102. Mackie, p. 146.
103. Hall, p. 486.
104. Pollard, i, pp. 172-3, 183-6; Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 329, 336-42, 384-6; Chronicles of London, p. 219; Molinet, ii, pp. 439-41.
105. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 375; see above n.32.
106. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer at the court of King Henry VII’, in Italian Renaissance Studies, a Tribute to the late Cecilia M. Ady, (ed.) Jacob E. F. ‘An Italian Astrologer’, pp. 443-454.
107. CSPV, i, pp. 266-7, 269; Mackie, p. 147.
108. CSPS, i, pp. 185-6, 196-7;
109. CSPS, i, p. 249; Chronicles of London, p. 225; New Chronicles, pp. 685-6; Mackie, p. 164.
110. Pollard, i, pp. 211-213; Madden, p. 190; Mackie, pp. 164-5; Molinet, pp. 465-7.
111. H. d’Hulst, Le Mariage de Philippe le Beau avec Jeanne de Castille à Lierre le 20 octobre 1496, Antwerp, 1958, pp. 318-20; Kampeneer, p. 45; Molinet, ii, pp. 428-32. Flight of Edmund: Pollard, i, p. 209
112. Chrimes, Henry VII, p.92; Hall, p.495; Polydore Vergil, p. 123; but Bacon, pp. 186, 194, judged that Margaret was of no help to Suffolk.
113. Pollard, i, p. 223
114. Pollard, i, pp. 258, 262, 278-80; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, 134f, pp. 189-219, 230-40, 253, 277; Hommel, pp. 285-8.
115. Pollard, i, pp. 252-6; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 282-303; CSPV, i, pp. 868-9; CSPS, i, pp. 249, 456.
116. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p.321.
117. Molinet, ii, pp. 469-72; Hommel, p. 295.
118. For examples of Margaret’s autograph see Vie de Sainte Colette, by Pierre de Vaux, ms. 8 in the Convent of the Poor Clares, Ghent, Belgium; Miroir d’Humilité, by David Aubert, ms. 240 in the Bibliothèque de Valenciennes, France; MA, Lettres Missives, ccxix; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9; La Marche, i, p. 146.
119. Bacon, p. 112; CSPM, i, p. 299.
120. See above ch. 3, n.28; Burton B. Fredricksen, ‘A Flemish Deposition of ca. 1500 and its Relation to Rogier’s Lost Composition’, The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, vol. 9, 1981, pp. 133-156.
121. See below ch. 7, n.49.
CHAPTER 7: BIBLIOPHILE AND REFORMER
1. AGR, Chambre des Comptes 136 fos 17 and following, or ADN, B/432/17.816 for 28 December 1494.
2. ADN, B/432/16.477 with Margaret’s seal and autograph, W432/16485, concerning Chaussin etc; B/432/17.800.
3. For administration of the Dowry lands see Robins ch. 8; Hommel, pp.313-333; Galesloot, pp. 202-6; 225-229, 246-254; for her argument with Malines: Galesloot, pp. 189-193.
4. Ibid, pp. 223-5; Hommel, p. 327.
5. ADN, B/434/17.893.
6. Robins p. 246; Lejeune, pp. 83-7; C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, Grote Markt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, p. 76; C. Weightman, A Short History of The Hague, The Hague, 1974, p. 55.
7. Galesloot, pp. 225-229; Hommel, p. 325; Robins, p. 278.
8. AGR, Acquits de Lille 1044-8 especially 1045-157; Robins, pp. 276-85; Lejeune; pp. 83-4; Hommel, p. 325.
9. Robins, p. 286; Lejeune, pp. 83-5
10. AGR, Acquits de Lille 1045-23; Robins, pp. 273, 279-81; Galesloot, pp. 268-70; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 321 n. 1.
11. In April 1489 Maximilian and J. Taxis, the Postmaster, established a postal service between Innsbruck and Malines; Max Piendl, Das Fürstliche Haus Thurn and Taxis, Regensberg, 1980, p. 8.
12. Lejeune, pp. 85-90; M. R. Wellens, ‘Travaux de restauration an château de la Salle à Binche sous Philippe le Beau et Marguerite d’York’, Annales du cercle archéologique de Mons, 63, 1958, pp. 131f; Galesloot, pp. 211-2.
13. Ibid, p. 217.
14. MA, Lettres Missives, ccccxxxv.
15. Robins, appendix: ‘Une Equisse d’Itinéraire de Marguerite d’York’.
16. Hommel, pp. 217-220.
17. Wiesflëcker, ii, pp. 61-130.
18. See above ch. 4 n.30; Hommel, pp. 221-223.
19. Hommel, pp. 220-5; Kampeneer, p. 46.
20. ADN B/432/17.820 and 17.826; Pirenne, iii, p. 62; Hommel, pp. 227-243.
21. H. d’Hulst, Le Mariage de Philippe le Beau avec.Jeanne de Castille à Lierre le 20 octobre 1496, Antwerp, 1958, pp. 318-20; Hommel pp. 235-6; Galesloot, pp. 249-5.
22. J. de Jongh, Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 1954; C. Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Margaret of Austria, 1907, p. 25; Hommel, p. 299.
23. Mackie, pp. 184-7; Pirenne, iii, p.73; Hommel, p. 300.
24. E. W. Ives, Anne Boleyn, 1986, pp. 22-35.
25. Hommel, pp. 238-239.
26. Molinet, ii, pp. 450-2; Hommel, pp. 291-2; C. Moeller, Eleonore d’Autriche et de Bourgogne, Reine de France, 1895. The Croy baptism: Molinet, ii, pp. 472-3.
27. Molinet, ii, pp. 479-82; Hommel p. 293.
28. Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 249.
29. Huizinga, pp. 172, 185-6, 248; Pirenne, ii, pp. 484-8.
30. Huizinga, pp. 182-5; for Blijdenberg, Galesloot, pp. 231-2; for Elisabeth de Berghes, Galesloot, p. 271.
31. S. B. J. Zilverberg, ‘David van Bourgondie, bischop van Terwan en van Utrecht’, Bijdragen van her Instituut voor Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, xxiv, 1951.
32. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
33. Huizinga, p. 256.
34. Song by Dufay translated in the programme for concert of Gothic Voices Sunday 16 February 1986 at Tatton Park Knutsford.
35. M. J. Haeren, (ed.) Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 1484-92, xv, 1978, p. 28; Galesloot, pp. 222-3.
36. Lejeune, pp. 85-9; Galesloot, pp. 233-4; Hommel, p. 323.
37. MA, Lettres Missives ccliv; Galesloot, p. 231; Hommel, p. 322.
38. Ibid, pp. 316-8; Galesloot p. 230.
39. P. Bergmans, ‘Marguerite d’York et les pauvres Claires de Gand’, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire et d’Archéologie de Gand, xviii, 1910, pp. 271-84; Huizinga, p. 182.
40. ADN, États Journaliers 3438: Margaret went by boat to visit the Poor Clares at Ghent in April and May 1473, perhaps this was when she gave them the book; Bergmans; Hommel, p. 322. A reproduction of this manuscript with an historical commentary has been produced by Corstanje and Derolez.
41. ADN, États Journaliers 3438: in August 1473 Margaret visited the Observant Friars near Brussels; Tambuyser, pp. 216-7; Hommel, pp. 320-4; Galesloot, pp. 322-330.
42. Ibid, pp. 229-30; Hommel, pp. 323-4.
43. Carla Marlion, ‘De Vroegste geschiedenis van het Gents St Agneete convent, (1434-54)’, Bulletin van Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, xxxviii 1984, pp. 31-3.
44. Robins, p.285; L. Galesloot, ‘Encore un mot sur Martguerite d’York’ Annales de la Société d’Emulation pour l’étude de l’histoire et des antiquités de la Flandre, xxxiv, Bruges, 1884.
45. Lejeune, pp. 85-8; MA, Lettres Missives, CCCV, requesting permission for nun to retire to hermitage near Malines to pray for the soul of Charles in 1477. St Ursmer’s: Galesloot, p. 243.
46. MA, Lettres Missives, ccxix.
47. Tambuyser, p. 215.
48. Hommel, p. 169; Galesloot, pp. 237-9.
49. Ibid, p. 212; Lejeune, pp. 84-9.
50. Hommel, pp. 331-3.
51. Robins, p. 294; Hommel, p. 331.
52. J. A. Twemlow, (ed.) Calendar of Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 1909, xiii, pt. l, p. 384.
53. Two examples of Margaret at prayer are Traites de Morale, made at Ghent, 307 leaves, 38 x 27 cm, 5 miniatures, decorated margins, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms 9272-6, most of the miniatures are by the same unknown artist but one of them is by the ‘Master of Mary of Burgundy’, this shows Margaret kneeling before the Trinity. Also Traités moraux et religieux, 267 leaves, 36 x 28cm, 4 miniatures, decorated margins, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ms Douce 365; copied by David Aube
r at Ghent in 1475; one of the miniatures shows the Duchess at prayer among her ladies. See n.68 below; Delaisse, no. 192, p. 196; Dogaer, p. 109, Marguerite d’York, pp. 30, 32; Hughes, pp. 2, 68-9.
54. Benois seront les Miséricordieux, translation from Latin to French by Nicolas Finet, made in Hainault illustrated by Jean Dreux in Brussels; 312 leaves, 37 x 26cm, 2 miniatures, decorated margins. Brussels, Royal Library ms. 9296. The translation was made ‘at the request of Margaret of York, sister of King Edward of England and wife of Duke Charles of Burgundy.’ In the manuscript there are examples of Margaret’s arms, her device ‘Bien en aviengne’ and the entwined initials ‘C’ and ‘M’. Margaret’s signature on the book. Marguerite d’York, pp. 31-2; Hughes, pp. 2, 60-2; Dogaer, p. 107.
55. Dogaer, pp. 99-111; Marguerite d’York, pp. 13-14, 30-34; Hughes, pp. 1, 14.
56. Cokayne, xii, ii; W. A. and F. Baillie Grohman (ed.) The Master of the Game, 1904; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
57. The Burgundian library; Delaisse; G. Dogaer and M. Debase, ‘De Librije van Filips de Goode’, Catalogue for Exhibition for 500th anniversary of Duke Philip’s death held at Brussels in 1967.
58. Works copied from books in the ducal library include: Miroir d’Humilité, Valenciennes Bibliothèque Municipal, ms 240/231, 234 leaves, 10 miniatures. Sermons by Jean Gerson made in 1462 copied by Auber and illustrated by Guillaume Vrelant, who worked first at Utrecht. It is signed ‘Margareta d’Engleterre’. La Fleur des Histoires, by Jean Mansel, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms 9283, 230 leaves, 3 miniatures. Her signature is on the last page. Des Fail du Grant Alexandre, by Quintus Curtis translated into French by Vasco de Lucian, in British Library London. Royal ms 15 D iv. 219 leaves, 49 miniatures. Dogaer, pp. 110-1; Galesloot, pp. 264-5; Hughes, pp. 2, 64, 76; Marguerite d’York, p. 31.
59. Books made before 1477 include Breviary, 263 leaves, 7 miniatures, now in St John’s College Cambridge, ms 215./H 13. Dogaer, p. 109; Boethius’ Consolationes, in Jena Universitàtsbibliotek, 135 leaves, 1 miniature, made in 1476, Delaisse, no. 194, Dogaer, p. 110, Hughes, pp. 2, 60.
60. Margaret also had her initials added to a copy of Georges Chastellain’s, L’Instruction d’un jejune prince, which had been made for Charles and carried his arms and device. Dogaer, p. 105. Les Chroniques de Flandre, 293 leaves, 20 miniatures, was in the collection of the Earl of Leicester, ms 659, Holkham Hall, copied at Ghent in about 1477 and given ‘par le commandment … de ... Marie … après le trépas de feu monseigneur le due Charles’ Delaisse, no. 195; Dogaer, pp. 109-10; Hughes, pp. 2, 73.
61. De la consolation de la philosophie, by Boethius, translated into French by Jean de Meung, made by David Auber between 1474-6 in the University Library at Jena, ms. Gall. F 85. A miniature by the ‘Master of Mary of Burgundy’ depicts the presentation of this book to Margaret: Dogaer p. 110; Delaisse, no. 194; Hughes, pp. 2, 60. Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre see below n.77, 78.
62. La Fleur des Histories by Jean Mansel, Brussels, Royal Library, ms. 9233, 220 leaves, 3 miniatures, copied from an edition in the ducal library, contains Margaret’s signature and arms. Delaisse, no. 66; Dogaer, p. 109, Hughes, pp. 2, 74.
63. St Augustine’s Contemplations translated by Vasco de Lucian, was in Leningrad but has now disappeared, Hughes, pp. 2, 56; for Tondal see n.67 below; L’Apocalypse is now in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York, ms. 484, 124 leaves, 78 miniatures; a very fine book probably copied by Auber but the artists are unknown: Delaisse, no. 199; Hughes, pp. 2, 56; the Bible moralize de Charles le Téméraire is in Brussels, Royal Library, 269 leaves and 4 miniatures, written by Auber with miniatures by Vrelant and Lieder: Delaisse no. 197; Hughes, pp. 2, 57; for religious books belonging to Margaret see Marguerite d’York, pp. 30-33; Hughes, pp. 2, 57-65, 68-72; Delaisse, nos. 134, 177, 186, 192, 193, 196, 198; Dogaer, pp. 107-111; Galesloot, pp. 264-6.
64. Harthan, pp. 106-9.
65. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 308, 312, 315; La Somme le Roi by Laurent du Bois, made by David Auber in 1475 at Ghent, Brussels Royal Library, ms 9106, 256 leaves, 1 miniature, with Margaret’s signature, her arms and device: Dogaer, p. 109, Delaisse, no. 193, Hughes, pp. 2, 68; David Auber also copied and translated Vita Christi for her in 1479: Dogaer, p. 105; also thought to be by Auber: L’Apocalypse and Bible moralize de Charles le Téméraire: see above n.63; the Boethius: see above n.61; Miroir d’Humilité see above n.58; both the books on the Tondal visions, see n.67 below; and the Traités moraux et religieux made at Ghent in 1475, now in Brussels, Royal Library, ms. 9272-6, 307 leaves, 5 miniatures: Delaisse, no. 196; Marguerite d’York, p. 30; Hughes, pp. 2, 68.
66. Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 337. Auber worked at first at Brussels and later at Ghent; for presentation see above n.61.
67. Les visions du Chevalier Tondal, Ghent 1474, by David Auber, 45 leaves, 15 miniatures, formerly on loan to Harvard Library, Cambridge, Massachussetts, Typ. 234 H, from the collection of Philip Hofer. Sold 1987 through Sotheby’s for a price in the region of £3 million. The book describes a debauched Irish nobleman’s trip through Hell and is thought to have been illustrated by Simon Marmion. The initial ‘M’ frequently appears decorated with a marguerite, which also appears in the Louvre portrait. It was copied by Auber signed as ‘son tres petit indigene escripvain’. La vision de l’Ame de Guy de Thurn, Ghent 1474, by David Auber, 35 leaves and one miniature, was also on loan to Harvard Library, Typ. 235H, from the collection of Philip Hofer and was at one time bound together with the Tondal and the two were sold together in 1987. This is also illustrated by Simon Marmion and bears the arms, the initials of ‘C’ and ‘M’ and Margaret’s device. For this information I am grateful to Charlotte Brown and Christopher de Hamel of Sotheby’s, London; see also Hughes, pp. 2, 65-6; Delaisse, no. 191.
68. This artist seems to have at least worked in the same workshop as Alexander Bening of Bruges and may have been a member of the Bening family or the brother of Hugo van der Goes: Margaret d’York, p. 32; Delaisse, nos. 192, 265; Harthan, p. 113; Hughes, pp. 2, 59, 69, 72-3; O. Pact, The Master of Mary of Burgundy, 1948, 69, no. 20; Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 308-9.
69. Harthan, pp. 110-113.
70. Vie de Sainte Colette, by Pierre de Vaux, 166 leaves, 25 miniatures, in the Convent of Poor Clares at Ghent ms 8. Pierre de Vaux was St Colette’s confesser. It was a gift from Margaret to the convent during her husband’s lifetime and it shows the arms of Burgundy and of England and Margaret’s device: Dogaer, p. 110; Hughes, pp. 2, 71; see also Constanje and Derolez. Margaret also gave books to St Ursmer’s at Binche. Nicolas Fine’s Le dialogue de la Duchesse de Bourgogne à Jesu Christ was made about 1470, now in British Library ms. Add.7970, 140 leaves, 1 miniature; at the end there is a note of the presentation of the book by Margaret to the Lady de Hallewijn: Hughes, pp. 2, 63-4. See also below n.77.
71. Her signature appears on: Benois seront les Miséricordieux, Miroir d’humilité and Oeuvres, both by Jean Gerson, Vie de St Colette, La Fleur des Histoires and Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre.
72. Benecke, pp. 16-24.
73. J. Backhouse, ‘Founders of the Royal Library: Edward IV and Henry VII as Collectors of Illuminated Manuscripts’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, pp. 25-6, 28-31, 37-8; M. Kekewich, ‘Edward IV, William Caxton and Literary Patronage in Yorkist England’, Modern Language Review, 66, 1971, p. 484; Ross, pp. 264-8; Scofield, ii, pp. 451-5.
74. Myers, p. 4.
75. See Backhouse, above n.73, p. 29.
76. Ibid, pp. 39-41; Ross, p. 265.
77. Des Faiz du Grant Alexandre, translation from Latin to French, in British Library, ms. Royal 15 D IV, 219 leaves, 49 miniatures, begun for Charles, completed for Margaret at Nieppe. One of the miniatures shows the presentation of the book by Lucena to Charles, the last page carries the dedication by Mary and Margaret: Hughes, pp. 2, 76; Dogaer, p. 110. For translations made by Vasco de Lucena for Margaret: La Marche, i,
p. 14; Dogaer, p. 106. For miniature of Lucena presenting the book to Charles: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fr. nr. 22.457, fo. 1 reproduced in Prevenir and Blockmans, p. 313.
78. Hughes, pp. 2, 76; Backhouse, above n.73, pp. 30-1, where she draws attention to the apparent erasure of the Donne arms from the end page of manuscript, when they were replaced by the Tudor arms with the pomegranate of Catherine of Aragon, and suggests that the book was originally given to Sir John Donne, Edward’s ambassador to Burgundy in 1477. It is difficult to understand why Mary and Margaret should have written such an ardent inscription to an ambassador, albeit a very well-known one. He may of course have been given the book by someone at the English court later.
79. P. Tudor-Craig, ‘The Hours of Edward V and William Lord Hastings’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, 356, 358 n.37, pp. 362-3.
80. For Caxton see: Blades, pp. 18-20; Ross, p.266, N. F. Blake, ‘Caxton and the Courtly Style’ Essays and Studies, 1968, pp. 29-45; M. Kekewich, ‘Edward IV, William Caxton and Literary Patronage in Yorkist England’, Modern Language Review, 66, 1971, pp. 481-7.
81. Blades, p. 20.
82. Crotch, p. 4; in the ducal library: Recueil des histoires de Troie by Raoul Lefevre, chaplain to Philip the Good.
83. Ibid
84. Ibid, p. 5.
85. Ibid, p. 6.
86. van Praet, p. 12.
87. P. Tudor-Craig, ‘The Hours of Edward V and William Lord Hastings’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p. 365; Sotheby’s Catalogue for the American Sale of October 1987. see also: Guide to the Pilgrim Churches of Rome, 43 pages, 12 x 8cm, 7 miniatures decorated margins, named as Lot 59 in the Sotheby Catalogue of Western manuscripts for 22 June 1982, probably made at Brussels. The text describes pilgrim churches and indulgences granted at them. Margaret’s arms are at the foot of the first page. Was it hers or are her arms a later addition to make the book more valuable? Not mentioned by Dr Dogaer.
88. Crotch, cxii; Hughes, pp. 1, 11-12.
89. Hommel, pp. 296-303; Mackie, p. 183.
90. Molinet, ii, p. 474; Mackie, p. 182.
91. Hommel, p. 298.
92. Ibid, p. 302.
93. Robins, itinéraire.
Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess Page 36