in Liangchengzhen grog
in Midas tumulus grog
in Near Eastern beverages
in northern European beverage residues
in omphacomelitis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in
in sub-Saharan Africa
in Theobroma re-creation
Turkish red pine honey
in Ugarit texts
uses of. See also honey mead
honey badger
honeybee. See bees
honeydew
honeyguide
honey mead: in Americas
in ancient Gaul
from Danish sites
ease of production
in Egypt
Ethiopian tej
evidence from Scottish sites
from German sites
in Greek kykeon
in Jiahu grog
in Midas tumulus grog
in mixed European beverages
natural occurrence
in Norse mythology
in northern Europe
sociocultural associations
in sub-Saharan Africa. See also honey
hops
Horace
Hordeum: hexastichum
spontaneum
vulgare. See also barley
Horned God figure
horses
domestication and nomadic steppe cultures
koumiss
howler monkeys
Huang Di
Huilliche people
Huitzilopochtli
huitztecolli
human evolution: evolutionary advantages of alcohol consumption
symbolic consciousness
human skulls: in Çatal Höyük frescoes
as drinking vessels
at Jordan Valley and Baq’ah Valley sites
at Natufian sites
Humulus lupulus. See hops
Hungary
hunters, Clovis culture
Hurst, Jeffrey
hutengwu dance
Huxley, Aldous
huxuanwu dance
Hyoscyamus niger. See henbane
Hyphaene thebaïca
Ibiza
iboga
Ice Man
Ilex: holly
paraguariensis
Iliad
Inandık Vase
Inanna/Ishtar
Incas, chicha use
incense tree
Incipient Jomon pottery
Indicator indicator
Indo-European migrations and influences
indoxyl compounds
insects: butterfly mating behavior
naturally occurring alcohols and
as yeast transporters. See also specific types
International Congress on Beer in Prehistory and Antiquity
intoxication
animals
attitudes about
biological disadvantages of
Egyptian “mistress of drunkenness”
Sufi mysticism and. See also altered consciousness; fermented-beverage consumption
Ipomoea
Ipuy tomb
Iran (including archaeological sites): early viticulture
Hajji Firuz Tepe
Persian wine culture. See also Godin Tepe; Persia
Iraq, author’s travel in
Irish sites
Isaksson, Sven
Ischia: Pithekoussai tombs
Ishtar
Isis
Islam
Israel: Natufıans. See also Canaanites; Jordan Valley; Levant
Isturitz cave flutes
Italy, Italian sites
Iteso people
Ivanov, Vjačeslav
Izalco
Jackson, Michael
James, William
Jamshid
Japan
jasmine
Jericho
jewelry
in burials
Jewish ceremony, wine in
Jiahu
beverage re-creation
beverage residue analysis
crane bone flutes
incised shells and bones
pottery jars
rice at
shaman cult hypothesis
tools
jimsonweed
jiu
Jordan: Petra and nearby sites. See also Jordan Valley
Jordan Valley
export wine from Scorpion I tomb
Joyce, Rosemary
Juan-Tresserras, Jordi
jujube
junco reed
juniper
Jupiter
Kadero
Kaftari seal
Kamid el-Loz
Karacada Range
Karahashi, Fumi
Kazakhstan: horse sacrifices in. See also Central Asia
Kekulé, Friedrich August von
Kemp, Barry
Kenya: beer in
honey mead in
palm wine in
Kenyon, Kathleen
keros
Khafafı, Zeidan
Khartoum
Khorsabad
Khramis-Didi-Gora
Khufu, pyramid of
Kigellia africana
Kikuyu people
Kislev, Mordechai
Klasies River Mouth Cave
Knossos
Kofyar people
Kon-Tiki
Körber-Grohne, Udelgard
Körtik
Kostræde
koumiss
kraters
Ksar Akil
“Kubla Khan” (Coleridge)
kurgan burials
kvass
Lacandón Maya
Lajia
lambic beers
La Meseta Sur
Lamuela-Raventós, Rosa M.
language capacity and development
La Tène
Laussel Venus
La Yaral
layering, for propagating grapevines
Lebanon (including archaeological sites): Beqaa Valley
Byblos
Byblos wine
forests as shipbuilding resource
Sarepta. See also Levant; Phoenicians
Lefkandi
lei jars
Lesbos wine
Les Trois Frères cave painting
Levant: beekeeping in
Canaanite wine culture
Levantine shipping and trade
viticulture and winemaking. See also Phoenicians; specific regions and sites
Lewis-Williams, David
Lhote, Henri
Liangchengzhen
li (Chinese rice or millet beer)
Li Bo
Library of History (Diodorus Siculus)
Li ji (Book of Records)
lime tree
linden
lingonberries
linseed
Lipari islands
Lismore Fields
Liu, Li
Loat, W. L. S.
Loma de la Tejería
Lonchocarpus longistylus
Longshan pottery vessels
longyan
Lophophora williamsii
lotus
Loulan mummies
LSD
Lucas, Alfred
lucerne
Lucy
luo
Lycopodium
Lydians
lysine
macaque
Macedonia
Machrie Moor
magnolia
Mago
Mahasna
Mainland Island
Mair, Victor
maize
domestication of
nixtamalization
north of Mexico
maize beverages: Bantu beer
chicha
maize wine
in mixed beverages
stalks as juice source
Theobroma re-creation
Majorca
Malaysian tree shrew
malt, malting
maize
rice. See also barley malt
Malta
mammal extinctions, American
Manihot esculenta. See manioc
manioc
manzanita
MAO inhibitors
maple
maps: Africa
Americas
Eurasia
Europe and Mediterranean
Mapuche people
maqui
Marchalina hellenica
Marco Polo
mare’s milk
Mare’s Teat grape
Margiana sites
Mariesminde Mose
marijuana. See hemp/marijuana
marjoram
Marsala
marzeah
Masai people
mashing techniques and facilities
ancient Egypt
Burkina Faso
mastication, saccharification by
barley
maize
manioc
rice
sorghum
Matamala, Joan Carles
maté
mating behavior
birds
gibbons
Matopo Hills rock paintings
Mauritania, fruit findings
Maya
depictions of cacao and cacao beverages
Maize God
Mayan chocolate vessels
modern Lacandón Maya
Maya, Jose Luis
Maytag, Fritz
Mbuti people
McPherson, Tara
mead. See honey mead
meadowsweet
medicinal beverages and additives
Africa
China
ephedra
Near East
northern Europe
medicinal plants and compounds: in Africa
molluscan purple as
at Monte Verde
opium
resins
in Shanidar Cave burials
triterpenoids. See also psychoactive plants
Mediterranean
fermented-beverage technology diffusion (map)
prehistoric migrations and settlement patterns. See also specific regions and sites
Mediterranean beverages: beer
Etruscan grog
kykeon
mulsum and omphacomelitis. See also Mediterranean shipping and trade; Mediterranean viticulture and winemaking
Mediterranean containers, in northern Europe
Mediterranean shipping and trade
between Etruria and Gaul
between Levant and Crete
between Levant and Egypt
Phoenician shipwrecks’ wine cargoes
wine trade with northern Europe
Mediterranean shipwrecks
Canaanite Uluburun wreck
Etruscan Grand Ribaud wreck
Phoenician
Mediterranean viticulture and winemaking
Abydos wine
Crete
Egypt
Italy
Levant
modern Lebanon
Mehrgarh
Melipona
Melissa
Mellaart, James
Melqart
Menes. See Narmer
Menqet
Mentha
Merv. See Margiana sites
Merweh
mescal
mescaline
Mesoamerica. See New World entries; specific peoples, regions, and sites
Mesopotamia: cylinder seals
wine trade in
writing in. See also Near East entries; specific sites
Mesopotamian beverages: beers
date wine
grape wine
mesquite
Metamorphoses (Ovid)
methanol, extraterrestrial
Mexico: cacao in
chocolate vessels from
Guilá Naquitz cave
mixed beverages
modern cacao beverages in
peyote cult
teosinte and maize domestication. See also Aztecs; cacao beverages; Maya
Mezin mammoth-bone house
Michel, Rudolph H.
Midas burial, Gordion
Midas Touch
Middle East. See Levant
Mighty Yu
Milavec
Miliarakis, Takis
Miller, Naomi
millet
in Africa
at Gonur Depe/Gonur South site
millet beverages
Africa
China
millet noodles
Mimusops schimperi
mind-altering beverages: Americas
Central Asia
Circe’s kykeon
northern Europe. See also altered consciousness; psychoactive plants
Minoans
Minos
Minos Winery
mint
Mithen, Stephen
mixed beverages
Americas
China
displacement by wine
Eurasian steppes
Greek kykeon
Italy
medieval and modern Europe
Near East
northern Europe
Phrygian grog
Spain
Theobroma recreation
Zoroastrian haoma
mold saccharification, in China
molluscan purple dye
Monascus
Mongols
monkeys. See also drunken monkey hypothesis
Monk’s Café
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
monoterpenes
Monte Albán
Montet, Pierre
Monte Verde
Montezuma
Moore, Declan
Morcos, Sabry
Moreau, Robert
Morellet, André
morning glory
Morse, Roger
Mosel
Motya
Mount Carmel caves
mugwort
mulsum
Murex. See also Tyrian purple
Murlo
Musa. See bananas
Muscari
Muscat grape
Muscat wines
mushrooms: hallucinogenic
puffball fungus
music
biological foundations of
in Incan ceremony
musicians on vases
in New World ceremonies
shamanistic ritual and. See also musical instruments
musical instruments: in Americas
bird-bone flutes
Palaeolithic
shamanistic ritual and. See also drums; flutes; rattles
mustard
Mycenae
Myrica gale. See bog myrtle
myrrh
mysticism, mystical experiences. See altered consciousness
Nabta Playa
Nandrup
Naqada
Narmer
Native Americans: North American. See also Aztecs; Incas; Maya; Olmecs
Natufians
natural fermentation
of honey
in ripe fruit
Natural History. See Pliny the Elder
Navarro, J. M. de
Naxos
Nazca Lines
Neanderthal burials, Shanidar Cave
Near East
barley domestication
human arrival
Islam and alcoholic beverages
Near East-China technology transfer
Neolithic revolution in. See also Anatolia entries; Levant
Persia; specific peoples and sites
Near Eastern beverages
Anatolian beers
Anatolian grape wines
barley wine
date wine
Godin Tepe beer
Godin Tepe wine
on Inandik vase
Iranian sites
Jordan Valley/Transj
ordanian Plateau
Mesopotamia
mixed beverages
Phrygian grog
religious associations
social status and. See also Godin Tepe
Nebbiolo
Nefertiti’s Nip
Nemrut Daghi
Neolithic revolution
in Britain
in Central Asia
in China
in Europe
fermented beverages as motivation for
in Near East. See also agriculture; plant domestication; specific plants
Nestor’s cup
Netif Hagdud
neuropeptide Y
neurotransmitters
Neuserre
Nevali Çori
Newberg, Andrew
New Guinea, bananas in
New World
Clovis culture
human arrival in
mammal extinctions
map
Monte Verde settlement
plant domestication and earliest agriculture
possible Phoenician presence
New World beverages
absence of alcohol in North America
Amazonia
available ingredients
chichas
honey in
maize-based
maté
mixed beverages
modern
north of Mexico
psychoactive additions
pulque
Wari pepper tree wine. See also cacao beverages
Nicotiana. See tobacco
Niepoort, Dirk van der
Nigeria: Kofyar people
Nile: delta royal winemaking industry. See also Egypt
Nineveh
Ning Baosheng
Ninkasi (Sumerian beer re-creation)
Ninkasi (Sumerian goddess)
Nitriansky Hrádok
nixtamalization
Nkang
Noah hypothesis
nomadic steppe peoples
noodles
noradrenalin
Nordic grog
Norse mythology, mead in
North America
absence of alcohol in
human arrival
native grape varieties
potlatch ceremonies. See also Mexico
North Mains
Nuñez, Alberto
nut grass
Nylén, Erik
Nymphaea
oak
Obedieh
ocher pigment
O’Connor, David
octli
Odin
Odyssey (Homer)
Oenotia
oil palm
Ojibwa people
okra
oleanolic acid
Olmecs
Omar Khayyam
Ōmiwa no Kami
opioids
opium
Opuntia
oracle bones
orangutans
organ-pipe cactus
Origanum dictamnus
“Origins and Ancient History of Wine” (conference)
Orkneys
Oryza. See rice
Osiris
Osmanthus fragrans
Ōtomo no Tabito
Ötzi
Oval on the Citadel Mound. See Godin Tepe
Ovid
Özkaya, Vecihi
Paestum
Pakistan: Mehrgarh site
Palaeolithic culture: art
music and dance. See also shamanism
Palaeolithic hypothesis
palms
Africa
Americas
palm wine. See also date palm
palmyra palm
Panicum. See also millet
Pantelleria
Papaver somniferum. See opium; poppy
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