 163, 184, 185, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 264, 281

  START I, 4, 9, 15, 17, 20–23, 47

  START II, 211

  See also NATO; specific treaties

  Truman, Harry, 330, 331

  Tsereteli, Zurab, 338

  Turkmenistan, 192, 249

  CIS and, 322, 352–353

  gas in, 353

  new union treaty and, 264

  Niyazov and, 224, 352–353

  population, 353

  U.S. and, 382

  Tutwiler, Margaret, 328

  Udovenko, Hennadii, 265

  Ukraine, 10, 112, 192

  Almaty summit and, 358–359, 362–364

  Belavezha Agreement and, 298, 299–301, 303–310, 312–316, 320, 324

  borders, 172, 176

  Bush, George H. W., Kyiv and, 47–53, 55, 57–59, 60–69, 165–166

  Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe and, 55, 62

  CIS and, 358–359

  with commerce and investment, 208

  coup d’état of August 1991 and, 155–162, 169

  Crimea transfer from Russia to, 176–177, 280–281

  economic treaty between Russia and, 206

  electoral democracy in, xviii

  Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33, 401

  Jews in, 285–286

  most-favored-nation trade status and, 62

  NATO and, 406

  new union treaty and, 162, 184, 222–223, 295–296, 303, 304–305

  nuclear disarmament and, 363, 371

  as nuclear republic, xix

  as nuclear-free state, 265, 287

  Orange Revolution of 2004 and, 407

  population, xvii, 62–63

  post-Soviet space and influence of, 328, 407

  referendum in, 275–294, 303–304, 399, 402

  religion in, 286

  Rukh and, 59–61, 63–64, 67–68, 156, 160–161, 178, 179–180, 266, 278, 285–286, 304

  Russia and relations with, xx, xxii, 172, 175–182

  sovereignty and, 37, 48–50, 53–54, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 153–155, 163–182, 184, 187, 206–207, 255–256, 258–270, 272–274, 275–294, 295–297, 299, 303–304, 363–364, 402

  Soviet military in, 286–287

  with Ukrainian American support, 52, 64–65, 206, 261, 265–267, 292

  Ukrainian military and, 289–291, 362

  UN and, 393

  U.S. and, 359, 382

  USSR membership and, 48–49, 50, 52

  See also Kravchuk, Leonid

  Ukrainian Weekly (Ukrainian American newspaper), 261, 266, 279, 292

  UN. See United Nations

  Union of Sovereign States, 251

  United Nations (UN), 62, 104, 110, 112, 185, 237

  Security Council, 357, 371

  Stalin and, 393

  United States (U.S.)

  Armenia and, 382

  Azerbaijan and, 382

  Baltic republics and, 191, 192–198

  Belarus and, 382

  CIS and reaction of, 322, 323–324, 327–333, 335–343, 348

  Cold War and, 192, 381, 389–390, 391–392, 408

  coup d’état of August 1991 and reaction of, 74–77, 81, 105–108, 114–115, 200

  covert operations led by, 123–124, 369

  with economic aid, 202–203, 237, 329, 331–332

  economy, 331

  with efforts to prevent Soviet Union’s collapse, xiv–xvi, xx, xxii, 10, 73, 78–79, 123–124, 205–209, 211, 381, 404

  Georgia and, 382

  as global power, xvi, xvii, 374

  Gorbachev and support from, xiv–xv, xx, xxi, 10, 200

  with Gorbachev’s resignation, 379–383

  with humanitarian aid, 206, 207, 237, 329, 331, 340, 341, 347, 371

  Israel and, 233

  Kazakhstan and, 346–349, 351, 382

  Kyrgyzstan and, 345–346, 382

  Middle East and, 232–233

  military service of Bush, George H. W., 191–192

  Moldova and, 382

  with most-favored-nation trade status, 21, 62

  official stance on Soviet Union’s collapse, xiii–xiv, 76–77, 328–329, 379, 380–381, 389–390

  Russia in post-Soviet space with support from, xv

  Soviet relations with, 78, 199–206, 208, 232, 234–235, 237, 238–239, 337–338, 379, 404, 407

  Tajikstan and, 382

  technical aid from, 194, 341, 347

  Turkmenistan and, 382

  Ukraine and, 359, 382

  Ukrainian Americans in, 52, 64–65, 206, 261, 265–267, 292

  Ukrainian sovereignty and, 259–262, 263–270

  Uzbekistan and, 382

  wiretapping by, 123–124

  Yeltsin, Boris, on, 42

  Urals, 27

  “Uzbek Case” (“Cotton Case”), 353–355

  Uzbekistan

  CIS and, 322, 345, 353–356

  corruption in, 353–355

  cotton in, 354–355, 356

  economic reform and, 230

  Karimov and, 230, 345, 353, 355–356, 366, 396

  new union treaty and, 264

  population, 353

  sovereignty and, 173

  U.S. and, 382

  Varennikov, Valentin, 81, 85, 119, 154–156, 157, 286, 400

  Vienna, 32

  Vigranskaia, Anatolii, 80

  Vigranskaia, Irina, 80, 82, 133, 385

  Vikulina, Tamara, 81

  Vinnytsia, 293

  Violence

  border, 50–51, 194

  CIS and territorial, 360, 361
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  Operation Thunder and, 119–120

  sovereignty demonstrations and, 38–39, 117

  Voice of America (VOA), 115–116, 161

  Volhynia, 280

  Voshchanov, Pavel, 178, 179, 181–182, 282

  Chechnia and, 247

  sovereignty and, 176–177

  on Yeltsin, 213

  Vremia (Time), 99, 157

  Washington, D.C., xix

  “We Welcome the Fall of the Empire” (Afanasiev and Bonner), 178

  Weapons of mass destruction, 408

  Weinstein, Allen, 113

  Wilder, Thornton, 210

  Wiretapping

  by Soviet Union, 84, 88–89

  by U.S., 123–124

  Wisent. See Zubr

  Woerner, Manfred, 209

  Wofford, Harris, 260

  Wolfowitz, Paul, 262, 407

  World War II, 55, 66–67, 233

  A World Transformed (Bush, G. H. W. and Scowcroft), 391

  Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 84, 87, 95, 139, 272, 285, 336, 343

  Gorbachev’s resignation and, 367, 370, 374, 375, 377, 386

  on Yeltsin, 370

  Yakovlev, Yegor, 272, 371–372, 377

  Yalta Conference, 192, 193, 232, 393, 400

  Yanaev, Gennadii, 9, 52, 68, 74, 77

  coup d’état and, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90–91, 97–100, 105, 112, 116–117, 120, 149

  Yavlinsky, Grigorii, 148, 221, 223, 330

  Yavorivsky, Volodymyr, 165

  Yazov, Dmitrii, 14, 16, 24–25, 38, 74

  coup d’état and, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89–90, 97, 99–100, 102–103, 114, 116–117, 120, 121, 124, 125–126, 130, 145, 160

  Yazova, Emma, 99–100, 125

  Yeltsin, Boris, xv, xxi, 76

  Almaty summit and, 83, 362–363, 364

  “Appeal to the People of Russia” and, 229–230

  behavior of, 24–28, 41, 43, 45, 101, 144, 213–214, 247–248, 302, 315, 376–377, 383–386

  Belavezha Agreement and, 298–299, 302–303, 305, 307–310, 313–314, 319, 321

  biography, 27–30

  Bolshevik influence on, 42

  Bush, George H. W., and, 10, 14, 26–27, 42–46, 104, 106–108, 113–114, 123–124, 125, 145–146, 198–199, 212–213, 225–226, 229, 295–296, 313–314, 323, 335–336, 370–371, 378, 382, 404

  Chechnia and, 242–248

  Cherniaev on, 213, 225, 241, 243, 247, 248, 258, 384, 385

  CIS and, 358

  with countercoup, 137–138, 143–144

  coup d’état of August 1991 and, 93–104, 106–119, 121–125, 128, 134, 147, 161, 398

  economic reform and, 218–220, 225–226, 227–230, 238–239, 241, 284

  Gorbachev and, 25–26, 27–31, 35–38, 40–41, 44–45, 83–84, 88–89, 92, 106, 113, 134–138, 140, 141–145, 147, 176, 183–184, 186–188, 202–204, 207, 211, 214, 219–220, 222, 225–226, 228–229, 233–234, 241–243, 246, 247–250, 257–258, 270–273, 294, 296–297, 303, 304–305, 308, 309–311, 313–315, 319, 321–322, 323–326, 334–336, 339, 341, 342, 344, 365–387, 395, 396–397, 399–400

  Korzhakov on, 302, 311, 319, 369, 386–387

  leadership of, 101, 122, 146, 227

  legacy, 397–398, 405

  memoirs, 386

  with new union treaty, 41, 136–137, 144, 219, 250–251, 256–258, 295–296, 303, 304–305

  nuclear briefcases and, 340, 368, 376, 377

  political standing, 146, 162–164, 172–173, 200, 212, 214–215, 217, 230, 233–234, 241

  with Russian sovereignty, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 136–137, 143–144

  Scowcroft and, 26, 27, 42–43, 45, 106–107

  secret documents and, 369

  Soviet Union’s collapse and prevention by, 175–188, 216, 295

  split from Communist Party, 30–31, 32, 33

  state funds and, 270–271

  Ukrainian sovereignty and, 49–50, 175, 269, 295–297, 303–304

  union-to-commonwealth transfer and, 344, 365–387

  on U.S., 42–43

  Yeltsin, Tatiana, 93, 94, 100–101

  Yeltsina, Naina, 26, 95, 100, 387

  Yevtushenko, Yevgenii, 103

  Yugoslavia, 200, 237–238, 269, 272–273, 404

  “with nukes,” 360

  Yukhnovsky, Ihor, 165

  Yushchenko, Viktor, 407

  Zhelezniakov, Anatolii, 186

  Zlenko, Anatolii, 283

  Zubr (wisent), 301–302

 

 

 


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