collapse of, 467–70, 472
Bissell, Richard, 452, 509
Congo crisis and, 482–83
Cuba and, 485, 504
JFK’s firing of, 513
U-2 program and, 459, 461, 462–63, 466
Black, Douglas, 42
Black, Eugene, 336
Black, Hugo, 223
Blood, Robert O., 63
Blossom, Virgil, 362
Bohlen, Avis, 126
Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 125–28, 135, 278, 317, 329–30, 331, 338, 422
Bolshevik Revolution, 120
Bolton, Frances, 344
Bonn, West Germany, 422
Bonsal, Philip, 451, 453
Bonus Army, MacArthur’s attack on, 14
Borneo, 436
Bowie, Robert, 183
Bozell, L. Brent, 293, 473
Braden, Spruille, 450
Bradley, Mamie Till, 211, 212
Bradley, Omar, 8, 28, 91, 104, 106, 214
Brazil, 453
Bricker, John, 136, 138
Bridges, Styles, 126, 135
Brooke, Alan, see Alanbrooke, Lord
Browder v. Gayle, 345, 347
Brownell, Herbert, xviii, 64, 75, 91, 124, 127, 129, 133, 136–37, 141, 142, 217, 230, 234, 243, 300, 417
Brown case and, 222, 224–25, 226, 227, 228, 231, 372
Civil Rights Act and, 349, 351, 352–53, 355, 356, 372
civil rights as priority of, 349
civil rights legislation proposed by, 238–40, 241–42
DDE’s 1952 campaign and, 67, 70, 72, 77
DDE’s first heart attack and, 283
Little Rock desegregation battle and, 365, 366, 367, 368, 372–73
named attorney general, 87
resignation of, 372
on Warren’s appointment as chief justice, 223–24
White affair and, 130–32
Brown II decision, 232, 233
Brown Palace Hotel, Denver, as DDE’s 1952 campaign headquarters, 75
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 221–22, 224–33, 361, 374
Brownell and, 222, 224–25, 226, 227, 228, 231, 372
South’s defiance of, 233, 236–37, 240–41, 243, 296–97
Bryan, Hazel, 363
Bryant, Carolyn, 211–12
Bryant, Roy, 211–13
Buchanan, Wiley, 425, 426
Buckley, William F., 245, 293–94
Budapest, 313, 314, 315, 328, 331
1956 revolution in, 315–16
Bulganin, Nikolai, 98, 270, 274, 275, 276, 277
Suez Crisis and, 329–30, 331
Bulge, Battle of the, 23–24
Bunche, Ralph, 344
Bundy, McGeorge, 509, 511
Burma, 180, 184
Burning Tree Country Club, 117, 143
Burroughs Corporation, 387
Burton, Harold, 223
Bush, George W., xx
Bush, Prescott, 300
Bush, Vannevar, 383
Butcher, Harry, 20, 21, 23, 24
Butler, John, 135
Butler University, 76
Byrd, Harry F., 229, 263, 297, 371
Byrnes, James, 219–20, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229
Cabell, Charles, 159, 503–4
Calhoun, John C., 296
Cambodia, 179, 203, 204, 436
Camp David, 117, 285, 415, 419, 425, 429–29, 512, 516
Canada, 327
Can Can (film), 427
Capehart, Homer, 135
Capital Citizens’ Council, 361–62
capitalism, 45
see also free-market economics
Captive Hero, The (Childs), 3
Carter, Amon G., 39
Casablanca conference (1943), 20
Castillo Armas, Carlos, 163, 164, 165, 166–67
Castro, Fidel, 443–44
CIA plots against, 451–53, 485, 489–90, 503–4, 513
Khrushchev’s Harlem meeting with, 487
in 1959 U.S. visit, 447–48
at 1960 UN meeting, 486–88
Nixon’s meeting with, 447–48
in speech to newspaper editors, 447
U.S. media’s treatment of, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 450
Castro, Raúl, 443, 444, 447, 450, 451
Catholic Hour, The (radio show), 247
Central America, cold war in, 161, 167
Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.), xviii, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 372
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xv, 340, 380, 509, 516
Allen Dulles appointed director of, 148, 152–53
covert operations of, see covert operations
creation of, 150
Cuba and, 445
Doolittle Report on, 168–69, 173, 174
Indochina War and, 185, 188, 195–96
as lacking intelligence on Soviet threat, 168–69, 171–74
Langley headquarters of, 432–33
Office of Policy Coordination in, 150
Soviet missile capability estimates by, 398–99
Suez Crisis and, 317
U-2 program of, 172
Central Intelligence Agency Act (1949), 151–52
Chamberlain, Neville, 15, 309, 431
Chamoun, Camille, 399
Chiang Kai-shek, 96, 205, 401, 403, 442, 502
Chicago Defender, 212, 234, 359–60
Chicago Tribune, 260, 266
Childs, Marquis, xiii, 3, 76, 131
Chile, 453
China, xvii, 53–54, 307
communist takeover of, 74, 76, 120, 157
China, Communist, 204
DDE’s contemplation of war with, 103–4, 106, 184, 202–3, 205–6, 208–9
expansionism of, 177–78, 190
Great Leap Forward in, 400–401
Indochina War and, 176, 180, 184, 190, 194, 202
in Korean War, 48, 53–54, 68, 104, 195
nuclear weapons acquired by, 209
possible military intervention in Indochina by, 191, 195–96
Taiwan and, 205
U.S. containment policy toward, 177–79, 198, 209
China, Nationalist, 54, 96, 98, 177, 178, 187, 205
see also Taiwan (Formosa)
Chotiner, Murray, 72
Christian Science Monitor, 76–77
Church, Frank, 482
Churchill, Winston, 17, 22, 26, 28, 158, 193, 197, 198, 268, 270, 337, 423
in Bermuda conference, 110–12
DDE’s eulogy for, 515
death of, 515
Mediterranean strategy of, 19
Cities Service Company (CITGO), 43
Citizens’ Councils of America, 359
Citizens for Eisenhower, 59
civil rights, 68, 74, 213–43, 296–97, 345–75
Brownell’s proposed legislation for, 238–40, 241–42
DDE’s reluctance to deal with, 215–16, 226, 228, 243, 268, 298–302, 345–46, 358, 370–71, 373, 374–75
JFK and, 510
Thompson decision and, 216–17
Truman and, 215, 217, 219
Civil Rights Act (1957), xviii, 348, 376
Brownell and, 349, 351, 352–53, 355, 356, 372
DDE’s tepid support for, 354, 355–56
Johnson and, 350–51, 352, 355, 356, 357–58, 359, 383
jury trial amendment to, 358, 359
King on, 360
Russell’s attack on, 352–54, 355, 359
Section 3 of, 353, 354, 355, 357
voting rights protections in, 349, 352–53, 355, 356–57
civil rights movement, xviii
DDE’s distancing of himself from, 242–43, 345, 373
J.E. Hoover’s linking of communism to, 235, 236, 239
media and, 346
Montgomery bus boycott in, 235–36, 237–38, 239, 242–43, 345, 346
Civil Service Commission, 130
Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Miss.), 371
Clark, Edwin N., 57–58
Clark, Mark, 105
> Clark, Robert, 301
Clark, Tom C., 223
Clay, Lucius D., 29, 55–56, 57, 61, 64, 72, 77, 87–88, 263
Clement, Frank G., 301
Clements, Earle C., 192
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 41
Cliburn, Van, 428
Clifford, Clark, 499, 500, 502
Clinton, Bill, xx
Clinton, Tenn., 301
coal miners, 34
Coca-Cola Company, 42, 43–44
Cochran, Jacqueline, 61
Cohn, Roy, 129, 141, 144
cold war, xv, xvi–xvii, xix, 4, 38, 431, 517
in Asia, 177, 442, 513
in Central America, 161, 167
“Chance for Peace” speech and, 96–98
CIA covert operations in, see covert operations
Eisenhower administration policy in, 107–14, 340, 434–35
Geneva summit and, 268–78
ideological entrenchment of, 98
JFK and, 510, 513
Khrushchev’s view of, 412
space as new frontier in, 395
in Third World, 340
U-2 downing and, 467, 469
see also arms race; “missile gap”
Cole, Albert, 261
Collier’s, 117
Collins, J. Lawton, 214
Columbia University, 4, 35–36, 37–38, 47, 50, 53, 144
Columbine, 58
Colville, John, 110–11, 112
communism, 249
global spread of, xix, 48–49, 54, 160–61, 162, 184, 198, 339, 397, 434, 473, 489
J.E. Hoover’s linking of civil rights movement to, 235, 236, 239
U.S. fear of, 120–21, 162, 168, 246, 248, 294
Communist Control Act (1954), 147
Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), 436, 437
Communist Party of the United States, 120, 137, 147
Conant, James B., 125
Congo (Zaire), 516
anti-Lumumba coup in, 483–84, 516
Belgian military intervention in, 481
independence in, 480–81
Katanga rebellion in, 480–81
Mobutu dictatorship in, 484
UN peacekeeping troops in, 481–82
Congress, U.S., 16, 33, 35, 57
CIA oversight ceded to president by, 151–52
Defense Reorganization Act of, 394
Democratic majorities in, xx, 121, 265, 349–50, 383, 405–6, 407, 494
Eisenhower Doctrine legislation and, 351
Formosa Resolution of, 208
Indochina War and, 183, 189, 191–93
MacArthur’s address to, 54–55
military appropriations of, 13, 15, 32–33, 49–50
NASA and, 393
NATO build-up and, 50–51
postwar demobilization and, 31–32
scientific education and, 393
social security expansion executed by, 258–59
U.S. intervention in Indochina opposed by, 179
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Conner, Fox, 10, 12, 13, 16, 213
Constitution, U.S., 361, 364, 370–71
see also specific amendments
Continental Air Defense Command, 332
Coolidge, Calvin, xvii, 116, 258, 266, 292, 293
Cooper v. Aaron, 374
Corona satellite, 394–95, 458
Cotton, Norris, 63
Coulson, John, 319
Council on Foreign Relations, 113
Countercoup (K. Roosevelt), 161
covert operations, xv, 168
anti-Castro plots in, 451–53, 456, 485, 489–90, 503–4, 511, 513
anti-Lumumba plot in, 482–83, 516
in attempted Indonesian coup, 435–38, 516
Bay of Pigs invasion in, 148, 455, 511–13
DDE’s authorization of, xvi, xvii, 516–17
deniability and, 151, 435, 452, 454, 505
Doolittle report on, 169
5412 Committee and, 452–53, 454, 482
Guatemala coup in, 148–49, 164–68, 340, 454, 488, 504, 511, 516
Iran coup in, 148–49, 157–61, 164, 167–68, 340, 516
NSC 10/2 and, 150–51
NSC 10/5 and, 152
NSC 5412 and, 167–68, 174
Office of Policy Coordination as responsible for, 150–51
poor Eisenhower-era record of, 433–34
Truman’s support for, 152
U-2 program in, see U-2 program
Wisner as head of, 151, 152
Coward, Noel, 60
Crusade in Europe (Eisenhower), 42
Cuba:
Batista regime in, 443–44, 488
Bay of Pigs invasion of, 148, 455, 511–13
CIA anti-Castro plots and, 451–53, 485, 489–90, 503–4, 513
as issue in 1960 election, 484–85, 488, 489–90, 503
land reform in, 449
“loss” of, 484
postrevolution purges in, 446, 449
U.S. exploitation of, 443, 488
U.S. military aid to, 444
U.S. policy on, 446–47, 448–55, 456, 505
Cuban Missile Crisis, 170, 323
Cuban Revolution, 443–45
Cutler, Robert, 41, 75, 87, 89, 108, 154, 207, 417, 509
Cyprus, 331
Czechoslovakia, 307
Daily Herald (London), 277
Daily Mail, 277
Daley, Richard, 212
Dallas Morning News, 80
Dallek, Robert, 510
Darlan, François, 20
Dartmouth College, 129
Davies, John Paton, 125, 133
Davies, Ronald N., 362–63, 365, 367
Defense Department, U.S., 88, 183, 394, 395, 498, 517
Defense Reorganization Act (1958), 394
de Gaulle, Charles, 414, 42–24, 467
Democratic National Convention:
of 1952, 74
of 1960, 473
Democratic Party, Democrats, 34, 50, 64
DDE’s budget cuts opposed by, 100
DDE’s Indochina inaction criticized by, 200
1954 election gains of, 265
1958 election gains of, 405–6
segregationists in, 215, 242, 348–49
Denison, Tex., 5
Dent, Harry, 227–28
desegregation, xviii
DDE’s views on, 213–16, 220, 225, 229–30, 300
of military, 213–14, 215, 216, 217–18, 224, 234
of public schools, see school desegregation
of Washington, D.C., 215–16, 224, 228
see also civil rights; segregation
Devlin, Larry, 481, 482, 483
Dewey, Thomas E., 39, 40, 47, 55, 58–59, 63, 64, 285
DDE’s 1952 campaign and, 67, 70, 71–72, 77, 78
Díaz Lanz, Pedro Luis, 450
Diem, Ngo Dinh, see Ngo Dinh Diem
Dien Bien Phu, 184–85, 186
Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 187–88, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 209
Diggs, Charles C., Jr., 344
Dillon, Douglas, 183, 195, 336, 454, 481, 482, 509
Dirksen, Everett, 71, 135–36, 138, 285, 354, 477
District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co., 216–17
Divine, Robert, 179
Dixon, Pierson, 319, 320
Dodge, Joseph, 92, 100, 255
domino theory, 179, 181, 184, 190, 192, 196–97, 201, 209, 402, 436, 442, 502
Donovan, William, 150
Doolittle, James, 168–69, 383, 460
Doolittle Report, 168–69, 173, 174, 435
Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo, 450
Doud family, Denver home of, 11, 279, 280, 282
Douglas, Paul, 356
Douglas, William O., 223
draft, 16, 32
“Draft Eisenhower for President,” 36
Drummond, Roscoe, 76–77, 280, 448
Duff, James, 57–58
Dulles, Allen, 154, 156, 165, 188
, 189, 195, 313, 316, 318, 323, 377, 380, 384, 394, 396, 398–99, 417, 445, 509, 516
appointed CIA director, 148, 152–53
background of, 149–50
as CIA deputy director, 152
Congo crisis and, 481, 482, 483
Cuba and, 446, 447, 451–53, 454, 490, 504, 511
DDE’s failure to control, 435
Doolittle’s criticism of, 169
Guatemala coup and, 164–67
and Indonesia coup attempt, 436–37
Iranian coup and, 158
JFK’s firing of, 513
JFK’s meetings with, 490
John Foster’s close relationship with, 149
and Langley headquarters, 432–33
Laos and, 501
in OSS, 150
personality of, 149
Suez Crisis and, 331, 336
U-2 program and, 172, 173, 458, 459, 460, 461, 466
Dulles, Eleanor, 149
Dulles, John Foster, 92, 103, 106, 108, 127, 128, 154, 158, 164, 189, 200, 208, 226, 241, 281, 389, 400, 408, 415, 418, 421, 458
Allen’s close relationship with, 149
anticommunism of, 87–88
Asia policy and, 204
Aswan Dam and, 307–8
belligerent foreign policy of, 98
colon cancer of, 327
Cuba and, 445, 446
and DDE’s decision to run for reelection, 287
DDE’s first heart attack and, 284, 289
death of, 416–17
Geneva Accords and, 204
Geneva summit and, 269–70, 272, 275
as hawk, 95, 96, 108
Hungarian Revolution and, 316, 317, 321
Indochina War and, 181, 183, 184, 190–92, 195, 196, 197–98, 201–2, 203–4
Indonesia and, 437–38
McCarthy denounced by, 134
named secretary of state, 87–88
on Soviet designs in East Asia, 180
Suez Crisis and, 306, 311, 312–13, 317, 318–19, 320, 323–24, 326, 335
Taiwan and, 205–6, 207, 401–4
“united action” speech of, 190–91, 195
use of nuclear weapons promoted by, 112, 113–14
Dunkirk, 18
Dunnigan, Alice A., 217
Durbrow, Elbridge, 441
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, xv–xvi
East Berlin, 98
Eastern Europe:
Soviet conquest of, 95, 126, 182
Soviet Union’s uncertain hold on, 269, 314–15
East Germany, 98, 410–11
Eastland, James, 229, 233, 297–98, 349, 350, 352, 371, 449–50
Eckford, Elizabeth, 363
economy, U.S.:
Great Depression in, 43, 254
1950s inflation in, 50
1950s prosperity in, 252–54, 334, 517
recession of 1954 in, 255, 517
recession of 1957–58 in, 376, 404, 406, 517
Eden, Anthony, 110, 158, 197, 270, 274, 307, 311, 337, 338, 400, 413
Suez Crisis and, 309, 310–13, 319–20, 326–27, 329, 332, 334–35, 336
education, scientific, see science education
The Age of Eisenhower Page 86