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The Invisible History of the Human Race

Page 42

by Christine Kenneally


  AncestryDNA.com, 207, 210, 212

  deCODEme, 316

  Family Tree DNA, 179, 182, 189–90, 207–12, 217, 232

  Oxford Ancestors, 179–80, 182

  23andMe, 207, 210, 212, 217, 306–7, 308, 310, 316–17

  doctors, 51–52

  documents, see records

  Dodecad, 207

  Doggerland, 168

  Domesday Book, 118–20

  Donnelly, Peter, 161–62, 164, 166, 167, 174–75

  Dons, 160, 164

  Dor Yeshorim, 300–301

  Dromgoole, Will Allen, 270–71

  drug reactions, 306

  Duke, Marshall, 115

  Dunham, Stanley Ann, 39, 122

  Dyson, Esther, 317

  earwax, 278

  Eastern cultures, Western cultures compared with, 153–54

  economies, 129

  culture and, 157

  history and, 156–57

  slavery and, 142–43, 145

  trust and, 144–45, 156

  Ehrenreich, Eric, 66, 69, 71–74, 81–82, 149

  Einheitsfamilienstammbuch, 66–67, 69,

  73, 80

  Elhaik, Eran, 239–42

  Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 187

  Ellis, Joseph J., 227

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 42, 158

  end of history illusion, 29

  England, surnames in, 192–99

  epigenetics, 305

  “Epilogue” (Lowell), 17

  equality and egalitarianism, 46, 55

  Equiano, Olaudah, 139, 140, 143

  Erc, King, 187

  Erlich, Yaniv, 131

  ethnicity, 239

  see also race

  eugenics, 54–55, 61–62, 64–65, 81–82, 113, 126, 238

  Grant and, 59–61, 64, 75–76

  marriage counseling and, 63, 65

  in Nazi Germany, 71–73, 75–76,

  80–82

  Popenoe and, 62–64, 65

  sterilization and, 64, 72, 75

  Eugenics Records Office (ERO), 62, 64

  Eugenics Society of America, 61

  Europe, 96, 213–14, 219, 222, 249, 318

  Native American genomes and, 249–50

  evolution, 12, 53, 65, 70, 159, 259

  eugenics and, 60

  natural selection in, 258–59

  eye color, 278, 285

  Facebook, 127

  facial characteristics, 279–81, 282–83

  judgments about ancestry based on, 283–84

  factor V, 306

  Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 272–73

  family history, see genealogy

  Family History Centers, 115–16, 206

  Family Search, 114–17

  family-systems therapy, 138

  Family Tree DNA, 179, 182, 189–90, 207–12, 217, 232

  Family Trees: A History of Genealogy in America (Weil), 39

  famine, 158, 258, 305

  in Ireland, 106, 107, 137, 257

  Farmer, John, 44

  farming, see agriculture

  Faroe Islands, 318

  Farrar, John, 39

  Farrell, Elizabeth, 27–28

  feelings, see ideas and feelings

  Feldman, Marcus, 247, 248, 251, 255–57, 259, 295–97, 300, 303

  Fergus Mor, King, 187

  Fernandez, Raquel, 154–55, 157

  Finding Your Roots, 211

  Findlay, Cassandra, 130

  FindMyPast, 81, 128–29

  Fisher, Mary, 38

  Fisher, R. A., 165

  Fitter Family competitions, 61

  flu, 260

  Fogli, Alessandra, 154–55, 157

  Fortune, 44

  Foster, Eugene, 226–29, 231, 232

  founder effect, 297, 301

  Founders and Survivors, 135–38

  Fowle, John, 37

  Fox, Dixon Ryan, 45

  fragile X syndrome, 300

  France, 51

  Frank, Anne, 122, 123

  Franklin, Benjamin, 37–38, 184

  Franklin, Robert, 38

  Franklin, Rosalind, 161

  Franklin, Thomas, 38, 184

  Franklin, William, 184

  French Canadians, 298

  Galton, Francis, 54–55, 107, 234, 303

  Garma festival, 281–82, 283

  Gates, Bill, 7, 310

  Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 211, 282

  Gausemeier, Bernd, 72

  gay marriage, 123–24

  gender inequality, 152–53, 154

  Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England, A (Farmer), 44

  Genealogical Society of Utah, 46

  genealogical tree, 220, 221

  genetic tree vs., 218–19

  genealogy(ies) (family history), 19–33, 69–71, 81–82, 108–9, 263

  African, 32

  Asian, 31–32, 243

  biology connected to, 48

  collective, 131–32

  in colonial America, 37–41

  counterfeit, 45

  criticism of and aversion to, 19–23, 32–33, 41–45, 216, 219

  heraldry and, 44–45

  history of, 34–48

  Maori, 32

  moral and religious imperatives of, 46

  and people’s responses to DNA testing, 242–44

  records of, see records

  social history and, 176

  triggers for investigating, 29–30

  genealogy companies, 126, 127–28, 130–31

  Ancestry.com, 17, 40, 81, 92, 124–30, 206–7

  Geni.com, 130, 131, 135

  FindMyPast, 81, 128–29

  see also DNA testing companies

  genealogy expos, 125

  Genealogy Roadshow, 211

  genes, x, xi, 6–9, 14, 22, 201–2

  alleles of, xi, 317

  amount of influence of, 303–4

  APOE, 308, 317

  BRCA, 305

  candidate studies of, 162

  discovery of, 161

  F5, 306

  in genomes of many creatures, 290–91

  HEXA, 297, 298, 299

  huntingtin, 289–93, 299, 304

  Hox, 290–91

  influences on, 8, 279, 304

  MC1R, 284–85

  multigenerational effects of, 305

  population structure and, 162–64

  proteins produced by, 291

  senses and, 259

  silencing of, 292

  traits and, see traits

  Genes, Peoples, and Languages (Cavalli-Sforza), 235

  genetic disorders, see diseases

  Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

  Act, 318

  genetic mutations, 258, 297, 298, 304, 318

  BRCA, 305

  de novo point, 304

  endogamous marriage and, 296

  F5, 306

  fragile X syndrome, 300

  recessive, 296–99

  see also diseases

  genetics, first use of term, 53

  genetics companies, see DNA testing companies

  genetic tree vs. genealogical tree, 218–19

  Genghis Khan, 93, 180–82, 192, 195, 256

  Geni.com, 130, 131, 135

  Genographic Project, 207, 233–34, 239–42

  genome(s), 3, 7, 8, 13, 162–64, 186, 202, 205, 210, 214, 245, 257–58, 260, 290

  African, 254–55

  ancient, 252–53

  Australian, 250

  bottlenecks and, 247–48, 250–51, 260
r />   British history and, 164–68, 171–77

  Bushman, 256

  dissolving of, 219

  fine-structure analysis of, 165

  first sequencing of, 161

  history and, 260–61

  locations on, xi

  Neanderthal, 252–54

  race and, 236–38

  slave trade and, 260

  as tree, 241–42

  twins and, x

  Gercke, Achim, 71–72

  German Society for Racial Hygiene, 70

  German immigrants, 156

  Germany, 147, 148

  see also Nazi Germany

  Getchell, Ivy, 89–90

  Gilbert, Daniel, 28–29, 33

  goats, 262

  Godfrey Webster, 137

  Golden, Robert, 229

  Golden Dawn, 82

  Google, 127

  Gordon-Reed, Annette, 226

  Gorgass, Ruthild, 80

  Goss, Leanne, 137

  Granite Mountain Records Vault, 111–17, 122–24

  Grant, Madison, 55–61, 62, 64, 234

  African Americans and, 59–60

  Benga and, 57–58

  eugenics and, 59–61, 64, 75–76

  immigration and, 58–59

  Greece, 82

  Green, Robert, 307–8, 310

  Greenspan, Bennett, 182, 207–10

  group identity, 23

  Groves, Colin, 252

  Guardian, 20, 30

  Guineas, 271

  Gulkula, 281

  Gulumbulu, 281

  Haley, Alex, 47–48

  Hayden, Michael, 291

  HDBuzz, 293

  health, 285, 309

  see also diseases

  hearing, 259

  Heidenreich, Gisela, 76–80, 81, 138

  height, 278, 303–4

  Heinlein, Robert, 111, 126

  Helicobacter pylori, 261

  Hemings, Eston, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233

  Hemings, Madison, 227, 231, 232, 233

  Hemings, Sally, 124, 225–33, 238, 257

  Henn, Brenna, 303

  heraldry, 44–45

  hérédité, 51, 53

  heredity, 49–53, 65, 69–71

  Bakewell and, 49–51, 53

  breeding and, see breeding

  Darwin and, 54

  eugenics and, see eugenics

  Galton and, 54

  Mendel and, 52–53, 54, 60, 61, 62

  HEXA gene, 297, 298, 299

  Highland Games, 186–87, 189, 199

  Himmler, Heinrich, 76, 77, 78, 234

  historical figures, descendants of, 183

  history, 158, 213, 246–64

  of Britain, 168–74

  in DNA, 159–78

  economies and, 156–57

  genome and, 260–61

  human origins and exodus from Africa, 234, 246–48, 250–52, 255, 284, 303

  History Channel, 273

  Hitler, Adolf, 60, 68, 69, 72–75, 79,

  122, 234

  nephews of, 183

  T4 program created by, 75

  Hoff, Karla, 314–15

  Holocaust, 65, 106–7, 122, 234

  Homestead Act, 47

  Hox gene, 290–91

  human cloning, 7, 8

  Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 234–36, 239, 240

  Human Genome Project, 237, 241

  Hung, James, 32

  hunter-gatherers, 253, 255, 259

  huntingtin gene, 289–93, 299, 304

  Huntington, George, 288

  Huntington’s disease, 286–95, 299, 306, 307, 308, 318

  Iceland, 120, 132–33

  surnames in, 192

  ideas and feelings, 139–58

  trust, see trust

  illegitimacies, 200, 201

  immigrants, 58–59, 61

  community closeness and, 156

  and parents’-country-of-origin effect on women, 154–56

  and reproduction of old values, 154–55

  India, 173

  caste system in, 314–15

  social change in, 315

  Indonesia, 249

  volcano in, 248

  Ingimund, 193–95

  intergenerational self, 115

  International Atomic Energy Agency, 120

  International Visible Trait Genetics Consortium, 280

  Internet, 127, 128

  Interpretome, 207

  IQ84 (Murakami), 246

  Ireland, 2, 27, 118, 156, 167, 169, 257, 298

  famine in, 106, 107, 137, 257

  physical traits in, 282

  surnames in, 192, 198–99, 200–201

  Y chromosomes in, 195–96, 198, 200–201, 282

  Irish Americans, 156

  Irish Blood Transfusion Service, 163

  Íslendingabók, 132–33

  Israel, 251, 300

  Issues, 271

  Italy, 116, 172, 222–23

  trust in, 156

  James IV, King, 188

  Japan, 65

  Jefferson, Martha Wayles, 225, 227, 238

  Jefferson, Thomas, 41–42, 225, 234, 238

  Hemings’ relationship with, and descendants, 124, 225–33, 257

  Jewish Influence and the German Universities, The, 71–72

  Jews, 23, 25, 68, 71–73, 74, 164,

  209, 243

  anti-Semitism and, 71, 73, 137–50

  Black Death and, 147–48, 149

  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and, 122, 123

  Holocaust and, 65, 106–7, 122, 234

  medieval pogroms and, 147, 148,

  149–50

  in Nazi Germany, see Nazi Germany

  premarital genetic testing and, 300–301

  Samaritans and, 295

  World War I and, 148

  Jobs, Steve, 310

  Jones, Dan, 124–25, 126, 127, 130

  Justo Doria, Antonio, 288

  Kabre, 141

  Kayser, Manfred, 280–81

  Kennedy, N. Brent, 272, 273, 275–76

  Keynes, John Maynard, 183

  Keynes, Laura, 183

  Khan, Razib, 319

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 320

  Kinnear, 2, 98

  Kiryat Luza, 295

  Kitcher, Philip, 267

  Klocke, Friedrich von, 81–82

  Koelle, Sigismund, 141, 143

  Kong Demao, 32

  Kong Xiangxian, 32

  Labuda, Damian, 133–35

  Lambert, David Allen, 30, 34–36, 43

  Lander, Eric, 227

  Larkin, Philip, 139

  laser discs, 119–20, 121

  Leopold II, King, 57

  Leslie, Stephen, 161–69, 172, 174–76,

  178, 187

  Lewontin, Richard, 23–24, 236–37

  lice, 261

  Lightning, 27

  Lincoln, Abraham, 35

  linkage disequilibrium, 256

  Linnaeus, Carl, 189

  lipid catabolism, 254

  Lives to Come, The: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities (Kitcher), 267

  Lorenz, Ottokar, 69–70

  Lorn Mor, King, 187

  Lowell, Robert, 17

  lupus, 254

  Lutz, Balthazar, 66

  MacLaren, Donald, 187–89, 191

  MacLaren clan, 187–91

  Maori culture, 32

  Mao Tse-tung, 93, 94

  Marks, Jonathan, 233

  Marlboro Historical Society, 23

  Marlboro
ugh, 1st Duke of

  (John Churchill), 20

  Marlow, Samuel, 137

  marriage:

  counseling for, 63, 65

  cousin, 220, 296–97, 298, 301–2

  genetic testing before, 300–302

  interracial, 269–69

  Samaritan, 296

  same-sex, 123–24

  uncle-niece, 302

  Mauch, Alfons, 66, 68

  Mauch, Elisabeth, 66

  Mauch, Joe, 66–69, 80–81, 105

  Mauch, Jürgen, 66

  Mauch, Maria Lutz, 66, 68

  Mayflower, 44, 131

  McCalman, Janet, 135–36

  McCarthy, Gavan, 120–21

  McCormick, Michael, ix

  McGrath, Ann, 98, 108–10

  McHarg/Mchargue YDNA Project, 199

  McHarge, Anne, 199–200

  McLaren, Bob, 189–91, 200

  McLoughlin, Garry, 136–37

  McLoughlin, Michael, 136–37

  medical community, 51, 70

  Meir, Golda, 1

  Melungeons, 267–79

  African Americans and, 271, 276

  diseases and, 273

  Native Americans and, 277–78

  physical traits in, 273, 277

  Melungeons, The: The Resurrection of a Proud People (Kennedy), 272

  Melungeons Yesterday and Today

  (Bible), 268

  Melville, Allan, 42

  Melville, Herman, 42

  Mendel, Gregor, 52–53, 54, 60, 61, 62

  Mendelian diseases, 295, 303, 306,

  307, 311

  Huntington’s disease, 286–95, 299, 306, 307, 308, 318

  Mendelian traits, 278

  Mexico, pandemics in, 260

  Meyer, Leo Joseph, 90–91, 92

  Meyer, Maisie Aileen, 90–91, 92

  Meyer, Geoff, 85–86, 90–92, 124

  Miami Herald, 182

  mice, 259, 261–62, 292, 305

  Midnight Oil, 1

  migrations, 129, 131, 135, 177, 248

  milk drinking, 258, 259

  missing heritability, 304

  mitochondria, 186, 257

  mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 163, 186, 201, 206, 207, 216, 221, 253, 257

  Mongol Empire, 180–81, 255

  Mongolia, 95

  surnames in, 93, 191–92

  monkeys, 20

  Moore, Carolyn, 229

  Moore, CeCe, 211–12

  Moritzburg Castle, 56

  Mormon Church, see Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

  multiple sclerosis, 306, 307

  Murakami, Haruki, 246

  Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 166

  names, 191

  see also surnames

  Napp, Cyril, 52

  National Geographic, Genographic Project of, 207, 233–34, 239–42

  National Security Agency (NSA), 127

  Native Americans, 71, 199, 206, 242,

  249, 271

  European genomes and, 249–50

  Melungeons and, 277–78

  physical traits in, 282

  natural selection, 258–59

  Nature, 228–29

 

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