The Last Empire
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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 13
Strauss, Bob, 76, 115, 163, 188, 203, 238
Suicides, 135, 140, 148, 149, 150
Summits
Bush-Gorbachev, 4, 9–10, 13–15, 17–18, 20–23
modern-day, 3–4
See also Almaty summit
Suslov, Mikhail, 11
“Sverdlovsk mafia,” 215, 228, 349
Syria, 231, 232, 237
“System Change,” in Baltics, 50
Szmagala, Taras, 266
Szporluk, Roman, 40
Tajikstan, 163, 322, 361, 382
Talbott, Strobe, 15, 333–335, 336
Taliban, 203
Tatars, Crimean, 177, 281
Technology, 208
U.S. aid with, 194, 341, 347
Teeter, Robert, 379–380
Teheran Conference, 193
“10 + 1.” See “Statement of the President of the USSR and the Supreme Leaders of the Republics”
Ternopil oblast, 280, 293
Ter-Petrosian, Levon, 186–187, 361
See also Armenia
Terrorism, xvi, 245
Testing
ban, 211
with Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 6
missiles, 15–17
nuclear weapons, 15–16
Thatcher, Margaret, 233, 386
Thornburgh, Dick, 260
Tiananmen Square massacre, 77
Tikhonov, Nikolai, 54
Time. See Vremia
Timur and His Team (Gaidar, A.), 215
Titarenko, Raisa. See Gorbacheva, Raisa
Tolstoy, Leo, 41, 103
Trade. See Most-favored-nation trade status
Transcarpathia, 282, 283
Transnistria, 177, 360, 361, 362
Treaties
Anti-Ballistic Missile, 51
borders, 176
Limited Nuclear Test-Ban, 6
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, xviii, 34, 193, 301, 369, 400
new union, 41, 48, 49, 61–62, 134, 136–137, 144, 162, 163, 184–185, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 255–258, 264, 272–273, 281, 295–296, 303, 304–305, 397
between nuclear republics, 348
peace, 231–232, 233
Russia, post-Soviet republics and economic, 206, 221–230
SALT I, 6, 51
SALT II, 6
Soviet republics and new union, 41, 48, 49, 61–62, 134, 136–137, 144, 162, 163, 184, 185, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 264, 281
START I, 4, 9, 15, 17, 20–23, 47
START II, 211
See also NATO; specific treaties
Truman, Harry, 330, 331
Tsereteli, Zurab, 338
Turkmenistan, 192, 249
CIS and, 322, 352–353
gas in, 353
new union treaty and, 264
Niyazov and, 224, 352–353
population, 353
U.S. and, 382
Tutwiler, Margaret, 328
Udovenko, Hennadii, 265
Ukraine, 10, 112, 192
Almaty summit and, 358–359, 362–364
Belavezha Agreement and, 298, 299–301, 303–310, 312–316, 320, 324
borders, 172, 176
Bush, George H. W., Kyiv and, 47–53, 55, 57–59, 60–69, 165–166
Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe and, 55, 62
CIS and, 358–359
with commerce and investment, 208
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 155–162, 169
Crimea transfer from Russia to, 176–177, 280–281
economic treaty between Russia and, 206
electoral democracy in, xviii
Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33, 401
Jews in, 285–286
most-favored-nation trade status and, 62
NATO and, 406
new union treaty and, 162, 184, 222–223, 295–296, 303, 304–305
nuclear disarmament and, 363, 371
as nuclear republic, xix
as nuclear-free state, 265, 287
Orange Revolution of 2004 and, 407
population, xvii, 62–63
post-Soviet space and influence of, 328, 407
referendum in, 275–294, 303–304, 399, 402
religion in, 286
Rukh and, 59–61, 63–64, 67–68, 156, 160–161, 178, 179–180, 266, 278, 285–286, 304
Russia and relations with, xx, xxii, 172, 175–182
sovereignty and, 37, 48–50, 53–54, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 153–155, 163–182, 184, 187, 206–207, 255–256, 258–270, 272–274, 275–294, 295–297, 299, 303–304, 363–364, 402
Soviet military in, 286–287
with Ukrainian American support, 52, 64–65, 206, 261, 265–267, 292
Ukrainian military and, 289–291, 362
UN and, 393
U.S. and, 359, 382
USSR membership and, 48–49, 50, 52
See also Kravchuk, Leonid
Ukrainian Weekly (Ukrainian American newspaper), 261, 266, 279, 292
UN. See United Nations
Union of Sovereign States, 251
United Nations (UN), 62, 104, 110, 112, 185, 237
Security Council, 357, 371
Stalin and, 393
United States (U.S.)
Armenia and, 382
Azerbaijan and, 382
Baltic republics and, 191, 192–198
Belarus and, 382
CIS and reaction of, 322, 323–324, 327–333, 335–343, 348
Cold War and, 192, 381, 389–390, 391–392, 408
coup d’état of August 1991 and reaction of, 74–77, 81, 105–108, 114–115, 200
covert operations led by, 123–124, 369
with economic aid, 202–203, 237, 329, 331–332
economy, 331
with efforts to prevent Soviet Union’s collapse, xiv–xvi, xx, xxii, 10, 73, 78–79, 123–124, 205–209, 211, 381, 404
Georgia and, 382
as global power, xvi, xvii, 374
Gorbachev and support from, xiv–xv, xx, xxi, 10, 200
with Gorbachev’s resignation, 379–383
with humanitarian aid, 206, 207, 237, 329, 331, 340, 341, 347, 371
Israel and, 233
Kazakhstan and, 346–349, 351, 382
Kyrgyzstan and, 345–346, 382
Middle East and, 232–233
military service of Bush, George H. W., 191–192
Moldova and, 382
with most-favored-nation trade status, 21, 62
official stance on Soviet Union’s collapse, xiii–xiv, 76–77, 328–329, 379, 380–381, 389–390
Russia in post-Soviet space with support from, xv
Soviet relations with, 78, 199–206, 208, 232, 234–235, 237, 238–239, 337–338, 379, 404, 407
Tajikstan and, 382
technical aid from, 194, 341, 347
Turkmenistan and, 382
Ukraine and, 359, 382
Ukrainian Americans in, 52, 64–65, 206, 261, 265–267, 292
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 259–262, 263–270
Uzbekistan and, 382
wiretapping by, 123–124
Yeltsin, Boris, on, 42
Urals, 27
“Uzbek Case” (“Cotton Case”), 353–355
Uzbekistan
CIS and, 322, 345, 353–356
corruption in, 353–355
cotton in, 354–355, 356
economic reform and, 230
Karimov and, 230, 345, 353, 355–356, 366, 396
new union treaty and, 264
population, 353
sovereignty and, 173
U.S. and, 382
Varennikov, Valentin, 81, 85, 119, 154–156, 157, 286, 400
Vienna, 32
Vigranskaia, Anatolii, 80
Vigranskaia, Irina, 80, 82, 133, 385
Vikulina, Tamara, 81
Vinnytsia, 293
Violence
border, 50–51, 194
CIS and territorial, 360, 361
/>
Operation Thunder and, 119–120
sovereignty demonstrations and, 38–39, 117
Voice of America (VOA), 115–116, 161
Volhynia, 280
Voshchanov, Pavel, 178, 179, 181–182, 282
Chechnia and, 247
sovereignty and, 176–177
on Yeltsin, 213
Vremia (Time), 99, 157
Washington, D.C., xix
“We Welcome the Fall of the Empire” (Afanasiev and Bonner), 178
Weapons of mass destruction, 408
Weinstein, Allen, 113
Wilder, Thornton, 210
Wiretapping
by Soviet Union, 84, 88–89
by U.S., 123–124
Wisent. See Zubr
Woerner, Manfred, 209
Wofford, Harris, 260
Wolfowitz, Paul, 262, 407
World War II, 55, 66–67, 233
A World Transformed (Bush, G. H. W. and Scowcroft), 391
Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 84, 87, 95, 139, 272, 285, 336, 343
Gorbachev’s resignation and, 367, 370, 374, 375, 377, 386
on Yeltsin, 370
Yakovlev, Yegor, 272, 371–372, 377
Yalta Conference, 192, 193, 232, 393, 400
Yanaev, Gennadii, 9, 52, 68, 74, 77
coup d’état and, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90–91, 97–100, 105, 112, 116–117, 120, 149
Yavlinsky, Grigorii, 148, 221, 223, 330
Yavorivsky, Volodymyr, 165
Yazov, Dmitrii, 14, 16, 24–25, 38, 74
coup d’état and, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89–90, 97, 99–100, 102–103, 114, 116–117, 120, 121, 124, 125–126, 130, 145, 160
Yazova, Emma, 99–100, 125
Yeltsin, Boris, xv, xxi, 76
Almaty summit and, 83, 362–363, 364
“Appeal to the People of Russia” and, 229–230
behavior of, 24–28, 41, 43, 45, 101, 144, 213–214, 247–248, 302, 315, 376–377, 383–386
Belavezha Agreement and, 298–299, 302–303, 305, 307–310, 313–314, 319, 321
biography, 27–30
Bolshevik influence on, 42
Bush, George H. W., and, 10, 14, 26–27, 42–46, 104, 106–108, 113–114, 123–124, 125, 145–146, 198–199, 212–213, 225–226, 229, 295–296, 313–314, 323, 335–336, 370–371, 378, 382, 404
Chechnia and, 242–248
Cherniaev on, 213, 225, 241, 243, 247, 248, 258, 384, 385
CIS and, 358
with countercoup, 137–138, 143–144
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 93–104, 106–119, 121–125, 128, 134, 147, 161, 398
economic reform and, 218–220, 225–226, 227–230, 238–239, 241, 284
Gorbachev and, 25–26, 27–31, 35–38, 40–41, 44–45, 83–84, 88–89, 92, 106, 113, 134–138, 140, 141–145, 147, 176, 183–184, 186–188, 202–204, 207, 211, 214, 219–220, 222, 225–226, 228–229, 233–234, 241–243, 246, 247–250, 257–258, 270–273, 294, 296–297, 303, 304–305, 308, 309–311, 313–315, 319, 321–322, 323–326, 334–336, 339, 341, 342, 344, 365–387, 395, 396–397, 399–400
Korzhakov on, 302, 311, 319, 369, 386–387
leadership of, 101, 122, 146, 227
legacy, 397–398, 405
memoirs, 386
with new union treaty, 41, 136–137, 144, 219, 250–251, 256–258, 295–296, 303, 304–305
nuclear briefcases and, 340, 368, 376, 377
political standing, 146, 162–164, 172–173, 200, 212, 214–215, 217, 230, 233–234, 241
with Russian sovereignty, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 136–137, 143–144
Scowcroft and, 26, 27, 42–43, 45, 106–107
secret documents and, 369
Soviet Union’s collapse and prevention by, 175–188, 216, 295
split from Communist Party, 30–31, 32, 33
state funds and, 270–271
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 49–50, 175, 269, 295–297, 303–304
union-to-commonwealth transfer and, 344, 365–387
on U.S., 42–43
Yeltsin, Tatiana, 93, 94, 100–101
Yeltsina, Naina, 26, 95, 100, 387
Yevtushenko, Yevgenii, 103
Yugoslavia, 200, 237–238, 269, 272–273, 404
“with nukes,” 360
Yukhnovsky, Ihor, 165
Yushchenko, Viktor, 407
Zhelezniakov, Anatolii, 186
Zlenko, Anatolii, 283
Zubr (wisent), 301–302