The Age of Eisenhower
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U.S. intelligence on, 398–99
see also “missile gap”
missile program, U.S., 378, 516
Atlas missiles in, 387, 388
Corona spy satellite in, 394–95, 458
cost of, 387
as expansion of military-industrial complex, 388
Explorer satellite launch of, 392, 394
ICBMs in, 386–87, 388
intermediate-range missiles in, 387, 388, 390
interservice rivalry and, 383, 384, 387
J. Alsop’s attacks on, 396
short-range missiles in, 388
Thor missiles in, 387, 388, 390
see also “missile gap”
Mississippi, 233, 297
murder of blacks in, 213, 234
Mississippi, University of, 510
Mitchell, Clarence, 349
Moaney, John, 213, 282
Mobutu, Joseph, 483–84
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shah of Iran, 154, 156, 158–61
Mohammed V, King of Morocco, 381–82
Mollet, Guy, 336
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 275
Monde, Le, 182
Money, Miss., 211
Montgomery, Bernard, 22, 423
Montgomery bus boycott, 235–36, 237–38, 239, 242–43, 345, 346
Montgomery Improvement Association, 236
Moos, Malcolm, 507
Morocco, 19, 20
Morrow, E. Frederic, 234, 236, 240–41, 344, 354, 373, 374, 490
Morton, Thruston, 470, 472, 495
Moscow, 30–31
Nixon’s 1959 trip to, 418, 419–20
Moseley, George Van Horn, 13
Mossadeq, Mohammad, 155–56
overthrow of, 159–60, 161
Mothers’ League of Central High School, 361–62
Mundt, Karl, 74, 77, 138, 142
Murphy, Robert, 88, 310, 419
Murray, Arthur, 40
Mussolini, Benito, 194
Myasishchev 4 bomber, 172
Nagy, Imre, 315, 323, 328
Nasser, Gamal Abdel:
Algerian War and, 309
anti-Western policies of, 307
Eden’s view of, as Soviet pawn, 312
regional influence of, 399–400
Suez Canal nationalized by, 306–7, 308, 310, 516
National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), 393
U-2 downing and, 464
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 217, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239
Legal Defense Fund of, 221
Till lynching and, 212–13
National Defense Education Act (NDEA; 1958), 393
nationalism, 436
Eisenhower administration’s misreading of, 153, 434, 437
National Legion, 246
National Newspaper Publishers Association, 373
National Prayer Breakfast, 118
National Presbyterian Church, 6, 118, 246, 251
National Press Club, 426
National Review, 293
National Security Act (1947), 150
National Security Council (NSC), xviii–xix, 87, 89, 96, 99, 104, 105, 107, 137, 150, 152, 153–54, 159, 160, 163, 285, 436, 449, 454, 498
arms race and, 271, 385, 387
China policy and, 177–78
Congo crisis and, 481
Hungarian Revolution and, 316, 323
increase in covert operations ordered by, 167–68, 189
Indochina War and, 183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 195, 196, 199
“missile gap” and, 379–80
Suez Crisis and, 324
Taiwan and, 207–8
U-2 program hidden from, 174
National Urban League, 234
National War College, 12, 108
Navarre, Henri, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 198
Navy, U.S., desegregation of, 218–19
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 103, 106, 344, 438
Nelson, Byron, 87
Neuberger, Richard, 355–56
New Deal, xvii, 38, 39, 45, 63, 66, 67, 83, 120, 257, 261, 265, 266, 350
New Guinea, 436
New Hampshire, 36, 59, 60
1952 primary in, 62–64
Newport, R.I., 360, 361, 363–64, 365
Newport Country Club, 360, 364
New Republic, 251
News-Chronicle, 277–78
Newsweek, 71, 377, 382
New York, N.Y., 27, 35, 37, 55
New Yorker, 71, 292
New York Herald Tribune, 42, 68, 280
New York Post, xiii, 77
New York Times, xiii, xiv, 17, 18, 32, 34, 41, 51, 68, 79, 131, 140, 162, 242, 266, 274, 278, 330, 334, 354, 356, 361, 367, 392, 430, 444, 449
Ngo Dinh Diem, 513
anticommunism of, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442
authoritarianism of, 440, 441
background of, 438–39
CIA and, 439
in U.S. meeting with DDE, 438, 440–41
Ngo Dinh Nhu, 430, 440
Nicaragua, 163, 164–65, 166
Nicosia, Cyprus, 158
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 251
Nixon, E. D., 236
Nixon, Pat, 491
Nixon, Richard M., xiv, xv, 34, 116, 134, 136, 138, 140, 159, 160, 188, 196, 219, 248, 265, 285, 360, 381, 406, 413, 421–22
anticommunist credentials of, 72, 120, 121, 424
black vote and, 349
Castro’s meeting with, 447–48
“Checkers” speech of, 78–80
as DDE’s 1952 running mate, 71–73, 77, 83
and DDE’s decision to run for reelection, 287
DDE’s first heart attack and, 281, 283–84, 289
DDE’s strained relationship with, 73, 80, 291–92, 420–21, 476, 479–80, 491–92, 495
fund scandal and, 77–80, 83
on Indochina War, 185
and Khrushchev’s U.S. visit, 424, 425–26
King arrest and, 490–91
King’s meeting with, 345, 346
in “kitchen debate” with Khrushchev, 419–20
McCarthy condemned by, 140
in 1953 Asia goodwill tour, 176, 185
in 1956 campaign, 303
in 1957 Africa tour, 343–44, 417–18
in 1958 Latin American tour, 418
1959 Moscow trip of, 418, 419–20
in 1960 election, 418, 420, 430, 469, 476, 478–79, 488–90, 494
in 1968 election, 515
urged to drop off 1956 ticket by DDE, 289–92
Nixon Agonistes (Wills), xv
Nixon-Kennedy debates, 488–89, 490
Nkrumah, Kwame, 343, 344
nonaligned nations, 310, 449, 487–88
Normandy, 22, 23, 29
North Africa, 19–20, 25
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 4, 49–53, 55, 58, 59, 62, 188, 269, 270, 271, 274, 320, 322, 422, 499
DDE as commander of, 49–50, 52–53, 56, 190
DDE at Paris meeting of, 389–90
U.S. nuclear weapons offered to, 390
West Germany in, 410
North Korea, 47–48
North Vietnam, 441
NSC 10/2, 150
NSC 10/5, 152
NSC 162/2, 108–10, 111, 170
NSC 166/1 (“U.S. Policy toward Communist China”), 177–78
NSC 5412, 168, 170, 173–74
NSC 5412/2, 435
NSC 5429, 204
nuclear weapons, xv
China’s acquisition of, 209
DDE’s massive buildup of, 171, 389, 457
DDE’s willingness to use, 103–4, 106, 109, 111–12, 113–14, 197, 202–3, 206, 208–9, 330, 340
fallout from, 407–8
as Geneva summit issue, 271
Oppenheimer’s uneasiness about, 146
Soviet development of, 152, 168, 169–70
Soviet tests of, 168
test-ban talks on, 407–8
U.S. tests of, 94, 114, 197
U.S. v
s. Soviet arsenals of, 269–70
Nullification Crisis, 371
Obama, Barack, xx
Observer (London), 326
O’Connell, Francis X., 495
Odlum, Floyd, 61
Office of Defense Mobilization, U.S., 337–38
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 150, 439
oil:
European imports of, 326, 335–36, 338, 339
Iranian reserves of, 153, 154–55, 159
Middle East reserves of, 154, 157, 160, 307, 309, 339
Suez Crisis and, 312, 321, 326, 332–33, 335–36
101st Airborne, 369–70, 371, 372
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 94–95, 383
AEC investigation of, 145–47
organized crime, 62
Overlord, Operation, 21–24
Overseas Press Club, 190
Pacific Fleet, U.S., 92
Pakistan, 307, 430, 461
Panama Canal Zone, 10
Panmunjom, 105
Paris, 23, 422
Big Four summit in, see Big Four summit
DDE’s 1959 trip to, 423–24
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 149–50
Parker, John J., 226
Parks, Rosa, 235–36
Pathet Lao, 500
Patton, George S., 10, 22, 26, 213
Pauling, Linus, 407–8
Payne, Ethel, 345, 359–60
Payne, Frederick, 13
Peale, Norman Vincent, 247–48, 251
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 17
Pearson, Drew, 278–79, 382
Peress, Irving, 137, 138
Pershing, John “Black Jack,” 12, 17
Persons, Wilton B. “Jerry,” 134, 281, 284, 499
Petitpierre, Max, 273
Peurifoy, John E., 164
Philippines, 15, 16, 54, 178, 204, 436
communist insurgency in, 439
Japanese invasion of, 17
Phoumi Nosavan, 501
Pineau, Christian, 313
Pittsburgh Courier, 212, 224–25, 226
Plessy v. Ferguson, 220–21, 224, 225, 227, 228
Poland, 314, 421
Polaris missile, 387, 388
Pope, Allen Lawrence, 438
Porter, Philip W., 41
Port Said, Egypt, 329, 332
“Possible Courses of Action in Korea” (NSC report), 105
Potsdam Conference, 28, 268
Poulson, Norris, 427
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 218, 345, 367
Power of Positive Thinking, The (Peale), 248
Powers, Francis Gary, 462, 464–65
Poznan, Poland, 314
President’s Advisory Committee on a National Highway Program, 263
President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 215
President’s Science Advisory Committee, 381, 392–93
Priest, J. Percy, 192
Prince Edward County, Va., 233
Psalm 33:12, 93
Pyongyang, 105
Quarles, Donald, 377, 458
Quemoy, 205, 206, 207, 208, 400–403, 412, 489
Rabb, Maxwell, 218, 235, 238, 240–41, 299
racial discrimination, 129
see also desegregation; segregation
racial violence, 237, 239, 300–301, 345–46
Radford, Arthur, 92, 181, 186, 188–89, 191–92, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 206, 271, 276
Suez Crisis and, 318–19, 331–32
Radio Free Europe, 151
railroad workers, 34
Randolph, A. Philip, 345, 374
Rayburn, Sam, 390, 391–92
Reagan, Ronald, xx
Reconstruction, 355
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 74
Red Scare, 119, 127
Reed, Philip, 130
religion, 1950s revival of, 118, 248, 251
religious discrimination, 129
Remington Rand, 388
Republican Looks at His Party, A (Larson), 304
Republican National Committee, 70, 78, 132, 266, 470
Republican National Convention, 36
of 1952, 69–73, 302
of 1956, 296, 299–300, 302–5
of 1960, 475–79
Republican Party, Republicans, 40, 50, 54
black vote and, 348–49
DDE’s Indochina inaction criticized by, 200
1954 election losses of, 265
1958 election losses of, 405–6, 407
1960 election losses of, 494
Old Guard of, 50, 58, 68, 71, 72, 81, 82, 95, 101, 135, 136, 138, 139, 145, 182, 256, 265, 303, 350, 357–58, 476
right wing of, 63, 64, 66, 71, 81, 83, 98, 100, 128, 133, 136, 257, 265, 266, 293–94
Reston, James, xiii, 51, 68, 131, 132, 274, 280, 292, 334, 354, 398, 420, 421, 465, 493
Rhee, Syngman, 91–92, 105, 106–7, 442
Rice, Condoleezza, 43
Richards, Robert, 196
Richardson, Sid, 59, 249
Richmond News Leader, 296
Ridgway, Matthew, 188
River Brethen Church, 4, 5, 6
Roberts, Chalmers, 193
Roberts, Clifford, 42–43, 58, 87, 493
Robinson, Jackie, 367, 374, 487
Robinson, William E., 42, 56, 58, 59, 77, 87, 142, 286, 290, 303, 398, 493
Rockefeller, Nelson, 276, 476
Rodgers, Richard, 61
Rogers, William P., 136, 142, 143, 283, 358, 495, 496
named attorney general, 372
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 116, 426–27
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xvii, 4, 17, 19, 21, 22, 67, 95, 102, 116, 117, 126, 136, 182, 278, 348, 516
Roosevelt, Kermit, 157, 158–59, 160, 161, 168
Roosevelt, Theodore, 7, 516
Rosenberg, Ethel, 120, 122–25
Rosenberg, Julius, 120, 122–25, 137
Rosenberg, Michael, 123
Rosenberg, Sophie, 123
Rovere, Richard, 47, 71, 74, 292–93
Royal Navy, 155
rule of law, 370
DDE’s deep-seated commitment to, 325–26
Russell, Richard, 64, 192, 229, 297, 352–54, 355, 357, 359, 372
Saigon, 177, 180
St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York, 273
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 26
Saltonstall, Leverett, 354
Saltonstall, William, 63
San Francisco, Calif., Khrushchev’s visit to, 428
Saudi Arabia, 308
Scheider, Joseph, 483
Schine, David, 141
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., xiv, 245, 494, 498, 511, 514
Schlesinger, Arthur, Sr., xiii
Schoenfeld, Rudolf, 163
school desegregation, xviii
Brown decision and, 221–22, 224–33, 361, 374
“interposition” thesis and, 296–97
Little Rock battle in, see Little Rock, Ark., school desegregation battle in
on military bases, 217–18
Plessy decision and, 220–21, 224, 225, 227, 228
“separate but equal” doctrine and, 221, 226
states’ rights and, 224, 229
in Washington, D.C., 217, 228
white resistance to, 233, 236–37, 239, 240–41, 243, 296–97, 300–301, 371–72, 374
Science Advisory Committee, 169
science education, DDE’s initiative on, 391, 393, 395
Scott, Hugh, 470
Scoville, Herbert, 384
segregation, xviii, 225, 226, 298, 346, 347, 363, 486, 487, 510
Browder decision and, 345, 347
see also civil rights; desegregation; school desegregation
Selective Service Act, 33
Selective Service System, 32
self-reliance, 83, 258
self-help books, 247–48
Sellers, Clyde, 237
Senate, U.S., 34, 52, 62
Armed Services Committee of, 214
Civil Rights Act of 1957 in, 351–52
filibusters in, 350
Foreign Relations Committee of, 126, 190, 201–2, 470–71
Government Operations Committee of, 125
Judiciary Committee of, 352, 449–50
McCarthy censured by, 144–45
“missile gap” hearings in, 382–83, 385–86, 404
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of, 125, 142
Preparedness Subcommittee of, 383, 385–86
segregationists’ stranglehold on, 215, 242, 349–50
see also Congress, U.S.
Seoul, DDE’s trip to, 91–92
“separate but equal” doctrine, 221
“Serenade to Ike,” 60–61
Seventh Fleet, U.S., 340, 401, 403
Shakespeare, William, 423
Shannon, William V., xiii
Sheen, Fulton J., 247, 248, 251
Shepilov, Dmitri, 338
Shepley, James, 103
Siam, 180
Sicily, Allied invasion of, 20–21
Singapore, 436
Six Crises (Nixon), 420
Slater, Ellis, 286, 303, 493
Smathers, George, 377
Smith, Howard, 240
Smith, Lamar, 213, 234
Smith, Merriman, 360, 378
Smith, Walter Bedell “Beetle,” 23, 35, 36, 88, 125, 152, 156–57, 163, 164, 190, 214
Smith Act (1940), 120
SNIE 11–5–58 (National Intelligence Estimate), 399
SNIE 11–10–57 (National Intelligence Estimate), 396
Snyder, Howard, 75, 280–81, 294–95, 330
Snyder, John W., 90
Snyder, Murray, 281
Sobeloff, Simon, 231–32
social security, 517
DDE’s expansion of, 257–59, 268
Social Security Amendments (1954), 259
Solarium, Operation, 108
Somoza, Anastasio, 163
Soong Mei-ling, 205
South:
defiance of Brown in, 233, 236–37, 240–41, 243, 296–97
racial violence in, 237, 239, 300–301, 345–46
South Carolina, 297
Southeast Asia, 436
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 204
“Southern Manifesto, The,” 240, 297, 348
South Korea, 47–48, 53, 178, 442
South Vietnam, 204, 510
communist insurgency in, 441
North Vietnamese infiltration of, 501
U.S. aid to, 340, 440–41, 513
U.S. policy on, 204, 340, 436, 438, 440–41, 442
Soviet threat:
arms race and, see arms race
CIA’s lack of intelligence on, 168–69, 171–74
Killian Report on, 170–71
lack of early warning system and, 169–70, 171, 174
NSC 162/2 and, 108–10, 111, 170
Soviet Union, 37–38, 49, 51
Africa and, 338–39
DDE’s proposed visit to, 421, 429, 442, 456–57, 468
East Asia and, 180–81
Egypt and, 307, 308, 338–39
end of Indochina War desired by, 202
expansionism of, 53, 109, 153, 160–61, 180, 190