248. “Leitensdorfer was born”: Prentiss, pp. 419—24.
249. “Under his new”: Ibid.
250. “His adventures with Eaton”: Ibid.
251. “‘Convention between the’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 367—8.
251. “‘I cannot but’”: Ibid., p. 354.
252. “‘We found the impediments’”: Ibid., p. 384.
Chapter XIV: America’s Lawrence
253. “As befitted a”: Whipple, pp. 203—4.
253. “The army trekked”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 399.
253. “It was the same”: Tucker, p. 376; McEvedy, vols. 1—2.
254. “During World War II”: Edwards, p. 15.
254. “In March and April”: Tucker, pp. 371—4.
254. “‘General Eaton’s instincts’”: Edwards, p. 185.
254. “‘Wherever General Eaton’”: Edwards, pp. 3, 6.
255. “They refused to”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 405.
255. “The Arab cavalry fired”: Ibid., p. 410.
255. “Arabs stole all”: Edwards, pp. 1-3.
256. “They drew water”: The Leathernecks, p. 36; Whipple, p. 200.
256. “explored a valley”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 423.
256. “Eaton examined scattered”: Ibid., p. 482.
256. “‘with Greek inscriptions’”: Ibid.
256. “The camel drivers again”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 433—4.
257. “Eaton responded to the”: Ibid.
257. “Fifty drivers returned”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 435.
257. “The tribesmen thought”: Ibid., pp. 444, 448, 454.
257. “‘Despondency sat in’”: Ibid., p. 456.
258. “‘The services of’”: Ibid., p. 459.
258. “‘Joseph Bashaw’s forces’”: Ibid., p. 464.
259. “‘They were astonished’”: Ibid., p. 472.
259. “O‘Bannon was a”: Tucker, p. 356.
259. “On the Adams”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 335.
260. “‘O’Bannon [is] one”‘: The Leathernecks, p. 36.
260. “Eaton’s volcanic relationship”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 475.
260. “Absent several days”: Ibid., p. 478.
261. “The proclamation began”: Ibid., pp. 467—9.
261. “‘He leads you’”: Ibid., pp. 469—70.
262. “‘I shall be’”: Ibid.
262. “By early April”: Ibid., p. 478.
262. “‘If they preferred’”: Ibid., p. 490.
263. “Eaton and O‘Bannon”: Ibid., pp. 490—1.
263. “Eaton then made”: Ibid.
263. “Eaton began to berate”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.
264. “The standoff ended”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 490—1.
264. “Later, O‘Bannon scolded”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.
264. “Christians and Arabs”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 498; The Leathernecks, p. 36.
264. “Captain Selim Comb”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 481.
264. “Halting on April 9”: Ibid., p. 495.
265. “the hungry Marines”: The Leathernecks, p. 37.
265. “The women strung”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 503.
265. “Hamet killed a”: Ibid., p. 509.
265. “now reduced to eating”: Ibid., p. 512.
265. “‘In an instant’”: Ibid., p. 498.
265. “The bitter Arabs”: Ibid., p. 512.
265. “Eaton and the Christians”: Ibid.
266. “Hull had reached”: Ibid., p. 493.
266. “The Argus and Hornet”: Ibid., p. 443.
267. “Before his men”: Ibid., p. 533.
267. “Yusuf had established”: Folayan, p. 42.
267. “A tent was”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 389.
268. “He returned empty-handed”: Ibid., p. 443.
268. “‘They said that”’: Ibid., p. 505.
268. “The increasingly flustered”: Ibid., p. 509.
268. “Ten thousand, the”: Ibid., p. 523.
268. “The next morning”: Ibid., p. 540.
269. “But Barron’s squadron”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 30—1.
270. “If he had three”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 94.
270. “Only Preble’s August 3”: Ibid., pp. 58—9.
270. “He owed Tunis”: Ibid., p. 52.
271. “Barron would blockade”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 153.
271. “‘without any price”’: Ibid., pp. 155—6.
271. “Should ‘adverse events’”: Ibid., p. 153.
271. “a Cabinet meeting”: Jan. 8, 1805, Cabinet meeting notes. Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 32.
271. “Jefferson, however, confided”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 465.
272. “On November 14”: Ibid., p. 141.
272. “By December 27”: Ibid., p. 221.
272. “April found him”: Ibid., p. 536.
273. “‘... I should place’”: Ibid., p. 116.
273. “he appears as”: Ray Brighton, The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth: Portsmouth Marine Society, 1985), p. 2.
273. “Lear often signed”: Ibid., p. 152.
273. “In May 1786”: Ibid., pp. 96, 121—3.
274. “In December 1799”: Ibid., pp. 161—3.
275. “But unfortunately, Jefferson,”: Schachner, p. 578.
275. “Washington expressed outrage”: James Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 346.
275. “John Marshall, the”: Brighton, pp. 171-3.
276. “Historian Ray Brighton”: Ibid., p. 175.
276. “Lear and Jefferson”: Ibid., p. 172.
276. “his unlucky business speculation”: Ibid., pp. 169—73.
276. “Jefferson and Madison made”: Ibid., pp. 32, 329—30.
276. “Two years later”: Ibid., p. 193.
276. “Within weeks of”: Ibid., p. 181.
277. “He also systematically”: Edwards, p. 144; Brighton, p. 237.
277. “So he took cover”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 182.
277. “poor effeminate refugee”‘: Ibid., pp. 136—7.
277. “America had three”: Ibid., p. 83.
278. “‘He writes to the’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1.
278. “‘I confess that’”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 486.
278. “Barron confessed to Lear”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 22.
278. “An attack was”: Ibid.
Chapter XV: Derna and Peace
280. “Bananas, dates, grapes”: Tucker, p. 397.
280. “whose cultivation dated”: Richard Carrington, East From Tunis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957), pp. 209—10.
280. “Derna was the administrative”: Magali Morsy, North Africa 1800-1900 (London, New York: Longman Group Limited, 1984), p. 100.
281. “What he learned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 540—1.
281. “‘I thought the Bashaw’”: Ibid., p. 528.
281. “Before boating ashore”: Ibid.
282. “They were landed”: Ibid., p. 542.
282. “Eaton had offered”: Ibid.
283. “The Argus, Hornet”: Ibid., pp. 547, 553—5.
283. “O‘Bannon took charge”: Ibid., p. 528.
284. “The assault force”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 121.
284. “O‘Bannon and his”: Schuon, p. 38.
284. “The Americans turned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 547—8.
284. “A little after”: Ibid., pp. 553—5.
284. “just two dead”: Ibid., p. 548; Schuon, pp. 35, 38.
284. “In years to come”: Moskin, pp. 36, 87.
284. “O‘Bannon later accepted”: Merrill L. Bartlett and Jack Sweetman, The U.S. Marine Corps: An Illustrated History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 31; Karl Schuon. U.S. Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary (New York: Franklin Watts Inc., 1963), p. 163.
284. “O‘Bannon resign
ed his”: Moskin, p. 62.
285. “He moved to Kentucky”: Whipple, p. 274.
285. “He died on”: Schuon, p. 163.
285. “The headstone over”: U.S. Marine Corps Web archive.
285. “The sheik said”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 4—5.
285. “Eaton threatened him”: Ibid., pp. 10—1.
285. “‘Neither persuasion, bribes’”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 553—5.
285. “But Mustifa managed”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 14.
286. “He had sent spies”: Allen, p. 241.
286. “On May 13, Hassan’s troops”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 12—3.
286. “a well-aimed shot”: Ibid., p. 14.
287. “A humiliating traffic‘”: Ibid., p. 29.
287. “Hamet implored Hull”: Ibid., p. 28.
287. “They complained of”: Ibid., p. 59.
288. “Hassan tried to motivate”: Ibid., p. 45.
288. “Hassan’s officers began”: Ibid., p. 15.
288. “‘Everything assures us’”: Ibid., pp. 28—9.
288. “Eaton himself was”: Ibid., p. 15.
288. “‘Heated dust, which’”: Ibid., p. 29.
288. “The searing desert”: Ibid., p. 47.
289. “Hull noted that”: Ibid., p. 29.
289. “‘He swore by’”: Ibid., p. 14.
289. “The bashaw communicated”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 505.
289. “‘the greatest terror’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 373.
289. “Yusuf convened the”: Ibid., p. 43.
289. At the height“: Ibid., p. 45.
290. “‘The Bashaw and”’: Ibid., p. 27.
290. “Yusuf confided to Cowdery”: Ibid., p. 46.
290. “or perhaps Lear”: Ibid., p. 377; Brighton, pp. 242-3.
291. “‘I must withhold’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 438-40.
291. “Barron added that”: Ibid., p. 441.
291. “‘the Enemy will propose”‘: Ibid., p. 553.
292. “He accused Barron”: Ibid., p. 550.
292. “‘This is a circumstance”’: Ibid., pp. 550-3.
293. “Act quickly, Nissen warned”: Ibid., pp. 421-2.
293. “Within days of”: Ibid., p. 438.
293. “In March, with Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 159-63.
293. “Don Joseph sent on”: Ibid., p. 1.
293. “he was unwilling”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 462-3.
293. “The captain once”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 145-6.
294. “Lear told Rodgers”: Ibid., p. 1.
294. “In mid-May, Algiers’s dey”: Ibid., pp. 17-8.
294. “Tunis’s sapitapa offered”: Ibid., p. 7.
294. “‘I must contend”’: Ibid., pp. 22-3.
295. “‘I conceive it”’: Ibid., p. 24.
295. “‘By our resources”’: Ibid., pp. 24-6.
295. “It was ‘a duty”’: Ibid., p. 32.
296. “Barron ensured that Rodgers”: Ibid., pp. 31-2.
296. “The long-awaited gunboats”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 395.
296. “who professed the bizarre”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 98.
296. “swollen to more”: Ibid., p. 107.
296. “Hull and Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 555-6.
297. “To leave Hamet”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 59-61.
297. “Three frigates from”: Ibid., pp. 50—2.
298. “On May 29, Yusuf”: Ibid., pp. 159-63.
298. “Tell Captain Bainbridge”: Ibid., p. 69.
298. “A snag developed”: Ibid., p. 104.
299. “The captives’ flinty”: Ibid., p. 71.
299. “‘The sight of them”’: Brighton, p. 254.
299. “With little ceremony”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 80.
299. “After they sobered”: Ibid., p. 82.
299. “Two crewmen, however,”: Ibid., p. 93.
300. “‘I bid the Bashaw”’: Ibid., p. 96.
300. “Instead of being”: Allen, p. 157.
300. “‘In sullen wrath’”: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier, p. 412.
301. “‘I cannot reconcile’”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 84, 89.
301. “So many troops”: Ibid., p. 59.
301. “During the prelude”: Ibid., p. 61.
301. “Bainbridge was allowed”: Dearborn, pp. 83—4.
301. “When the Divan deadlocked”: Ibid.
302. “A swirling battle”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 62.
302. “‘The Bashaw deserves”’: Ibid., p. 122.
302. “A none compliance”‘: Ibid., p. 83.
303. “Before the frigate”: Ibid., pp. 87, 91.
303. “‘I found that”’: Ibid., p. 22.
303. “It was ‘all that”’: Ibid., p. 92.
303. “‘He answers that”’: Ibid., p. 63.
304. “He made everyone”: Ibid., pp. 116—7.
304. “As the last boats”: Ibid.
305. “The bashaw’s envoy”: Ibid., p. 117.
305. “Hamet, he noted glumly”: Ibid.
305. ‘“Our peace with”’: Ibid.
Chapter XVI: Aftermath
306. “The impatient bey”: Naval Documents,. vol. 6, p. 185.
306. “‘If War is his”’: Ibid., p. 143.
306. “The bey responded”: Ibid., pp. 146, 194.
307. “Tensions reached the”: Ibid., p. 196.
307. “‘All Europe is”’: Ibid., p. 284.
307. ‘“Our own good folk’”: Ibid.
307. “privately he lamented”: Ibid., p. 364.
307. “Smith said all”: Ibid., p. 284.
308. “Every U.S. warship”: Ibid., pp. 198-9.
308. “Ten gunboats in all”: Ibid., p. 330.
308. “but Gunboat 1”: Ibid., p. 39.
308. “Rodgers sent Hamouda Pacha”: Ibid., p. 202.
309. “Davis piped up”: Ibid., pp. 204-5.
309. “The Constitution fired”: Ibid., p. 36.
309. “In an extemporaneous”: Ibid., p. 211.
309. “It perplexed him”: Ibid., pp. 206—7.
310. “Hamouda responded by”: Ibid., p. 257.
310. “‘After such a”’: Ibid., p. 308.
310. “Rodgers appointed another”: Ibid., p. 234.
310. “‘... I feel satisfied”’: Ibid., p. 240.
311. “‘holding out the”’: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 620.
311. “Hamouda later insisted”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 256.
311. “Before leaving Syracuse”: Ibid., p. 153.
311. “‘I fear we”’: Ibid., p. 122.
311. “‘Everything changed, he”: Ibid., pp. 213—4.
312. “Eaton, Rodgers, and Preble”: Ibid., p. 146.
312. “But Barron’s illness”: Ibid., pp. 213-8.
313. “Normally convivial, Eaton”: Edwards, p. 236.
313. “Bainbridge had returned”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 275.
314. “At a testimonial”: Wright-Macleod, pp. 188-9.
314. “‘General Eaton is”’: Edwards, p. 191.
314. “‘astonished not only”’: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 296.
314. “A Senate resolution”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 545.
314. “Massachusetts awarded Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 376.
315. “‘Eaton, a glorious”’: Allison, p. 200.
315. “Federalist newspapers already”: Ibid., pp. 197-8.
315. “Pickering deplored Lear‘s”: Brighton, p. 271, Letter to Fisher Ames.
316. “He burned the last”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 398.
316. “‘The effect has”’: Ibid.
316. “There were none”: Ibid., p. 315.
316. “‘On entering the”’: Ibid.
316. “Federalist senators went”: Ibid., p. 343.
316. “Jefferson personally supervised”: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 35. Jefferson notes.
317. “He compose
d a message”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 344—5.
317. “‘The present moment”’: Ibid., p. 349.
317. “The committee’s 472-page”: Ibid., pp. 391-3.
318. “Lieutenant John Dent, who said”: Ibid., p. 377.
318. “Marine Second Lieutenant Wallace W Wormeley‘s”: Ibid., pp. 373—4.
319. “The withering criticism”: Ibid., pp. 436, 512—3.
319. “The Tunisian ambassador”: Ibid., p. 36.
319. “His seriocomic diplomatic”: Ibid., p. 308; Wright—Macleod, p. 187.
319. “Madison sent Melli Melli”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 428.
319. “They decided upon”: Ibid., pp. 441, 448.
320. “As Melli Melli correctly”: Ibid., p. 462.
320. “‘a very mean”’: Ibid., p. 457.
320. “the profusion of gifts”: Ibid., pp. 498-9.
320. “Satisfied with Melli Melli‘s”: Ibid., p. 508.
321. “The upheaval had begun”: Wright—Macleod, p. 187.
321. “Turkish soldiers assassinated”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 298.
321. “On Christmas Day”: Ibid., p. 326.
321. “So highly was Lear”: Ibid., p. 432.
321. “The frigates, brigs”: Ibid., p. 431.
322. “The Tripolitan war”: Ibid., pp. 30-1.
322. “For nine straight”: Ferguson, ed. Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin, pp. 208—9.
322. “Even with revenues”: Adams, History of the United States, vol. 3, p. 345.
322. “Jefferson, who had”: Ibid., p. 355.
322. “In December 1806”: Ibid., p. 347.
322. “After protesting that”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 430, 433, 465.
Chapter XVII: Full Circle
324. “George Davis reembarked”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 482.
324. “The consul’s devotion”: Ibid., p. 79.
325. “Now Nissen was retiring”: Ibid., pp. 103—4.
325. “The treaty, he told”: Ibid., p. 496.
325. “The treaty that had”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.
325. “‘that I had not”’: Ibid., p. 105.
326. “The clause was attached”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.
326. “In his report”: Ibid., p. 161.
326. “‘We will not incline”’: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers, Reel 35.
326. “The commodore had suggested”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 246.
327. “‘... the weight of”’: Ibid., pp. 209-10, 350.
327. “‘I have lost”’: Ibid., pp. 575-6.
327. “According to Eaton”: Ibid., p. 178.
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