11. Hicks, p. 140; Ross, p. 243 and n.3.
12. Hicks, p. 151.
13. Ibid.
14. Doren and Hermans, ii, p.82; A. Kampeneer, ‘Une résidence de Charles V’, Mélanges d’Histoire offerts à Charles Moeller, Paris, Louvain, 1914, p. 43.
15. Dumont, Marie, pp. 247-8; Hommel, p. 135.
16. Molinet, i, pp. 273-6; La Marche, iii, p. 252.
17. For baptism of Margaret of Austria: Molinet, i, p. 320; La Marche, iii, p. 257; for her life: H. Carton de Wiart, Marguerite d’Autriche, une princesse belge de la Renaissance, Paris, 1935; C. Hare, The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria, 1967; and J. de Jongh, Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 1954; for Guillaume de Baume: Molinet, i, pp. 140, 275, 394, ii, pp. 323, 480.
18. Wiesflëcker, i, p. 139; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 201 n.5; König Maximilian’s Weisskünig, trans. and ed. H. T. Musper, R. Büchner and E. Petermann, Stuttgart, 1956, i, p. 245.
19. C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, GroteMarkt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, pp. 34-5.
20. MA, Lettres Missives cccxlii, cccli.
21. Ibid, ccclxxii, ccclxxx, cccxlii, cccli and ccxci, ccxcii. On 2 July 1477, Margaret was writing from Dendermonde to Malines ordering troops to be sent to Oudenaarde to assist Lord Ravenstein who was defending the city.
22. For this embassy: Robins, p.195; L. Gilliodts-van-Severen, Inventaire des archives de la ville de Bruges, 7 vols., Bruges, 1861-78, vi, pp. 202-3; Scofield, ii, pp. 283-97; Münch, ii, p. 16; Hommel pp. 124-131.
23. Commynesl/Godefroy, iii, pp. 587-9.
24. Adrien de But, p. 546.
25. For ‘The Falcon’ and her escort: Scofield, ii, p. 284; PRO, Exchequer Warrants and Issues 1399-1485, E404, 77/2/49, 77/1/33, 77/2/33; for her reception by Sir John Weston: Hanham, p. 86.
26. Scofield, ii, p.285; Nicolas, xii, pp. 159, 160-6.
27. Scofield, ii, pp. 284, 295; Nicolas, pp. 126, 141-2, 144-5, 153, 160.
28. A.G. Little, ‘The Introduction of Observant Friars in England’, Proceedings of the British Academy, x, 1921-3, pp. 455-71.
29. Scofield, ii, p. 287; PRO, Exchequer Accounts Butlerage bundle pp. 82, 18; Ross, p. 273; for the Holy Cross see above ch. 2.
30. Ross, pp. 283-285; Scofield, ii, pp. 285-301; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 577-589, 595, 603-10, iv, pp. 10-11; Vaesen and Charavay, viii, pp. 229-31; PRO, Signed Bills C/81/ 1518/26.
31. Foedera, xii, pp. 123-139.
32. Scofield, ii, pp. 290-1; CPR 1476-85, F. 74; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 587-9; PRO, Signed Bills file 1518 no 5170; ADN, B/431/ 17.737 for copies of five letters from Edward IV dealing with the Alliance, the Marriage Treaty and his French Pension and B/431/ 17.738 concerning the payment to the troops; Robins pp. 193-5.
33. Scofield, ii, pp. 289-90; Ross, pp. 283-4; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 576-7.
34. Scofield, ii, pp. 290, 295; Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 603-8; Foedera, xii, p. 135.
35. Commynes/Lenglet, iii pp. 577-83; Scofield p. 287.
36. CPR 1476-85, p. 236; PRO, Signed Bills C/81/1518/37 and 17 and 18; PRO, French Roll C/76/163; Margaret fattened up her imported beef at Termonde: AGR, Chambre des Comptes, Recette de Termonde 7563 (1480-1) fo. 21vo and 7565 (1482-3) fo. 30ro.
37. Scofield, ii, pp. 291-4.
38. Commynes/Lenglet, iii, pp. 609-10, 614, iv, p. 11.
39. Scofield, ii, p. 296.
40. Commynes/Lenglet, iii, p. 609; Scofield, ii, pp. 296-7.
41. Scofield, ii, p. 299; Vaesen and Charavay, viii, pp. 301, 308; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, pp. 9-10.
42. Münch, ii, pp. 52-3.
43. Münch, ii, pp. 16-7; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, pp. 6-10; Scofield, ii, p. 284; Robins, p. 192.
44. Galesloot, pp. 211-2; M. R. Wellens, ‘Travaux de restauration au château de la Salle à Binche sous Philippe le Bon et Marguerite d’York’, Annales du Cercle Archéologigue de Mons, vol. 63, 1958, pp. 131-6.
45. Molinet, i, p. 368.
46. For falcons; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Golden Age of Burgundy’ in The Courts of Europe, (ed.) A. G. Dickens, 1977, p. 72; for Mary’s seal: MA, Inventaire i, p. 166, also in Privilege Book; illustrated in Prevenier and Blockmans, p. 232.
47. Molinet, i, pp. 368-70; Dumont, Marie, ch. 15.
48. M-R. Thielemans, ‘Introduction Historique’, in Marguerite d’York et son temps, Exhibition Brussels, 1947, p.9.
49. La Marche, iii, pp. 265-6.
50. Hommel, pp. 138-143.
51. ADN, 431/17.750 and 17.774; Molinet, i, pp. 389-90; Commynes/Lenglet, iv, p. 32.
52. Laporte, p. 93.
53. Molinet, i, p. 419.
54. Galesloot, pp. 280-1, 274-6, 302-3; Wiesflëcker, i, p. 157.
55. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 286-9; Robins, pp. 135-8.
56. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51.
57. Hommel, pp. 151-3.
58. La Marche, iii, pp. 278-88.
59. La Marche, iii, pp. 281-4; MA, ‘Inventaire’, i, no. p. 276, 175; MA, Rood Boek, iii, p. 101.
60. Hommel, p. 175.
61. Ibid, pp. 175-7.
62. D. Mancini, The Usurpation of Richard III, ed. and trans. C. A. J. Armstrong, 1969, p. 59; Scofield, ii, pp. 365-6; Ross, pp. 415-6.
63. Croyland, p. 482.
64. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51; Molinet, i, p. 423 for the English in action at Utrecht.
65. Croyland, p. 568.
66. Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 209.
67. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, xxv.
68. Molinet, i, pp. 430-3.
69. Horrox and Hammond, ii, pp. 129, 178.
70. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 306.
CHAPTER 6: ‘THIS DIABOLICALL DUCHES’
1. Molinet, i, p. 562.
2. MA, ‘Inventaire’ i, p. 175; MA, Rood Boek (1486), iii, pp. 101-3.
3. CCR 1485-1500, p. 39, 27 October 1486, order for payment of arrears owing to Cecily and p. 40, 20 June 1486, renewal of licences to ship 250 and a half sacks of wool; Campbell, i, p. 288.
4. CPR, 1467-77, p.306; 1476-85, p.236; Foedera, xii, pp. 137, 185; Horrox and Hammond, iii, p. 6.
5. Genard, pp. 9-22.
6. Ibid.
7. Nicholas Knyfton was made constable of Scarborough Castle on 21 September 1485: Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 326-8; Campbell, i, p. 26; Hunsdon in the possession of William Stanley: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, i, Henry VII, p. 204; Campbell, i, pp. 7, 26, 414. Henry’s suspicions: Archbold, pp. 529-34; Chrimes, Henry, VII, p. 85.
Had Margaret ever owned Hunsdon and why should she have an interest in Scarborough? I have been unable to discover anything further on Scarborough apart from the fact that it was specially favoured by her brother Richard. Her family had an historic interest in Hunsdon: see ch. 2, n. 13. In 1481 Hunsdon was audited as a royal manor: CPR 1476-85, 247. For later ownership of Hunsdon: C. H. Cooper, Margaret Beaufort, 1874, p. 58, states that in the l1th year of King Henry’s reign, Hunsdon was given to Margaret Beaufort and her husband the Earl of Derby, i.e. after the execution of Sir William Stanley in 1496. After the death of Margaret Beaufort, Hunsdon then went into the possession of Thomas, Earl of Norfolk but was later returned to the crown. It was rebuilt by Henry VIII and used by Mary Tudor who was proclaimed Queen at Hunsdon. Elizabeth granted Hunsdon to her cousin, Sir Henry Carey, son of Mary Bullen and William Carey, a descendant of the Beaufort Dukes of Somerset.
8. Bacon, p. 32.
9. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, pp. 3-51.
10. Benecke, x.
11. ADN, B/431/17.785; Laporte, pp. 121-2; Hare, p. 249, suggests that Maximilian was easily led: ‘Machiavelli said anyone could cheat Maximilian’.
12. See genealogy Table 3.
13. For Charles’ registration of his claim see above ch. 3, n.112; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 72; for Maximilian and Elizabeth of York: Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 180, 471 n.14; for the transfer of Yorkist claims to Maximilian and Philip: P. Genard, ‘Documen
t No.75’, Compte Rendu des Séances de la Commission Royale d’Histoire de Belgique, 4th series, Brussels, 1875, ii; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 355.
14. Polydore Vergil, pp. 16-17.
15. For these and the following paragraph: Hall, p. 430.
16. Madden, p. 192; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 315-16, 319.
17. Bacon, p. 32.
18. Hommel.
19. Hume, iii, p.328; Mackie, p. 67; R. H. Wilenski, Flemish Painters, 1906, p. 50.
20. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3; to the ambassador: Madden, appendix iii, pp. 200-4.
21. Rumours that he was Margaret’s bastard son by the Bishop of Cambrai: CSPM, i, pp. 292, 329; Pollard, i, xxii, pp. 102-3. In the 1490s Henri de Berghes, the Bishop of Cambrai was a man of spotless virtue. Margaret had purchased her house in Malines from an earlier Bishop of Cambrai, John of Burgundy, who had a large number of illegitimate offspring, hence the confusion and rumours.
22. For Lovel: Ross, pp. 115, 186n, 438; for the Stafford rising: C. R. Williams, ‘The rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486’, EHR, 43, 1928, pp. 181-9; for Sant: PRO, French Roll, C/76/153; MA, Lettres Missives, ccxlvii; for movements between England and the Low Countries in 1485-6 see C. S. L. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton, the Holy See and the Accession of Henry VII’, EHR, cii, p. 402, January 1987, pp. 10-12; Molinet, ii, pp. 419-20 for ‘trois grans personages d’Engleterre’, refers to Clifford, Barley etc.
23. CSPM, i, p. 27.
24. Bacon, p. 30; Chrimes, Henry VII, pp. 59, 72; for the Simnel rising see Molinet, i, pp. 562-7 and Bennett; for Warwick in the Channel Islands: ibid, pp. 49-50, 64.
25. Ibid, pp. 40, 51; however, K. Staniland, ‘Royal Entry into the World’ in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p.306, notes that Elizabeth had no place in the processions.
26. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 72; the convocation: Bennett, pp. 42-3; the flight of Lincoln: Ibid, p. 63; Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 76.
27. RP, vi, pp. 436-7.
28. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 62, 431 n.33.
29. Great Chronicle, p. 241; Polydore Vergil, p. 21; Pollard, i, p. 51, iii, p. 263; Molinet, i, pp. 444-5, 450-1, 528, ii, pp. 562-5; Cronijcke van den Lande Ende Greafscape van Vlaenderen, gemaect door Jor Nicolaes Despars, (ed.) J. de Jonghe, 4 vols., Brugge, 1840, iv, pp. 280-282; Adrien de But, pp. 674-5.
30. MA, Comptes Communaux, SI 162 1486-7, cliii; I. J. M. Philippen, ‘Saint Rombaut. Sa Patrie. Son épiscopat’, Revue d’ Histoire écclésiastique, p. 29, Louvain, 1933, pp. 365-7; I. I. de Münck, ‘Gedenk-schriften dienende tot ophelderinge van het Leven Lyden, Wonderheden ende Duysent larige Eerbewysinge van den Heyligen bisschop ende martelaer Rumoldus apostel ende patroon van Mechelen’, Mechelen, 1777, pp. 140-3, 146, 150-1. St Rombout, of British origin, was a missionary and martyr at Malines in the eighth century. His feast day was celebrated on 1 July ‘from time immemorial’; BN, xix, pp. 895-9.
31. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, p.172; Bernard André, ‘Vita Henrici Septimi’ in Gairdner, Memorials, p. 50.
32. C. Roth, ‘Perkin Warbeck and his Jewish Master’, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, ix, 1918-20, pp. 155-6 and ibid, xvi, 1945-51, for ‘Sir Edward Brampton an Anglo-Jewish adventurer during the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 121-7; also C. Roth, ‘Sir Edward Brampton alias Duarte Brandao’, La société guernesaise, 1957, p. 163; E. F. Jacob, The Fifteenth Century, 1961, p. 592; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, ii, 1-lii.
33. MA, Comptes Communaux, SI 162 1486-7, 164vo. under Miscellaneous Gifts to ‘gemalde vrouw van bourg’.
34. Bennett, pp. 60, 66-7; Molinet, i, p. 563; Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 95-6; CSPV, i, pp. 164-5; Foedera, xii, p. 332; for Simnel and Warbeck in Ireland: E. Curtis, History of Medieval Ireland from 1110 to 1513, 1923.
35. Genard, p. 10.
36. Great Chronicle, p. 241.
37. Bennett, p. 105, for a discussion of his identity: ibid, ch. 4.
38. Henry’s letter: Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3; cooperation between the two rulers: Paston/Davis, i, pp. 660-1; Foedera, xii, pp. 318-21, 334-5, 350-3, 359-63, 397f.
39. Huizinga, p. 153.
40. MA, Lettres Missives cccvii, cccviii, cccix, cccxi; L. P. Gachard, ‘Additions et Corrections à la Notice sur les Archives de la Ville de Malines’ (1834), iii, part 2, pp. 7-8.
41. Pirenne, iii, pp. 46-7; Molinet, i, pp. 589-604, ii, p.166; Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 238-9; Galesloot, pp. 269-70; Hommel pp. 184-5.
42. V. von Kraus, (ed.) Maximilan I vertraulicher Briefwechsel mit Sigmund Prüchenk, Innsbruck, 1875, pp. 62-3; for David painting the shutters of Maximilian’s prison: Huizinga, p. 236; Max J. Friedlander, From Van Eyck to Bruegel, (ed.) F. Grossmann, 2 vols., 1956, i, pp. 48-9.
43. Imperial and papal protests at Maximilian’s imprisonment: Pirenne, iii, pp. 46-9; Molinet, i, pp. 589-604; action by Margaret: Hommel, pp. 187-190.
44. Pirenne, iii, pp. 50, 53, 60-5; van Praet, p. 104; Hommel, pp. 190, 192, 194, 196.
45. Molinet, ii, pp. 133-7; Mackie, pp. 99-100.
46. For these treaties: ibid, p.99; Hommel, pp. 193-4; Molinet, ii, pp. 156-173; Pirenne, iii, p. 52; Money to Brielle: Adrien de But, p. 560.
47. Mackie, pp. 103-4.
48. Treaty of Senlis: Pirenne, iii, pp. 56-7; Molinet, ii, pp. 354-71.
49. Hommel, pp. 220-3; Molinet, ii, pp. 397-521.
50. Hommel, pp. 217-8; Molinet ii, pp. 396, 398-9.
51. Bacon, p. 66; Arrivall, p. 10; Horrox and Hammond, ii, pp. 129, 178.
52. Hall, p. 472.
53. Nichols and Bruce, pp. 1-8; Chronicles of London, p. 204; Great Chronicle, p. 257.
54. CPR 1476-1485, p. 217; ADN, Comptes de l’Argenterie, B/2068/1468, p. 159.
55. For this and the following see RP, vi, pp. 436-7; Madden, appendix IV; Pollard, i, pp. 84-7, 98-9, 100-2; Chronicles of London, pp. 165-6.
56. Lander, Government and Continuity, p. 108.
57. Madden, appendix IV; Pollard, i, pp. 44, 52-3; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer at the court of King Henry VII’, in Italian Renaissance Studies, a Tribute to the late Cecilia M. Ady, (ed.) E. F. Jacob, 1960, pp. 443-454.
58. Archbold, pp. 529-34; CSPM, i, pp. 328, 331.
59. Archbold, pp. 533-5; Nicolas, pp. 163-5; CPR 1494-1509, p.129; Pollard, i, pp. 100-5, 109; Chronicles of London, pp. 203-5.
60. Chrimes, Henry VII, p. 88; Conway, pp. 31, 32, 35-6, 48-9; contacts 1488-1495 between Margaret and James IV: I. Arthurson, ‘The King’s Voyage into Scotland’, Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p. 4.
61. Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9; Madden, appendix II; Morel-Fatio, pp. 411-16; Conway, p. 31.
62. Mackie, p. 121, Gairdner, Richard III, p. 344; Bacon pp. 107-11 considers Margaret was involved in Warbeck’s activities in Portugal, Ireland and France; he may be right if the reference at Malines in n.30 above applies to Warbeck.
63. Mackie, p. 138.
64. Morel-Fatio, pp. 414-16; Madden, appendix II.
65. CSPV, i, pp. 266, 497, 740; CSPM, i, p. 329 and see Warbeck’s elegant letter to Catherine Gordon: CSPS, i, p. 78.
66. Polydore Vergil, pp. 56-7.
67. Hall, p. 462.
68. Molinet, ii, pp. 419, 439.
69. See above n. 64 and Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9.
70. Madden, pp. 156-7; Pollard, i, pp. 95-7; CSPS, i, p. 50, letter of 8 September 1493 from ‘Andermund’ (Dendermonde). Here there is no mention of age only of wandering for eight years in the care of two men.
71. CSPS, i, p. 61, letter of 20 July 1495.
72. Laporte, ch. 6; Hommel, p. 257.
73. Huizinga, p. 300; Molinet, ii, pp. 398-9.
74. Polydore Vergil, p. 65; the medal: Laporte, ch. 6; J. Calmette and E. Deprez, L’Europe Occidentale de fin du XIVe siècle aux guerres d’Italie, 2 vols., Paris, 1937-39, ii, pp. 247-9; the Emperor’s funeral: Wiesflëcker, ii, p. 60; Molinet, ii, pp. 379, 384.
75. Genard, ‘Document No. 75’; Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 393-9.
76. Mackie, pp. 122-3; G.
R. Elton, England under the Tudors, 1974, p. 27; Molinet ii, pp. 419-20.
77. Molinet, ii, p. 420.
78. For this embassy: Molinet, ii, pp. 420-21; Hall, p. 466; Poly,dore Vergil, pp. 70-1; Bacon, p. 118; Kervyn de Lettenhove, Histoire de Flandre, 7 vols., Brussels, 1847-1855, v, pp. 498-9.
79. ADN, B/430/16282 and B/430/16293; B/432/17.816 and AGR, Chambre des Comptes 136 fos 17f; Margaret’s dower position from 1477 onwards is thoroughly examined by Robins in ch. 7 of her memoire de licence.
80. Jacques de Lalaing had taken troops to Scotland in 1449: La Marche, ii, pp. 104-111; Josse de Lalaing had acted as Margaret’s regent: Robins, p. 5; and Roderigue had distinguished himself fighting for Maximilian: Molinet, i, p. 419, ii, pp. 227, 421-2, 459.
81. Molinet, ii, pp. 158-9; Pirenne, iii, pp. 43-7; Robins, p. 230.
82. Genard, Marguerite d’Yorck.
83. CSPV, i, pp. 221, 232.
84. Halliwell-Phillipps, i, pp. 172-3.
85. Mackie pp. 122-3; Archbold, pp. 529-34.
86. Molinet, ii, pp. 421-2; Hommel, p.272; landing in England: Chronicles of London, p. 205; CSPS, p. 59; Pollard, i, pp. 103-111; Gairdner, Richard III,
pp. 359-63.
87. Ibid, pp. 364-379; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland 1488-96, pp. 555, 576, 614; Conway, pp. 99-117. Pollard, ii, p. 142. .
88. Mackie, pp. 121, 138; Pollard, ii, p. 140.
89. CSPS, p. 92; Gairdner, Richard III, p. 377.
90. Madden, pp. 182-3; Ellis, i, pp. 23-5.
91. Hall, pp. 473-4.
92. Foedera, xii, pp. 576-91, 580; Pollard, i, p. 127, ii. p. 149.
93. Ellis, i, p. 22; Madden, pp. 183-4.
94. Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 372-4. Sir George Neville survived the Warbeck conspiracy and eventually became an adviser to Edmund, Duke of Suffolk during his exile: Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, pp. 212-230, 263-4.
95. Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 369-71.
96. Mackie, p. 140; Pollard, i, pp. 143, 150-5; Ellis, i, p. 23.
97. Not alas the ‘Cuckoo’ as Mackie, p. 144 suggests; Conway, p. 84; Gairdner, Richard III, pp. 363, 379. CSPV, i, p. 265.
98. For his later career: Molinet, ii, p. 459.
99. CSPV, i, p. 265.
100. Gairdner, Richard III, p. 379; CSPM, pp. 327-8.
101. CSPM, i, p. 325; Chronicles of London, p. 217.
Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess Page 35