Nuclear weapons
bombs, 5, 13
fallout, 16, 47, 300–301
Kazakhstan and, 346, 348–349
Kyrgyzstan and, 346
MAD doctrine and, 6
Petrov and, 7
testing, 15–16
testing ban, 211
See also Missiles
Nuclear-free republics
Almaty summit and, 364, 371
Ukraine as, 265, 287
Nuremberg war crime trials, 66
Obolensky, A. M., 185–186
O’Clery, Conor, 386
Odesa, 177, 282, 285–286, 293
Oil, 226, 270, 297, 301
Oliinyk, Borys, 259
Olympic Games, 6
OMON, 50
Openness. See Glasnost
Operation Thunder, 116–117, 119–121, 123
See also Covert operations
Orange Revolution of 2004, 407
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 232
Oslo Accords of 1993, 231
Ossetia, 360
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 369
Palazhchenko, Pavel, 22, 129, 237, 238, 241, 251
Belavezha Agreement and, 326–327, 333–335, 339
on Gorbachev’s resignation, 373
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 259–260, 268
Palestine, 21, 231–232, 237
Panetta, Leon, 263
Pankin, Boris, 203–204, 207, 210, 224, 262, 337
on Gorbachev, 234, 236, 238, 251
at Middle East Peace Conference, 239
on new union treaty, 251
Yeltsin and, 369
Paris, 32, 233
Pasternak, Boris, 111
Pavlov, Valentin, 10
coup d’état and, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 99, 114, 145, 202
Pavlychko, Dmytro, 169, 287–288
Peace, treaties, 231–232, 233
Pelosi, Nancy, 263
People’s Council. See Narodna Rada
People’s Newspaper, 272–273
Perestroika (restructuring), 12, 13, 56, 59, 63, 122, 215, 300, 395
Peter the Great, 338, 395
Petrov, Stanislav, 7
Pidhorny, Mykola. See Podgorny, Nikolai
Pierce, Barbara. See Bush, Barbara
Pinochet, Augusto, 98, 121
Plekhanov, Yurii, 81, 84–85, 86, 126, 127
Podgorny, Nikolai (Pidhorny, Mykola), 54
Poland, 193, 215, 280, 283, 296, 301, 400
Politburo, 28–29
Political prisoners, 60, 165
Polozkov, S. A., 326
Poltoranin, Mikhail, 215, 383
Popadiuk, Roman, 53, 74–75, 263, 265
Popov, Gavriil, 26, 122, 177, 205, 220, 300
Populations
Chechnia, 244
Crimea, 281
Estonia, 244
Kazakhstan, 311, 351, 352
Russia, xvii
in Soviet Union, xvii
Turkmenistan, 353
Ukraine, xvii, 62–63
Ukrainians in U.S., 52, 64–65, 206, 261, 265–267, 292
Uzbekistan, 353
Portugalov, Nikolai, 327
Potsdam Conference, 233
Powell, Colin, 87, 106, 201, 404
Power
electoral system reforms and, 29, 33, 35, 56
nuclear briefcases and, 81, 340, 368, 371, 376, 377
sharing, 187
Soviet-American, 22
U.S. as global, xvi, xvii, 374
See also Center-republic relations
Power, union-to-commonwealth transfer of
Gorbachev and Yeltsin, 344, 365–387
nuclear button and, 371
presidential archives and, 369
“RAND-like” corporation and, 368–369
resignation of Gorbachev and, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 367–386
retirement package for Gorbachev and, 366–371
with treatment of Gorbachev in post-Soviet space, 372, 377–378, 379, 382, 384–387
Prague Spring of 1968, 12
Pravda (newspaper), 98, 137, 215, 235
Presidential archives, transfer of, 369
Primakov, Yevgenii, 325
Prisoners, political, 60, 165
Prokofiev, Yurii, 142
Public response
to Belavezha Agreement, 359
to CIS, 344
to coup d’état of August 1991, 102–104, 107–109, 118–120, 134, 139–141, 142–143, 161
threats to sovereignty and, 179–180
Ukrainian referendum and, 284, 292, 293, 402
See also Demonstrations
Pugo, Boris, 38
coup d’état and, 86, 88, 97, 99, 100
suicide and, 135, 140, 148, 149
Pugo, Valentina, 148
Pushkin, Alexander, 103
Putin, Vladimir, 160, 205, 221, 338
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 120–121
political views, 406
Radio Liberty, 118
Radio stations, 103, 108, 115, 118
“RAND-like Corporation,” 368–369
Rashidov, Shoraf, 353–354
Rather, Dan, 116
Reagan, Nancy, 19, 52
Reagan, Ron, xiv, xv
Reagan, Ronald, xiv, 6, 18, 51
Gorbachev and, 12–13
legacy, 8–9, 381–382
on Soviet Union, 7
“Rebuilding Russia” (Solzhenitsyn), 298
Red Rue song festival. See Chervona Ruta song festival
Red Square, xiii, 96
Referendum, in Ukraine, 288
Bush, George H. W., and, 275
candidates, 277–279, 280
Chornovil and, 276, 278–279, 280, 293
ethnic minorities and, 283–286
Kravchuk, Leonid, and, 275–277, 279–282, 284–287, 291–294, 303–304, 399
nuclear arms and, 290
public response to, 284, 292, 293, 402
religion and, 286
results, 293
Soviet military and, 286–287
Ukrainian military and, 289–291
See also Commonwealth of Independent States; Soviet Union, collapse of; Ukraine
Reform
Baker on, 346
center-republic relations and, 206, 207, 215–230, 238–239
of Communist Party, 139
corruption and, 349–350
economic, 13–14, 206, 207, 215–230, 238–239, 241, 284, 341
economic management, 30
electoral system, 29, 33, 35, 56
glasnost and, 12, 13, 56, 63, 111
Gorbachev and, 12, 13, 29–30, 33, 56, 59, 63, 111, 122, 139, 147, 215, 300, 349–350, 395
Kozyrev and, 215, 229, 238–239
perestroika and, 12, 13, 56, 59, 63, 122, 215, 300, 395
Religions
Islam, 295, 346, 348–349, 355
in Ukraine, 286
Remnick, David, 18, 57
Republics. See Baltic republics; Central Asian republics; Nuclear republics; Soviet republics; specific republics
Restructuring. See Perestroika
Retirement package, Gorbachev’s, 366–371
Revenko, Heorhii, 320
Revolutions
Bolsheviks, 11, 98, 243, 329, 365, 394
demonstrations for democratic, 139–143, 202
French, 395
Great October Socialist, 28
ideological, 204, 210
Orange, 407
Rose, 406–407
See also Coup d’état, of August 1991; Coup d’états
Rice, Condoleezza, 42–43
Rights, 285
See also Human rights
Romania, 193, 283
Romanovs, 403
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3, 80, 192, 393, 400
Rose Revolution of 2003, 406–407
Ross, Dennis, 332, 335, 336, 379
Rossiiskaia gazeta (Russia
n Newspaper), 344, 347
Rostropovich, Mstislav, 103
Rukh (Ukrainian democratic political group), 59–61, 63–64, 67–68, 156, 278
Belavezha Agreement and, 304
on coup d’état of August 1991, 160–161
sovereignty and, 178, 179–180, 266, 285–286
Russia
Almaty summit and, 83, 362–363, 364
Belarus and, 297, 299, 302, 306–307
Belavezha Agreement and, 297–299, 302–304, 305–310, 313–314, 319, 323–326, 338–341
borders, 172, 176
center-republic relations and, 215, 219, 220, 226, 229–230, 397–398, 400
coat of arms, 358
Crimea transfer to Ukraine from, 176–177, 280–281
economic reform and, 218
economic treaty with post-Soviet republics, 206, 221–230
electoral democracy in, xviii, 112, 394
gas and oil controlled by, 226, 270, 297, 301
mineral resources in, 399
as nuclear republic, xix
population, xvii
post-Soviet space and influence of, xv, 328, 406
sovereignty and, 34, 35–37, 40, 41, 136–137, 143–144
Ukraine and relations with, xx, xxii, 172, 175–182
United Nations Security Council and, 371
“Uzbek Case” and, 354
See also Yeltsin, Boris
Russian Newspaper. See Rossiiskaia gazeta
“Russia’s Strategy for the Transition Period” (“Burbulis Memorandum”), 217–218, 228
Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 94, 108, 143, 145
Belavezha Agreement and, 320
biography, 101–102
Chechnia and, 244, 245–247
coup d’état of August 1991
and, 125, 129–130, 134
sovereignty, Kazakhstan and, 181
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 171–172, 178, 179–181, 402
Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 36, 37
Sabonis-Chafee, Theresa, 109, 118
Sachs, Jeffrey, 223
Safire, William, 65
Sakharov, Andrei, 13, 103, 300
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I, 6, 51
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) II, 6
Santorum, Rick, 263
Scowcroft, Brent, xv, 16, 23, 200–201
Bush, George H. W., and, 65, 74–75, 76, 145, 199, 236, 391
coup d’état of August 1991
and, 104, 105, 106, 128
critics of, 261–262
on Gorbachev, 267, 336
Gorbachev’s resignation and, 379–380
on nuclear disarmament, 209–210
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 263, 266
Yazov and, 25
Yeltsin, Boris, and, 26, 27, 42–43, 45, 106–107
SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative
Secrets, documents, 369
Serbia, 272
Sevastianov (cosmonaut), 327
Sevastopol, 293
Shakhnazarov, Georgii, 81, 219, 222, 248–250, 269
Belavezha Agreement and, 320
CIS and, 358
new union treaty and, 397
on Ukrainian sovereignty, 259, 280, 293–294
Shakhnovsky, Vasilii, 150
Shakhrai, Sergei, 219, 220, 222, 297
Belavezha Agreement and, 304, 305, 306, 309
center-republic relations and, 249
Shamir, Yitzhak, 233
Shaposhnikov, Yevgenii, 117–118, 125, 138, 140, 288
Almaty summit and, 361–362
Belavezha Agreement and, 312–313, 339
center-republic relations and, 205, 368
CIS and, 322, 324, 361–362
on Gorbachev, 377, 397
nuclear briefcases and, 340, 371, 376
Shatalin, Stanislav, 216
Shcherbak, Yurii, 175, 179, 292
Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr, 53, 54–55, 56, 59
Shebarshin, Leonid, 135, 136
Shelest, Petro, 53
Shenin, Oleg, 31
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 38, 95, 103, 111, 193, 200, 271, 337
Belavezha Agreement and, 325, 335, 338, 343
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 262
Shevchenko, Taras, 57, 386
Shield, 96
Shirkovsky, Eduard, 311–312
Short History of the Communist Party, 42
Shushkevich, Stanislaŭ, xxii, 264, 297, 312
Almaty summit and, 359–360, 362–363, 364
Belavezha Agreement and, 302, 307, 314, 315, 320, 348
biography, 300, 303
new union treaty and, 257
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 303–304
Siberia, 298
Silaev, Ivan, 94, 145–146, 147, 163, 183, 202, 299
economic situation, 205
resignation of, 214
union-to-commonwealth transfer and, 370
Simons, Thomas, 195
Sinatra doctrine, 4
Skoryk, Larysa, 279
Slavic Union, Solzhenitsyn’s, 298, 352, 353, 402
See also Belarus; Kazakhstan; Russia; Ukraine
Snegur, Mircea, 158
Sobchak, Anatolii, 120, 160, 300, 330
food shortage and, 205, 220–221
Gorbachev and support from, 271–272
sovereignty, Kazakhstan and, 181
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 172, 175–176, 179, 180
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 298, 352, 353, 402
“Southern Siberia,” 298
Sovereignty
Armenia and, 173, 265
Azerbaijan, 173
Baltic republics and, 30, 34–35, 38, 39, 45–46, 49–50, 174, 187, 193–198
Belarus and, 173, 177
border disputes and, 172, 176–177, 181–182, 192–194, 200–201, 265, 308
Chechnia and, 242–243, 245
Communist Party and, 34–40
Crimea and, 171, 281–282
demonstrations, 38–39, 64–65, 117–118, 152–153, 164, 179–180, 206, 245, 282
Estonia and, 174, 175, 195, 197
Georgia and, 173, 175, 265
Kazakhstan and, 178, 179, 181, 182, 249, 347, 351
Kyrgyzstan and, 173
Latvia and, 174, 175, 197
Lithuania and, 34, 37, 38, 50, 174, 198
Moldova and, 173, 178
Rukh and, 178, 179–180, 266, 285–286
Russia and, 34, 35–37, 40, 41, 136–137, 143–144
Soviet republics and, 34–41, 45, 48–50, 53–54, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 136–137, 143–144, 152–182, 185, 191–201, 206–207, 242–243, 245, 249–250, 275–294, 295–297, 299, 303–304, 347, 351, 363–364, 402
Ukraine and, 37, 48–50, 53–54, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 153–155, 163–182, 184, 187, 206–207, 255–256, 258–270, 272–274, 275–294, 295–297, 299, 303–304, 363–364, 402
Union of Sovereign States and, 251
Uzbekistan and, 173
Soviet republics
border disputes, 172, 176–177
with center-republic relations, 202–209, 211, 213–239, 241–243, 245–251, 270–271, 281, 308–309, 349–350, 397–398, 400
food shortage in, 205, 208, 214, 220–221, 237, 242, 340, 351
new union treaty and, 41, 48, 49, 61–62, 134, 136–137, 144, 162, 163, 184–185, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 281
Russia and economic treaty with post-, 206, 221–230
sovereignty and, 34–41, 45, 48–50, 53–54, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 136–137, 143–144, 152–182, 185, 191–201, 206–207, 242–243, 245, 249–250, 275–294, 295–297, 299, 303–304, 347, 351, 363–364, 402
Union of Sovereign States and, 251
See also specific republics
Soviet Union
Afghanistan and, 202–203, 404, 407
Cold War and, 192
Cuba and, 21, 202–203, 404
dissolution of, 309–310, 314–315, 320, 323, 362, 366, 389, 394
IMF and membership of, 17
, 18
leadership, line of, 9
Marshall Plan for, 205–206, 329–331, 341
most-favored-nation trade status and, 21
population, xvii
U.S. relations with, 78, 199–206, 208, 232, 234–235, 237, 238–239, 337–338, 379, 404, 407
wiretapping by, 84, 88–89
Soviet Union, collapse of appeals for, 178, 182
Belavezha Agreement and, xx–xxi, 297–310, 312–316, 319–343, 348, 359, 397, 400
with center-republic relations, 202–209, 211, 213–239, 241–243, 245–251, 270–271, 281, 308–309, 349–350, 368, 397–398, 400
as conspiracy theory and CIA plot, xvi crucial period before, xviii–xix, xx–xxi, 64
electoral democracy and, xviii, 13–14, 33, 394
Gorbachev’s prevention efforts and, 177, 183–187, 216, 255–258, 272–273, 279–281, 322, 324
Gorbachev’s resignation with, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 367–386
as last empire, xvii–xviii, xx–xxii, 34, 40, 178, 182, 185–186, 393
Ukrainian referendum and, 275–294, 303–304, 399, 402
with union-to-commonwealth transfer of power, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 344, 365–387
U.S. and official stance on, xiii–xiv, 76–77, 328–329, 379, 380–381, 389–390
U.S. efforts to prevent, xiv–xvi, xx, xxii, 10, 73, 78–79, 123–124, 205–209, 211, 381, 404
Yeltsin’s prevention efforts and, 175–188, 216, 295
Space, post-Soviet
with distancing of Baltic states, 407
Gorbachev’s treatment in, 372, 377–378, 379, 382, 384–387
ideas for, 298
1991 and influence on, 406
Russia’s influence in, xv, 328, 406
Ukraine’s influence in, 328, 407
U.S. support for Russia in, xv
See also Almaty summit; Belavezha Agreement; Center-republic relations; Referendum, in Ukraine
Spain, 231–233, 235
Sputnik, 5
Stalin, Joseph, 3, 5, 12, 56, 80, 82, 192, 202, 328, 338
Chechnia and, 243
Crimean Tatars and, 281
Hitler and, 400
secret documents of, 369
UN and, 393
Stankevich, Sergei
sovereignty, Kazakhstan and, 181
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 172, 175–176, 178–179, 181
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) I, 4, 9, 17, 20–23
importance of, 47
Talbott on, 15
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) II, 211
State funds, emptied, 259, 270–271
State of the Union Address, 388–390, 407
“Statement of the President of the USSR and the Supreme Leaders of the Republics” (“10 + 1”) (Nazarbayev), 184–185, 186
Stepanchuk, John, 153, 159–160, 166
Stepkin, Petro, 169–170
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. See SALT I; SALT II
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. See START I; START II
The Last Empire Page 60