The Sun King

by Nancy Mitford

  Mansera, Marquis de, dies at age of 107: 101

  Mantegna, Andrea (1431–1506), 39

  Marbre, Cour de, Versailles, 32, 65, 68

  Maréchal de Bièvre, Georges (1658–1736), King’s chief surgeon in succession to Félix, 101, 102; examines bodies of Duc and Duchesse de Bourgogne, 162; death of Louis XIV and, 166, 167

  Margaret Theresa, Empress, daughter of Philip IV of Spain (half-sister of Marie-Thérèse, Queen of Louis XIV), wife of Leopold I, 71

  Maria Ana of Neuburg, second wife of Charles II of Spain, 122, 137

  Marie-Adelaide of Savoy, see Bourgogne, Marie-Adelaide, Duchesse de

  Marie-Anne de Bourbon, see Conti, Marie-Anne, Princesse de

  Marie-Anne-Christine-Victoire, Princess of Bavaria, see Victoire, Princess of Bavaria

  Marie-Antoinette (1755–93), Queen of Louis XVI, 33, 68, 134

  Marie de Médici (1573–1642), Queen of of Henri IV, 23, 73

  Marie Leczinka (1703–68), Queen of Louis XV, 32

  Marie-Louise d’Orléans (1662–80), first Queen of Charles II of Spain, daughter of Monsieur and Henrietta of England, 112, 122, 137

  Marie-Louise-Gabrielle of Savoy (1688–1714), first Queen of Philip V of Spain, granddaughter of Monsieur and Henrietta of England, 35, 138, 161

  Marie-Thérèse of Spain (1638–83), Queen of Louis XIV, 10, 71, 76–7, 86, 122, 138, 139; and the Queen Mother, 14; goes with the King to the front, 27, 30; tries to assert herself, 33; liking for baths, 36; and La Vallière, 37; love of gambling, 40; at Versailles, 46, 67f; at the siege of Ghent, 50; and Mme de Montespan, 44; and Mme de Maintenon, 77; death, 77, 127

  Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of (1650–1722), 126, 145, 146, 151

  Marly, King’s house at, 22, 23, 40f, 86, 126, 135, 142, 145, 150, 158, 159, 161, 166, 167

  Marseilles, soap for Versailles made at, 36

  Martinique, d’Aubigné family taken to, 80

  Martinozzi, Laura (1735–87), niece of Mazarin, mother of Mary of Modena, 125

  Mary II (1662–94), Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689, 123, 131

  Mary of Modena (1658–1718), second Queen of James II (m. 1673), 84, 103, 112, 125, 129; and Mme de Maintenon, 144

  Mascaron, Jules de (1634–1703), Bishop of Tulle (1671), of Agin (1679), 155

  Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1663–1742), 155

  Maubeuge (Nord), 155

  Maulévrier, François-Edouard Colbert, Marquis de (1675–1706), 147

  Maximilian II (1679–1726), Elector of Bavaria, 71; son’s claim to Spanish throne, 129, 131; and son’s death, 131

  Mazarin, Jules (1602–61), Cardinal 1641: 9, 10, 14, 18, 31, 33, 42, 56, 84, 87, 125, 138

  Les Mazarins (diamonds), 18 measles, deaths from, 161–2

  Meaux (district of Paris), 23, 119, 120

  medical faculty, 100–5

  Mediterranean trade, 129

  Melun (district of Paris), 33

  ménagerie, Versailles, 135

  Menin (Belgium), 155

  Mesmes, Jean-Antoine III de (1661–1723), Premier Président du Parlement de Paris, 167

  Meudon (district of Paris), 87, 126, 157–8, 159

  Mexico, 122

  Middleton, Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of (d. 1719), 126

  Mignard, Pierre (1610–95), 80

  Milan, 129, 136

  Le Misanthrope (Molière), 93

  Mistresses of Louis XIV, see Doré, Mlle; Fontanges, Mlle de; La Vallière, Mme de; Ludres, Mme de; Montespan, Mme de; Oeillets, Mlle des; Soubise, Princesse de; Thianges, Mme de

  Modena, Italy, 125; Duchess of, see Martinozzi, Laura; Mary of, see Mary of Modena

  mole-catchers (Liard family), 25

  Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, called (1622–73), 15, 84, 93, 100, 101

  Molinism, 118

  Mongrédien, Georges Adolphe Marcel (1901–), 61

  Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of (1649–85), 86

  Mons lost by the French (1709), 155

  Monseigneur, see Louis (1661–1711)

  Monsieur, see d’Orléans, Philippe I, Duc

  Monsieur le Comte, see Soissons, Comte de

  Monsieur le Duc, see Bourbon, Louis III de Condé, Duc de

  Montargis (Loire), 133

  Montauban, Mlle de, 130

  Montausier, Charles de Sainte-Maure, Marquis, later Duc de (1610–90), governor to the Dauphin (1668–79), 42

  Montchevreuil, Mme de, 95, 132

  Montespan, Françoise-Athénais de Mortemart, Marquise de (1641–1707), 141; attracts the King’s attention, 15, 36; her cook, 25; comes to court (1660), 26, 27; gains the King’s love, 27f, 39; chooses Mme Scarron to take charge of her children by the King, 29; birth of Duc de Maine, 29; accompanies the King and Queen to the front, 30; her family, 30–1; and the second ‘Madame’, 35; her character, 37; and Mme de Maintenon, 42f, 44f, 47–51, 75, 81–2; and Bossuet, 45; Mme de Sevigné on, 46; goes to the siege of Ghent, 50; and Mlle de Fontanges, 51–2; and the poisons scandal, 56, 57, 59–62; at Versailles, 67; turned out of her Versailles flat, 82; her daughters, 87f, 90; her sons, 90; visits Saint-Cyr school, 108; and Esther, 110ff; at sixty, 132; grief at the death of Monsieur, 141; death, 150; for her brothers, see Mortemart et de Vivonne, Duc de; for her sisters, Fontevrault, Mme de; Thianges, Marquise de

  Montespan, Louis-Henri de Pardaillon de Gondrin, Marquis de (d. 1701), 26, 28, 78; death, 132

  Montpensier, Anne-Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchesse de (1627–93), called La Grande Mademoiselle, 89

  Moro, Antonio (c. 1512–c. 1575), 39

  Morocco: Marie-Anne, Princesse de Conti, sought in marriage by the King of, 86, 122

  Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duc de (1600–71), father of Mme de Montespan), 30

  Mortemart, Duc de (nephew of Mme de Montespan), 94

  Mortemart et de Vivonne, Louis-Victor de Rochechouart (1636–88), Maréchal de France 1675 (brother of Mme de Montespan), 26, 30f

  Mortemarts, the, 26–31, 87

  Mouthiers, family of cooks, 25

  Le Moyen Court de Faire l’Oraison (Mme Guyon), 118

  Munich, 72

  Nangis, Louis Armand de Brichanteau, Marquis de (1682–1742), Maréchal de France (1741), 147, 152

  Nanon, see Balbien

  Nantes, Revocation of the Edict of (1685), 54, 85, 95f, 97f, 109, 136

  Naples, 136

  Napoleon I (1769–1821), Emperor of the French (1804–15), 33, 165; his liking for reversi, 40

  Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles, 1811–32, Duc of Reichstadt), 33

  Navy, manning the French, 20

  Neerwinder (Belgium), Battle of (1693), 84

  Netherlands, Spanish, see Spanish Netherlands

  Nevers, Philippe-Julien Mancini, Duc de (1641–1707), 31, 43, 46

  Nevers, Diane-Gabrielle Damas, Duchesse de, 31, 46

  Newfoundland awarded to England (1713), 165

  New World, see America

  Nice, 165

  Nimeguen, Peace of (1679), 17

  Nivernais, Louis-Jules Mancini Mazarini, Duc de (1716–98), 130

  Noailles, Adrien-Maurice, 3rd Duc de (1678–1766), Maréchal de France, 93, 129

  Noailles, Anne-Jules, Duc de (1650–1729), Maréchal de France, 51, 81, 93, 129

  Noailles, Françoise d’Aubigné, Duchesse de, 93

  Noailles, Louis-Antoine de (1651–1729), Archbishop of Paris (1695), Cardinal (1700), 95, 119, 164, 168

  Nobles’ Wing, Versailles, 64f

  Normandy, 9, 45

  Norway, 20

  Notre-Dame, Paris: priest gives warning of confessions to murder by poison, 54

  Nottingham, Tallart a prisoner at, 150

  Nova Scotia awarded to England (1713), 165

  ‘nursery garden’, Madame’s household as the, 26, 51

  Observatory, Paris, 20f

  Oeillets, Mlle des, maid to Mme de Montespan and mistress of the King, 47, 56, 61

  Old Pretender, see James Francis Edward Stuart
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  Orange, William of, see William III of Orange

  Orangery, Versailles, 9, 10, 13, 32

  orange trees in tubs, Versailles, 126

  Oratorians, 97

  Orléans (Loiret), 126

  d’Orléans, Elisabeth Charlotte (Liselotte) of the Palatinate (1652–1722), Duchesse de, m. Philippe I, Duc d’Orléans, 1671, the second Madame: 124, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134; character and way of life, 34–6, 64, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79, 86, 92, 144; on the Duchesse de Bourbon, 88; her son’s marriage, 90; hatred of Fagon, 103; the death of Monsieur, 141–2; Mme de Maintenon arranges for her to stay at Versailles, 142; disapproval of the Duchesse de Burgogne, 146; and the Dauphin’s death, 158; and the deaths of the Bourgognes, 162; brought back into the Versailles circle, 163

  d’Orléans, Henrietta of England (1644–70), Duchesse, m. Philippe I, Duc d’Orléans, 1661, the first Madame: 133, 134, 155; Louis XIV’s flirtation with, 15; death, 34, 53; and Louis XIV, 38; her ghost appears to the Dauphin, 92

  d’Orléans, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon (1677–1749) (Mlle de Blois), youngest daughter of Mme de Montespan and the King, Duchesse, m. Philippe II, Duc d’Orléans (1692), 48, 50, 90, 108, 132, 140, 158, 163, 168

  d’Orléans, Philippe I, Duc (1640–1701), Monsieur: 112, 122, 124, 129; and the ‘Italian vice’, 31; Louis XIV devoted to him, 33; character, appearance, family, habits, 33, 44; his wives, 34f; at Versailles, 45f, 67; involved in Paris underworld, 59; his son’s marriage, 90; dinner party at Saint-Cloud, 130–1; and the Duchesse de Bourgogne, 133, 134; quarrel with the King, and death, 140–2

  d’Orléans, Philippe II, Duc de Chartres et (1674–1723), Regent of France from 1715: 35, 98, 130, 166, 167; at Marly, 41, 86; marriage, 90; becomes Duc d’Orléans, 140–1; and Dauphin’s death, 158–9, 169; suspected of poisoning the Bourgognes, 162; Louis XIV appoints him to govern the realm for his great-grandson Louis XV, 169

  d’Ormesson, André II Lefèvre (1644–84), magistrate, 56

  Ormonde, James Butler, 2nd Duke of (1665–1745), French ambassador takes town house of, 130

  Oudenarde, Battle of (1708), 151, 157, 160

  Packmore, Major, 127

  Palais, Royal, Paris, 33

  Palatinate: atrocities in the, 22; coat of arms, 83

  Papal States: Hocca forbidden in, 40, 164

  Paris: Louis XIV’s care for, 11: Observatory, 21; Hôtel Lambert, 22, 23; Tuileries Palace, 23, 93; water for, 25; Mme de Montespan granted deed of separation by Parlement of, 28; Duc de Mortemart made governor of, 30; Palais Cardinal (Palais Royal), 33; Hocca forbidden, 40; Soubise house, 47f; La Reynie as chief of police, 54f; poisoning in, 53–62; Dauphin visits the opera, 70, 86; Cardinal de Noailles, Archbishop of, 95, 168; convent of Port-Royal, 98; Racine’s home, 110; members of the Parlement at Saint-Cyr, 111; Portland’s embassy, 124 et seqq.; fireworks for birth of Duc de Bourgogne’s son, 145; Duchesse de Bourgogne visits Les Halles, 146; Berri and the Paris Parlement, 147; Place Vendôme, 151; bread riots in, 154; and measles epidemic, 162

  Partition Treaties: First (Treaty of Loo: 1698), 131, 136; Second (1700), 136

  Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), quoted, 166

  Paston, Lord, 124

  Perrault, Charles (1628–1703), quoted, 9

  Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of (1658–1735), 164

  Petre (or Peters), Father Edward (1631–99), confessor of James II, 76

  Philip II (1527–98), King of Spain from 1556, 138

  Philip IV (1605–65), King of Spain from 1621, 71, 122

  Philip V (1683–1746), Duc d’Anjou, King of Spain from 1700, 20, 41, 83, 146, 166; birth, 78; Fénelon becomes his tutor, 115; claimant of the Spanish crown, 122, 129; left everything by Charles II of Spain, 137–8; introduced to the French court as King of Spain, 138; and his reign, 138–9; war of the Spanish Succession and, 145, 155–6, 164; his character, 149–50; chooses Spain on death of his elder brother, 162; confirmed on the Spanish throne, 164, 165

  Pignerol, Fortress of (Turin, Italy: French 1630–96), 10

  Plaisirs de l’lle Enchantée, fête, 1664: 12

  Plato (c. 429–c. 347 BC): translated by Mme de Fontevrault, 31

  Poisons scandal, 1670–82, 53–62

  Poitiers (Vienne), 24; Diane de, see Diane de Poitiers

  Poland, 89, 164

  Polignac, Melchior de (1661–1742), Cardinal (1712), 147

  Polignac, Vicomtesse de: involved in poisons scandal, 56, 58

  Polignac, Monsieur, 83

  Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise et Duchesse de (1721–64), 15, 69

  Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis de (1618–99), 21f

  Pope, see Innocent XI; Innocent XII; Clement XI

  Portland, Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of (1649–1709), 66, 145; Embassy to France, 123–31; retires into private life, 131

  Port-Royal, convent of, Paris, 98

  Port-Royal des Champs, near Versailles, convent of, 98, 110, 117, 142, 153

  Poulaillon, Mme de: involved in poisons scandal, 55f, 57

  Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 22, 39, 71

  Princes of the blood, 64, 67, 84

  La Princesse de Cleves (Mme de Lafayette: 1678), 147

  The Princesses: Marie-Anne, Princesse de Conti; Louise-Françoise, Duchesse de Bourbon; and Françoise-Marie. Duchesse d’Orléans

  Prior, Matthew (1664–1721), 124

  Protestants: atrocities against and persecution of, 22, 53, 96–8; protected by La Reynie, 54

  Prussia, 96

  Pyrenees, 48, 138

  Quatre Nations, Collège des, 23

  Queen’s staircase, Versailles, 32, 75–82, 158, 169

  Quietism, 117–21

  Raby, Lord, see Strafford, Earl of

  Racine, Jean (1739–99): quoted, 26, 59, 106, 107, 108, 145; La Thébaide, 93; illness of his daughter Fanchon, 101; in favour at court, 109; a Jansenist at heart, 110; Esther, 110, 111–12; Athalie, 114; death, 142; Madame, 110

  Rambouillet (district of Paris), Château de, seat of the Comte de Toulouse, 133

  Ramillies, Battle of (1706), 76, 145, 152

  Rancé, Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de (1626–1700), Abbé de la Trappe, 39, 95, 133

  Regent, the, see d’Orléans, Philippe II, Duc

  Reni, Guido (1595–1642), 39

  reversi, a favourite game of Louis XIV, 40

  Revolution, see French Revolution

  Rheims (Marne), 18

  Rhine river, 16, 20, 66

  Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de (1585–1642), Cardinal (1622), 22, 103

  Richelieu, Armand Jean de Vigneron du Plessis, Duc de Fronsac et de (1629–1715), 80

  Richelieu, Marquis et Marquise: involved in poisons scandal, 56

  Rigaud, Hyacinthe (1659–1743), 133

  Rivarol (Antoine Rivaoli, called the Count of: 1753–1801), quoted, 70

  Rochechouarts, the, 31

  Roche-Guyon, Mme de La, 27

  Rohan, Armand Gaston Maximilien de (1674–1749), Cardinal (1712), 48, 168

  Rohan family, 47

  Rome: ancient, 17, 24; Church of, 118, 120; city of, 13, 22, 130, 147

  Roquelaure, Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duc de (1656–1738), Maréchal de France (1724), 86

  Rouen, Archbishop of, 21

  Roure, Comtesse du: involved in poisons scandal, 56; Monsieur du, 83

  Royaumont (district of Paris), 126

  Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 39

  Rueil (-Malmaison, District of Paris), 106, 116, 121

  Ryswick, Peace of (1697), 123, 143, 144

  Saint-Abré, Monsieur de, and his son, 66

  Saint-Aignan, Duc de, 93; Hôtel de, Paris, 94, 118

  St Albans, Charles Beauclerk, Duke of (1670–1726), 124

  Saint-Cloud, Château de (district of Paris), 12, 23, 33f, 44, 126, 130–1, 134, 141, 142

  Saint-Cyr (district of Paris), 9, 106; school at, 106–13; turned into convent, 114–21; Quietism at, 117–21; Duchesse de Bourgogne attends, 135–6; rationin
g in hard winter of 1709, 154; Mme de Maintenon leaves Versailles for, 169

  Saint-Denis (district of Paris), 26, 162; Abbey of, 107

  Saint-Esprit, Order of the, 90, 137, 149

  Saint-Eustache, Paris, the Duchess of Bourgogne at, 146

  Saint-Georges, Chevalier de; pseudonym for James Francis Edward Stuart (q.v.)

  Saint-Germain-en-Layer (District of Paris), Château of, 9, 13, 23, 37, 50, 59, 125, 155; M. de Montespan with horns on his coach drives to, 28; James II at, 123, 143, 144

  St James’s Palace, London, 97

  St James’s Square, London, 130

  Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Basses Pyrenées), Louis XIV fetches Marie-Thérèse from, 71

  Saint Joseph, Convent of, 71

  Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675–1755), 35, 38, 40, 90, 94, 132, 148, 150, 158, 159, 167–8; arrival at court, 98; and Mme Guyon, 118; takes Rigaud to La Trappe, 133

  Saint-Sulpice, Paris, 93

  sanitation at Versailles, 36

  Sapieha of Lithuania, Prince, 89

  Satan aids Mme de Montespan, 15, 27, 45; see also Devil

  Satory, heights of, near Versailles, 32

  Savoy, Anne Marie (1669–1728), Duchess of, 35; Victor Amadeus II (1666–1732), Duke of, 129, 133, 134; changes sides, 145, 164; regains Savoy, 165

  Saxony, Elector of, see Augustus II

  Scarron, Paul (1610–60), 80, 81, 107; for Mme Scarron, see Maintenon, Marquise de

  Sceaux, Château de, near Paris, 23, 89

  sedan chairs at Versailles, 64

  Séguier, Pierre (1588–1672), 11, 22, 127

  Seignelay, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de (1651–90), 21; Marquise de (née d’Aligre), 21

  Seine river, frozen over (1698), 125; and (1709), 153

  Sens (Yonne), Archbishop of, uncle of M. de Montespan, 28

  Sevigné, Marie de Rabutin Chantal, Marquise de (1626–96), 28, 29f, 81, 86, 93; Clagny, 30; on the Duc de Nevers, 31; on Marie Thérèse, 33; quoted, 46; life at Versailles, 45f, 47f, 54; on the Princesse de Conti, 84; supports persecution of Protestants, 95; attends performance of Esther, 112

  Sèvres (district of Paris), mob stopped at (1709), 154

  Siam, Catholic mission to, 96

  ‘Sibyls’, the nickname for poisoners and fortune-tellers, 58

  Sicily, 136