Churchill 1940-1945
Page 46
3. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 418.
4. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 489.
5. Fraser, ‘Field-Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 93.
6. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 217.
7. Daily Telegraph, 28 May 1981.
8. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 53.
9. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 275.
10. Alex Danchev, ‘Being Friends: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Making of Allied Strategy in the Second World War’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy and International Politics, p. 208.
11. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 138.
12. Churchill papers, 20/36, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1623.
13. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 270.
14. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 170.
15. Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 165.
Chapter 25
1. Quoted Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 245.
2. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 244.
3. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), pp. 1473–4.
4. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 223.
5. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 224.
6. Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 175.
7. See Danchev, ‘Being Friends’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 196 et seq.
8. Quoted, R. Overy, Why the Allies Won (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995), pbk edn, p 306.
9. H. Nicholas (ed.), Washington Dispatches 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1981), p. 257 et seq (9 October 1943).
10. Dill to Wavell, 9 January 1942, Wavell Family Papers.
11. Quoted, Bercuson and Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 250.
12. See M. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–43, (Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 7.
13. Quoted Bercuson & Herwig, One Christmas in Washington, p. 261.
Chapter 26
1. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, p. 43.
2. Nicolson, Diary, 17 December 1941.
3. Quoted J. Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory: A Political Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1993), p. 479.
4. J. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI: His Life and Reign (London: Macmillan; St. Martin’s Press, 1958), p. 537.
5. Quoted J. Barnes and D. Nicholson (eds), The Leo Amery Diaries (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 23 December 1941, p. 755.
6. Channon, Diary, 27 January 1942, p. 318.
7. Hansard, 25 March 1942.
8. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 16 February 1942.
9. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 341.
10. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 341.
11. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–37.
12. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 343.
13. W. Churchill, Secret Session Speeches (London: Cassell, 1946), p. 53 et seq.
14. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, chapter 5.
15. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 309.
16. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 62.
17. P. French, Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division (London: HarperCollins, 1997). Quotation from pbk edn, pp 142, 144.
18. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 89.
19. Hansard, 29 April 1941.
20. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 288.
Chapter 27
1. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 142.
2. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 143.
3. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 134.
4. Quoted, J. Colville, The Churchillians, p. 144.
5. Quoted Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 134.
6. See appendix 17 in C. Webster and N. Frankland The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, vol. 4 (London: Imperial War Museum in association with Battery Press, 1961), p. 231 et seq.
7. J. Keegan, Churchill (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2002), p. 137.
8. Carver, ‘Churchill and the Defence Chiefs’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 368.
9. J. Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), p. 552.
10. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, pbk edn, p. 139.
11. Captain G.H. Roberts, quoted Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 297.
Chapter 28
1. F. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 (New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 319 et seq.
2. See Kimball and Rose, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, in Finest Hour, Journal of the Churchill Centre and Societies, Autumn 2004, number 124, p. 31 et seq.
3. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 249.
4. See Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 247 et seq.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, p. 289 et seq.
6. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 598.
7. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 59.
8. Luce, ‘The American Century’ in Life, 17 February 1941, p. 61 et seq.
9. Quoted, Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41, p. 251.
10. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 130.
Chapter 29
1. See Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 281.
2. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 1144.
3. Leasor, War at the Top, p 184.
4. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey, p. 468.
5. Professor David Jablonsky, US Army War College, at Churchill Centre Conference, 2006.
6. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 129.
7. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 604.
Chapter 30
1. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 60.
2. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 220.
3. Richard Symons, The Making of Pakistan (London: Faber & Faber 1950), p. 74.
4. Quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 90.
5. R. Dallek, Lyndon B. Johnston: Portrait of a President, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Quotation from pbk edn, p. 201.
6. Stafford, Roosevelt & Churchill, Men of Secrets, pbk edn, p. 221.
7. Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 61.
Chapter 31
1. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 2 July 1942.
2. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 2 July and 9 September 1942.
3. Bullock, A., The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 2 (London: Heinemann, 1967), p. 300, but see Danchev ‘Waltzing with Winston’ in Paul Smith (ed.), Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856–1990 (London/Rio Grande: Hambledon P., I996), p. 199.
4. Moran, Winston Churchill: Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, p. 72.
5. See Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier.
6. Quoted, Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier, pbk edn, p. 179.
7. Quoted, Warner, Auchinleck The Lonely Soldier, pp. pbk edn, 314, 315.
8. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 306.
9. Jacob’s Diary, quoted in A. Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, 1939–1943: A Study Based on the Diaries and Autobiographical Notes of the Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke (London: Collins, 1957), p. 451.
10. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
1940–1965, p. 53.
11. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 306.
12. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 6 November 1941.
Chapter 32
1. C. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre: vol. 2 L’Unité 1942–44 (Paris: Plon, 1956), p. 33.
2. Quoted, Kersaudy, Churchill & De Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 211.
3. Hart-Davis, ed, King’s Counsellor, p. 132.
4. FO 371/31950, C. Peake to W. Strang, 31/10/42, quoted Kersaudy Churchill & De Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 216.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–123/1, quoted, Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 175.
6. See, for example, Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940– 1965, p. 62.
7. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 55.
8. See Kimball and Rose, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, in Finest Hour, Journal of the Churchill Centre and Societies, Autumn 2004, number 124, p. 32.
9. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–210.
10. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 326.
11. See D. Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings that shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 112.
12. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 309.
13. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 345 et seq.
14. Ronald Lewin, Montgomery as Military Commander (London: Batsford, 1971), p. 81.
15. See Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 272.
Chapter 33
1. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, pbk edn, p. 139.
2. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 475.
3. Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 256.
4. Quoted, Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 151.
5. See Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 193.
6. J. Harvey (ed.), Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937–40 (London: Collins, 1970), vol. 2, 2 October 1942, p. 165.
Chapter 34
1. Churchill papers, 9/152, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 1103.
2. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–210.
3. Churchill, Secret Session Speeches, p. 95.
4. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 294.
5. FO 954/8, Eden to Halifax No.42 8/1/43.
6. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 332, 333.
7. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 74.
Chapter 35
1. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 243.
2. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 100.
3. Danchev ‘Being Friends’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 208 et seq.
4. See Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 217 et seq.
Chapter 36
1. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 248.
2. H. Giraud Un Seul But, la Victoire: Alger 1942–44 (Paris: René Julliard, 1949), p. 91, et seq.
3. Quoted Kersaudy, Churchill & de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 246.
4. R. Sherwood, Roosevelt & Hopkins (New York: Harper, 1948), p. 685.
5. Quoted H. Adams, Harry Hopkins: A Biography (New York: Putnam’s, 1977), p. 311.
6. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2 p. 643.
7. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 341 et seq.
8. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 346.
9. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 345.
10. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 353.
11. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 324.
12. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 290.
13. Kersaudy, Churchill & de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 266.
14. A. Eden, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning Part 3 (London: Cassell, 1965), p. 386.
15. PREM 3 181/2, FDR to WC No.228, 17/06/43.
Chapter 37
1. See Brian Holden Reid, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Alexander’ in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 114.
2. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 74.
3. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 13.
4. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 25.
5. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 30.
Chapter 38
1. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 170.
2. W.A. Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill & Stalin 1941–46 (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 216 et seq.
Chapter 39
1. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 309.
2. See Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 533.
3. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 380.
4. Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 380, 381.
Chapter 40
1. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 753.
2. Ollard, ‘Churchill and the Navy’ in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 390.
3. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 755.
4. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 378.
5. See Correlli Barnett, ‘Anglo-American Strategy in Europe’ in Lane & Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, p. 183 et seq.
6. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 382.
Chapter 41
1. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 758.
2. Quoted Adams, Harry Hopkins, p. 337.
3. See Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 793 – and earlier for background to this decision.
4. Jacob, in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 209.
5. M. Potter (ed.), Champion Redoubtable: the Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham-Carter 1914–1944 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1998), pp. 312–13.
6. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 580.
7. H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper & Bros, 1949), p. 468.
8. See Overy, Why the Allies Won, pbk edn, p. 301 et seq.
9. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, p. 102.
10. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 102.
11. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 188 et seq.
12. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5, p. 330.
13. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 206.
14. Lady Soames in American television series, ‘The American Experience. The Presidents. F.D. Roosevelt’.
15. Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, p. 107.
16. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 252.
17. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 239.
18. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 184 et seq.
19. Quoted, Halifax, Diary, 18 December 1943.
20. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 141.
21. See K. Sainsbury, Churchill & Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1994), p. 61.
22. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 192 et seq.
23. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 152.
Chapter 42
1. Moody, J., From Churchill’s War Rooms: Letters of a Secretary, 1943-45 (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), p. 88.
2. Nicolson (ed.), Harold Nicolson Diaries, vol. 2, p. 346.
Chapter 43
1. See Brian Holden Reid, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Alexander’ in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 119 et seq.
2. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 414.
3. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 50.
4. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 72.
5. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 55.
6. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History.
7. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History, p. 263 et seq.
8. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 2, p. 1212 et seq.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 254.
10. See Corrigan, Blood, Toil, Tears & Sweat, p. 370 et seq.
11. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History, p. 266 et seq.
Chapter 44
1. Quoted, Correlli Barnett, ‘Anglo-American Strategy in Europe’ in Lane & Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, p. 182 et seq.
2. But see Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 194.
3. See Brian Bond, ‘Alanbrooke & Britain’s Strategy’ in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 190 et seq. and references therein to Liddell-Hart and John Ehrman.
4. See diary for 23 June 1944, Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 333.
5. Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 465.
6. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 722.
7. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 479.
8. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 126.
9. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, pp. 122,123.
10. Television interview with John Morgan, 1978, quoted J. Harris (ed.), Goronwy Rees: Sketches in Autobiography (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), note, p. 394.
11. Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 554, 5 June 1944.
12. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 337.
13. Quoted, Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 204.
14. See John Ehrman, Grand Strategy. August 1943–September, 1944 (History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series, vol. 5) (London: 1956), p. 425.
15. See Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, entry for 21 March 1944, p. 533.
Chapter 45
1. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 411 et seq.