The Age of Eisenhower

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The Age of Eisenhower Page 85

by William I Hitchcock


  Roberts, Andrew. Masters and Commanders. New York: Harper, 2009.

  Rogers, Daniel T. Age of Fracture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

  Roman, Peter. Eisenhower and the Missile Gap. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.

  Roosevelt, Kermit. Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

  Rose, Gideon, ed. “What Really Happened: Solving the Cold War’s Cold Cases.” Foreign Affairs 93, no. 4 (2014).

  Rose, Mark. Interstate: Express Highway Politics, 1941–1956. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1979.

  Rosenau, James N. The Nomination of “Chip” Bohlen. New York: Henry Holt, 1958.

  Rosenberg, David Alan. “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945–1960.” International Security 7, no. 4 (1983): 3–71.

  Rostow, W. W. Europe after Stalin: Eisenhower’s Three Decisions of March 11, 1953. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

  ———. Open Skies: Eisenhower’s Proposal of July 21, 1955. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

  Rovere, Richard. Affairs of State: The Eisenhower Years. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1956.

  ———. Senator Joe McCarthy. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959.

  Rovere, Richard, and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. The General and the President. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951.

  Rowse, A. E. “Political Polls.” In Editorial Research Reports 1960. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1960.

  Roy, Jules. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

  Ruddy, T. Michael. The Cautious Diplomat: Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union, 1929–1969. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1986.

  Rudgers, David F. Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

  Ruffner, Kevin, ed. Corona: America’s First Satellite Program. Washington, D.C.: CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1995.

  Ryan, Yvonne. Roy Wilkins: The Quiet Revolutionary and the NAACP. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

  Safford, Jeffrey J. “The Nixon-Castro Meeting of 19 April 1959.” Diplomatic History 4, no. 4 (1980): 425–31.

  Sampson, Curt. The Masters: Golf, Money and Power in Augusta, Georgia. New York: Villard, 1999.

  Schlesinger, Andrew, and Stephen Schlesinger, eds. The Letters of Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. New York: Random House, 2013.

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “The Highbrow in Politics.” Partisan Review 20, no. 2 (1953): 157–65.

  ———. The Imperial Presidency. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.

  ———. Journals: 1952–2000. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.

  ———. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.

  ———. The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1949.

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr. “Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians.” New York Times Magazine, July 29, 1962.

  Schlesinger, Stephen, and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1983.

  Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

  Schwartz, Stephen I., ed. Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.

  Sechser, Todd S., and Matthew Fuhrmann. Nuclear Weapons and Coercive Diplomacy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

  Shannon, William V. “Eisenhower as President.” Commentary 26, no. 5 (1958): 390–98.

  Sheehan, Neil. A Fiery Peace in a Cold War: Bernard Schriever and the Ultimate Weapon. New York: Vintage, 2009.

  Sherry, Michael S. In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

  Showalter, Dennis E., ed. Forging the Shield: Eisenhower and National Security for the 21st Century. Chicago: Imprint, 2005.

  Shuckburgh, Evelyn. Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951–56. Norton: New York, 1986.

  Simpson, Howard. Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1994.

  Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Science, Technology, and American Foreign Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967.

  Slater, Ellis D. The Ike I Knew. Edited by Ernestine Durr and Elsie Maki. Ellis D. Slater Trust, 1980.

  Sloan, John W. Eisenhower and the Management of Prosperity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991.

  Smith, Jean Edward. Eisenhower in War and Peace. New York: Random House, 2012.

  Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982.

  Snead, David L. The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.

  Soman, Appu K. Double-Edged Sword: Nuclear Diplomacy in Unequal Conflicts. The United States and China, 1950–1958. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.

  Sorensen, Theodore C. Kennedy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

  Spector, Ronald H. The United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support. The Early Years, 1941–1960. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1983.

  Statler, Kathryn C., and Andrew L. Johns. The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.

  Stebenne, David L. Modern Republican: Arthur Larson and the Eisenhower Years. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2006.

  Stone, I. F. The Haunted Fifties. New York: Random House, 1963.

  Strauss, Lewis L. Men and Decisions. New York: Doubleday, 1962.

  Stueck, William. The Korean War: An International History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

  Sulzberger, C. L. A Long Row of Candles: Memoirs and Diaries, 1934–1954. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

  Summersby, Kay. Eisenhower Was My Boss. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1948.

  ———. Past Forgetting: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976.

  Taft, Robert A. A Foreign Policy for Americans. New York: Doubleday, 1951.

  Takeyh, Ray. The Origins of the Eisenhower Doctrine. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

  ———. “What Really Happened in Iran: The CIA, the Ouster of Mosaddeq, and the Restoration of the Shah.” Foreign Affairs, July–August 2014, 2–12.

  Talbot, Strobe, ed. Khrushchev Remembers. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.

  Tananbaum, Duane. The Bricker Amendment Controversy: A Test of Eisenhower’s Political Leadership. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988.

  Tanenhaus, Sam. The Death of Conservatism. New York: Random House, 2009.

  Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: Norton, 2003.

  Theoharis, Athan, et al. The Central Intelligence Agency: Security under Scrutiny. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006.

  Thomas, Evan. Ike’s Bluff: President Eisenhower’s Secret Battle to Save the World. New York: Little, Brown, 2012.

  Thompson, Kenneth, ed. The Eisenhower Presidency: Eleven Intimate Perspectives of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984.

  Thompson, Nicholas. The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan and the History of the Cold War. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.

  Truman, Harry S. Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, I: Year of Decisions; II: Years of Trial and Hope. New York: Doubleday, 1956.

  Truman, Margaret, ed. Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman. New York: Warner Books, 1989.

  Tudda, Chris. The Truth Is Our Weapon: The Rhetorical Diplomacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

  Tyson, Timothy. The Blood of Emmett Till. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017.

  Urban, Wayne J. More Than Science and Sputnik: The National Defen
se Education Act of 1958. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.

  U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, D.C.

  U.S. Senate. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations (Church Committee). Washington, D.C.: GPO, November 1975.

  ———. Communist Threat to the U.S. through the Caribbean. Hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. 86th Congress, First Session. Washington, D.C.: GPO, July 14, 1959.

  ———. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976.

  ———. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Vol. 12. 86th Congress, Second Session, 1960. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1982.

  ———. Hearings before the Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services. Part 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958.

  Vigers, T. W. “The German People and Rearmament.” International Affairs 27, no. 2 (1951): 151–55.

  Von Tunzelmann, Alex. Blood and Sand: Suez, Hungary, and Eisenhower’s Campaign for Peace. New York: HarperCollins, 2016.

  Wacker, Grant. America’s Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.

  Wall, Wendy L. Inventing the “American Way”: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

  Warner, Roger. Back Fire: The CIA’s Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

  Warren, Earl. The Memoirs of Earl Warren. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977.

  Webb, Willard J. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Prelude to the War in Vietnam, 1954–1959. Washington, D.C.: Office of Joint History, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2007.

  Weiner, Tim. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Anchor Books, 2007.

  Wells, Christopher. “Fueling the Boom: Gasoline Taxes, Invisibility, and the Growth of the American Highway Infrastructure, 1919–1956.” Journal of American History 99, no. 1 (2012): 72–81.

  West, J. B. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. New York: Coward, McCann, 1973.

  Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

  White, Theodore. The Making of the President, 1960. New York: Atheneum, 1961.

  White, William S. The Taft Story. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.

  Whitfield, Stephen J. The Culture of the Cold War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

  Whyte, William. The Organization Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956.

  Wicker, Tom. Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Times Books, 2002.

  Wiesner, Jerome B. Where Science and Politics Meet. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.

  Wilkins, Roy, and Tom Mathews. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins. New York: Viking, 1982.

  Wills, Garry. Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man. New York: Mariner Books, 2002.

  Winkler, Allan M. Life under a Cloud: American Anxiety about the Atom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  Witte, John F. The Politics and Development of the Federal Income Tax. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.

  Woodhouse, C. M. Something Ventured. New York: Granada, 1982.

  Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity: America since 1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

  Wukovits, John. Eisenhower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

  Wyden, Peter. Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

  Yaqub, Salim. Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

  York, Herbert. Race to Oblivion: A Participant’s View of the Arms Race. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.

  Young, Nancy Beck, ed. Documentary History of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidency. Vols. 1–12. LexisNexis, 2005–9.

  Zelizer, Julian E. Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security from World War II to the War on Terrorism. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

  Zhai, Qiang. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1954–1975. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

  Zhang, Shu Guang. Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese-American Confrontations, 1949–1958. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.

  Zhang, Xiaoming. Deng Xiaoping’s Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

  INDEX

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  Abernathy, Ralph, 345

  Abilene, Kans., 4–6, 67, 68, 215

  Acheson, Dean, 40, 90, 94, 122, 125

  Adams, John G., 141, 142, 143, 144

  Adams, Sherman, 63, 70, 72, 75, 81, 87, 98, 131, 134, 141, 142, 144, 218, 234, 236, 237, 238, 281, 290, 299, 313, 318, 321, 335, 365, 366, 369, 373, 417, 421

  DDE’s first heart attack and, 282, 283–84, 289

  resignation of, 405

  Adenauer, Konrad, 410, 422

  Afghanistan, 430

  Africa, 436

  Nixon’s 1957 tour of, 417–18

  Soviet influence in, 338

  African Americans:

  DDE’s actions on civil rights praised by, 232

  DDE’s minimal interactions with, 214–15

  violence against, 211–13, 234, 237, 239, 300–301, 345–46

  voting rights of, 238, 239, 242; see also Civil Rights Act (1957)

  see also civil rights; desegregation; school desegregation; segregation

  African-American vote, Republican gains in, 348–49

  Agronsky, Martin, 191

  Alabama, 233

  Alabama, University of, 237, 297, 510

  Alanbrooke, Lord, 19, 20, 22, 27, 423

  Aldrich, Winthrop, 336, 337

  Algeria, 19, 20, 309

  Allen, George, 286

  Allied Control Council, 29–30

  Alsop, Joseph, 127, 200, 271, 302, 396–98, 404, 431, 460

  Alsop, Stewart, 68, 127, 133–34, 200, 278, 302, 379, 382

  Ambrose, Stephen, 228

  American Battle Monuments Commission, 12

  American Expeditionary Force, 10

  American Medical Association, 260

  American National Exhibition, Moscow, 418, 419–20

  American Newspaper Publishers Association, 33

  American Society of Newspaper Editors, 513

  Castro’s speech to, 447

  “American system,” 45, 47

  America’s Spiritual Recovery (Elson), 248

  Amory, Robert, 460

  Amsterdam News, 487

  Anderson, Robert B., 218–19, 290, 499

  Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 154–55

  antiballistic missiles, 171

  Antwerp, 23

  Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 162–63, 164, 165, 166, 167, 454

  Ardennes Forest, 23–24

  Argentina, 453

  Arkansas, University of, 361

  Arkansas National Guard, 362–63, 365, 366–67

  DDE’s federalizing of, 369–70, 372

  arms race, 94–95, 96–97, 111, 268, 431, 478, 510

  DDE’s expansion of, 109, 113

  DDE’s mutual-inspection proposal for, 276–78

  deterrence and, 389, 391

  Geneva summit and, 271

  ICBMs in, 170, 171, 174

  Killian Report on, 170–71

  see also “missile gap,” missile program, Soviet; missile program, U.S.
<
br />   Armstrong, Louis, 367

  Army, U.S., 8–9, 13, 16

  DDE’s political skills honed in, 3–4, 13, 14, 22

  demobilization of, 31–32

  desegregation of, 234

  McCarthy’s investigation of, 120, 137–38

  army-McCarthy hearings, 142–45, 146, 227

  Army Signal Corps, 137

  Arthur, Chester A., xiii

  Asia, 436

  cold war in, 177, 442, 513

  communist expansion in, 54, 402, 473, 513

  U.S. policy in, 177–79, 198, 204, 209, 440

  Asia First faction, 181, 182, 192, 205

  Aswan Dam, 307, 308

  At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Eisenhower), 515

  atheism, as threat to American values, 248, 249

  Atlas missile, 387, 388

  Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 94

  Oppenheimer investigated by, 145–47

  Augusta National Golf Club, 42–43, 44, 87, 89, 215, 407

  Australia, 436

  Austria, 345

  Back to God campaign, 246–47

  Baden-Powell, Robert, 7

  Baghdad Pact, 307

  Baker, Russell, 430

  Ball, George, 74

  Bandung Conference, 436

  Banner, James, 516

  Bao Dai, 180, 185, 439

  Barkley, Alben, 73

  Barnes, Tracy, 504

  Baruch, Bernard, 32

  “Basic National Security Policy” (NSC 162/2), 108–10, 111, 170

  Bastogne, 23

  Bates, Daisy, 363, 368, 371, 373, 374

  Batista, Fulgencio, 443–45, 488

  Bay of Pigs invasion, 148, 455, 511–13

  Beach, Edward, Jr., xi–xii, xx

  Bechtel, Stephen, 263

  Belafonte, Harry, 374–75

  Belgium, 12, 23

  Belle Springs Creamery, 5, 6, 7

  Bell Telephone, 387

  Ben-Gurion, David, 313, 317

  Benson, Ezra, 239

  Beria, Lavrenti, 98

  Berlin, 30, 37–38, 410

  Khrushchev’s ultimatum on, 411–16, 422, 423–24, 429, 430, 458, 459

  1948 airlift to, 38, 410

  summit on, see Big Four summit

  Western forces in, 410–11

  Berlin, Irving, 60

  Bermingham, Edward, 53, 57

  Bermuda conference (1955), 110–12

  Bidault, Georges, 187, 195, 202, 203

  Big Four summit (1960), 414–16, 423, 429, 456, 460, 461, 465

 

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