The Mission

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The Mission Page 46

by David W. Brown

489.NASA, “Galaxy Evolution Explorer Launch,” press kit, April 2003, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/galex.pdf.

  490.B. Cooke, interview by author, March 8, 2017.

  491.B. Cooke, telephone interview by author, November 15, 2018.

  492.NASA, “Juno Launch,” press kit, August 2011, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/JunoLaunch.pdf.

  493.B. Goldstein, telephone interview by author, November 16, 2018.

  494.B. Cooke, telephone interview by author, November 15, 2018.

  495.T. Stern and S. DeLapp, “Techniques for Magnetic Cleanliness on Spacecraft Solar Arrays” (presentation, Second International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Providence, RI, 2004), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5581.

  496.R. Pappalardo, telephone interview by author, December 21, 2018.

  497.R. T. Pappalardo, “Europa Exploration” (presentation, Europa Clipper & SLS Partnerships Briefing, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, January 24, 2014).

  498.M. Smith, “Are the Days of NASA’s Science Flagship Missions Over?,” December 4, 2013, available at SpacePolicyOnline.com, https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/are-the-days-of-nasas-science-flagship-missions-over.

  499.B. Pershing, “Frank Wolf to Retire After 17 Terms in Congress; N. Va. Seat Will Be a Prime Battleground in 2014,” Washington Post, December 17, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/frank-wolf-to-retire-after-17-terms-in-congress-northern-va-seat-to-be-a-battleground-in-2014/2013/12/17/712bb608-6749-11e3-a0b9-249bbb34602c_story.html.

  500.E. Berger, “Love Planetary Science? Dying to Explore Europa’s Oceans? Meet the Man Who Can Make It Happen,” Houston Chronicle, December 20, 2013, https://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2013/12/love-planetary-science-dying-to-explore-europas-oceans-meet-the-man-who-can-make-it-happen.

  501.L. Smith, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Pub. L. 113–76), January 14, 2014.

  502.C. Niebur, Investments in Europa Mission Concept Studies, 2010.

  503.C. Bolden, email message to Europa stakeholders regarding Europa Clipper & SLS partnerships briefing, December 31, 2013.

  504.C. Niebur, email message to author regarding directing MFB, December 6, 2018.

  505.C. Niebur, personal journal entry, 2016.

  506.Ibid.

  507.Many thanks to Jim Green, the chief scientist of NASA, for patiently walking me through each slide of his presentation to the SIP. Ancillary details of the meeting come from the following interviews and documents:

  J. Salute, telephone interview by author, October 25, 2018.

  C. Niebur, telephone interview by author, October 19, 2018.

  C. Niebur, personal journal entry, 2016.

  J. Green, interview by author, May 16, 2017.

  C. Niebur, interview by author, May 16, 2017.

  J. Salute and C. Niebur, ongoing email messages to and from author, 2016–2019.

  508.P. K. Dick and L. Sutin, The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings, 1st Vintage ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).

  509.I. Kant and I. Johnston, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens: Or, an Essay on the Constitution and the Mechanical Origin of the Entire Structure of the Universe Based on Newtonian Principles (Arlington, VA: Richer Resources Publications, 2009).

  510.I. Kant and M. J. Gregor, Critique of Practical Reason, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

  511.A. Losch, “Kant’s Wager. Kant’s Strong Belief in Extra-Terrestrial Life, the History of This Question and Its Challenge for Theology Today,” International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 4 (2016): 261–70, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550416000112.

  512.Kant and Gregor, Critique of Practical Reason.

  513.2 Kings 19:35 (King James Version).

  514.Daniel 10:5–6 (King James Version).

  515.Luke 1:11–13 (King James Version).

  516.Revelation 22:8–9 (King James Version).

  517.Genesis 1:28 (King James Version).

  518.Consolmagno and Mueller, Would You Baptize an Extraterrestrial?

  519.C. Niebur, email message to author, August 5, 2016.

  520.R. T. Pappalardo et al. “Does Europa Have a Subsurface Ocean? Evaluation of the Geological Evidence,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 104, no. e10 (1999): 24015–55, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE000628.

  521.R. T. Pappalardo et al., “Geological Evidence for Solid-State Convection in Europa’s Ice Shell,” Nature 391, no. 6665 (1998): 365–68, https://doi.org/10.1038/34862.

  522.J. Salute, telephone interview by author, October 25, 2018.

  523.L. Prockter, email message to the Europa science team regarding thanks and goodbye, June 25, 2014. This was sent to the entire science definition team.

  524.C. Niebur, email message to the Europa science team regarding thanks and goodbye, June 25, 2014. This was sent to the entire science definition team as part of an email chain with Louise.

  525.C. Dreier, “[Updated] To Europa! . . . Slowly. First Impressions of NASA’s New Budget Request,” Planetary Society (blog), March 7, 2014, http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2014/0304-first-impressions-of-the-2015-nasa-budget-request.html.

  526.R. Pappalardo, email message to the Europa science team regarding Culberson’s news, November 20, 2014. This correspondence was sent to the internal pre-project science team.

  527.A general narrative was constructed from interviews with:

  C. Niebur, telephone interview by author, October 19, 2018.

  J. Salute, telephone interview by author, October 28, 2018.

  L. Prockter and R. Pappalardo, interview by author, October 9, 2018.

  R. Pappalardo, telephone interview by author, December 21, 2018.

  L. Prockter, interview by author, February 6, 2018.

  528.R. Pappalardo, email message to author, December 20, 2018. Robert Pappalardo provided photographs of the document signing, celebration, and key players described in the text.

  529.R. Pappalardo, telephone interview by author, December 21, 2018.

  See also R. Pappalardo, email message to author, December 20, 2018.

  See also R. Pappalardo, email message to author regarding the monolith, December 20, 2018. Robert Pappalardo provided photographs of the Monolith’s delivery and relocation.

  530.ThinkGeek, “Monolith Action Figure,” accessed October 11, 2019, http://www.thinkgeek.com/stuff/41/monolith-action-figure.shtml.

  531.R. Pappalardo, email message to E. Rios regarding monolith status report, June 13, 2015.

  532.E. Rios, email message to R. Pappalardo regarding monolith status report, June 20, 2015.

  See also E. Rios, email message to R. Pappalardo regarding monolith status report, June 24, 2015.

  533.A. C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (New York: Penguin Books, 2016).

  I have one of those key chains sitting on my desk, courtesy of Robert Pappalardo. The description is accurate.

  534.R. Pappalardo, PSG1 Opening (QuickTime movie, JPL, 2015).

  535.Skeletons and More, email message to R. Pappalardo regarding Skeletons and More aged left femur bone order, June 19, 2015.

  Original receipt provided by Robert Pappalardo.

  536.R. T. Pappalardo, W. B. McKinnon, and K. Khurana, eds., Europa (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009), 220.

  537.S. Katterhorn, interview by author, March 20, 2018.

  538.S. A. Kattenhorn and L. M. Prockter, “Evidence for Subduction in the Ice Shell of Europa,” Nature Geoscience 7 (2014): 762–7.

  539.L. Prockter, interview by author, February 6, 2018.

  Index

  The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

  aerocapture, 216–217

  Aerojet Rocketdyne, 309

  Allan Hills 84001, 292–295

  Alliant Techsystems, 309

  announcement of opportunity (
AO), 355–356, 364–365, 370, 379

  Antarctica, 283–284

  APL. See Applied Physics Laboratory

  Apollo space program

  anniversary celebration for, 44–45

  design of, 163, 217

  geology and, 29–30, 44

  Greeley and, 175–178

  moon landing transcripts, 30, 239, 403n43

  von Braun and, 56–57

  Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)

  Clark and, 34

  Europa flagship competition and, 183, 185–186, 203–205

  Europa Habitability Mission and, 320

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission and, 379

  Ganymede study and, 92–93

  JPL partnership, 320, 346, 379

  New Horizons and, 148–150

  Archimedes, 402n33

  Arctic exhibit, 189

  Ares rockets, 300–301, 303–304, 309, 312, 314

  Aristarchus of Samos, 22, 402n33

  Armstrong, Neil, 30, 177, 239, 344, 403n43

  Arvidson, Ray, 105

  Auburn Creed, 144–146

  Augustine, Norman, 302

  Augustine Commission report, 302–303, 307

  Austin, Wanda, 302

  Bagenal, Fran, 11, 35, 98–101, 266–267, 277

  Baker, Howard, 61

  Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, 71

  Barr, Amy, 277

  Bass, Lance, 296–298

  Batygin, Konstantin, 399n27

  Bentley, Charlie, 283

  Berner, John “Bunsen,” 4–5

  Bible, 373–374

  Bills, Bruce, 277

  Blaney, Diana, 277

  Blankenship, Don

  background, 181, 387

  on Clipper name, 324

  on Europa’s ice shell, 378

  Europa Tiger Team and, 276, 277, 280–285

  Blue Origin, 302

  Boeing, 309

  Bolden, Charles, 301–302, 303, 357–361, 366–370

  Bush (H.W.) administration, 71, 140, 300, 440–441n389

  Bush (W.) administration, 82–83, 205, 295, 300

  Bush, George H.W., 440n389

  California Institute of Technology, 12, 61

  California Space Institute, 68–69

  Callisto, 23–24, 92, 253

  Carter administration, 53

  Casani, John, 128, 129–130, 131, 163–164, 235

  Cassini Data Analysis Program, 95–96

  Cassini orbiter

  data collection by, 93–94, 129, 225, 322, 342–343, 368–369

  data collection issues, 210–215, 229–231

  design and launch of, 157–158, 229–230

  Europa mission comparison, 340, 342–343, 368–369

  European Space Agency and, 203

  funding for, 129, 140–141, 203, 229–230

  nuclear launch of, 159–162, 193

  overview, 12, 98, 108–109, 233

  project management, 228–231, 245, 247–248, 381–382

  Ceres, 147, 350

  Challenger program, 47, 66, 205, 289

  Charon, 169

  Chyba, Christopher, 181, 302

  Clark, Karla

  background, 155–158, 162–163

  career trajectory, 422n216

  departure of, 250

  Europa Explorer and, 92, 155–156, 164–165, 186–187, 422n216

  Europa Jupiter System Mission and, 204, 248–250

  on European Space Agency, 202–203

  management style of, 164–165, 181–182, 199–200, 247–248

  post-Europa-mission career, 234–236, 432n314

  Clarke, Arthur C., 27–29, 371

  Clinton, Bill, 294

  Clinton administration, 71–72, 162

  Clipper design. See Europa Clipper Cold War, 67–75, 140–141, 411n111, 440n389

  Collins, Geoff, 46, 168

  Columbia space shuttle, 205, 295, 301

  Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby mission (CRAF), 141

  competition, for flagship destinations. See Quad Studies

  Connerney, Jack, 277–278

  Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (2013), 326–327

  Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (2014), 358

  Consolmagno, G., 401–402n32

  Constellation Program, 83, 205, 300–304, 307

  Cooke, Brian, 349–354

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 22

  Copernicus telescope, 77–78

  Cosimo II de’ Medici, 22

  The Cosmic Connection (Sagan), 218–219

  Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 mission competition, 254–256

  Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 372

  Culberson, John

  background, 110–116, 126–128

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission funding from, 379

  Europa support from, 206–207, 327–329, 331, 333–334, 358–359, 362–363

  on extraterrestrial life, 375

  JIMO support from, 129–132

  at JPL, 124, 127–131

  Katy road expansion project, 117–124, 205–206

  Curiosity (rover), 260, 273, 330

  Das Marsprojekt (von Braun), 55–56

  Dawn (spacecraft), 147, 350

  Decadal Survey (2001/2003), 83–87, 134–135, 207

  Decadal Survey (2011/2013), 232, 252–253, 257–260, 263, 265–275, 279–280, 367–369

  Deep Space Network, 49, 54–55, 61, 66, 74, 213

  DeLay, Tom, 115–116

  Destination Moon (film), 237–239

  Dick, Philip K., 371

  Discovery program, 73, 146–147, 151–152, 184, 190, 257, 273

  Drake, Frank, 221, 244

  Druyan, Ann, 244

  Eagle moon landing, 30, 44, 163, 239, 344, 403n43. See also Apollo space program

  Elachi, Charles

  Culberson’s meeting with, 128

  at Europa NASA briefing, 359, 361

  Flight Projects building design by, 264–265

  management style of, 228–229, 299, 346

  Emanuel, Rahm, 300

  Enceladus

  Europa comparison, 340, 342–343

  geology of, 94–95, 322, 338, 340

  mission competition, 88, 93–94, 95, 225

  as priority target, 209–210

  TandEM mission development, 202

  Titan mission and, 191

  Enceladus (myth), 414–416n146

  engineering elegance, 352–353

  Europa

  Culberson’s interest in, 129–132. See also Culberson, John

  discovery of, 22–23

  Galileo and, 50–52

  geology of, 6, 24–26, 323, 378, 385–387, 398–399n23

  ice lineament research, 165–169, 377

  life potential on, 27, 87–88, 130–131, 371–372, 375–376

  magnetic field of, 50–52, 393–394nn1–2

  missions, 2–3, 422n216. See also Europa Clipper; Europa Explorer; Europa Habitability Mission; Europa Jupiter System Mission; Europa Multiple Flyby Mission; Europa Orbiter; Jupiter Europa Orbiter; Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

  as nonpriority destination, 208–210

  ocean research, 34–35

  Pappalardo’s book on, 169

  plate tectonics, 165–169, 385–387, 389–390

  as priority destination, 206–207, 211

  radiation belt and, 368, 386–387

  as setting for film and novels, 27–29

  subsurface ocean on, 24–27, 51–52, 108, 130–131, 165, 206, 284–285, 377–378, 390, 398–399n23

  water vapor plumes on, 337–343

  Europa Clipper

  design, 324–325, 331–334, 347–348, 367–368

  funding and project costs, 331, 358, 360–361, 379

  instruments for, 378–379, 380–381

  Key Decision Point A, 379–380

  leadership of, 387–388

  monolith for, 382–383, 384–385

  NASA’s name for, 377–378

  redes
igns, 347–349, 353–354

  SIP presentation on, 367–369

  SLS rocket for, 342–343

  team roster, 376–379, 387–389

  Europa Explorer (Quad Studies)

  final reports, 186–187

  funding and project costs, 185–186

  phase two: Europa Jupiter System Mission, 201–205, 224–226, 231–233, 277, 279. See also Jupiter Europa Orbiter

  project management, 155–156, 200, 226–231

  science definition team, 169–170, 179–182

  Europa Geophysical Explorer, 86. See also Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

  Europa Habitability Mission

  brainstorming session, 275–281, 284–286

  funding, 328–331, 333–334, 358–359, 361–363

  NASA briefing for, 355–363

  project management, 344–349

  redesigns, 352–354

  SIP presentation, 363–370

  SIP telecon, 366–370

  SLS mission concept for, 315–316

  split mission concept, 320–323. See also Europa Clipper

  Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), 204–205, 224–226, 229, 231–233, 277, 279. See also Jupiter Europa Orbiter

  Europa Multiple Flyby Mission

  funding, 379

  instruments, 378–379, 380–381

  Key Decision Point A, 379–380

  monolith for, 382–383, 384–385

  plate tectonics and, 387–388

  project management, 387–388

  team roster, 376–379, 387–389

  Europa Orbiter

  Clark’s involvement in, 422n216

  funding and project costs, 17, 91

  goal of, 16, 91

  redesigns, 162–164

  Europa Science Advisory Group, 333–334

  European Space Agency, 54, 190, 202–203, 217, 254–256, 322–323

  Explorers program, 62

  extraterrestrial life, 27, 87–88, 130–131, 371–376

  Fenton, Sara, 382

  flagship mission competitors. See Quad Studies

  F-1 engine, 312

  Freedom (space station), 440n389

  GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer), 350

  Galileo (spacecraft)

  design, 131, 325

  end of, 12, 95

  Europa data from, 16, 393–394nn1–2

  funding, 47, 53–54, 98

  imaging campaigns, 9–11

  imaging issues, 45–51, 405n59

  journey of, 108

  overview, 98, 108

  project management, 178–179, 245

  Galileo Galilei, 21–23, 402n32

  Ganymede

  competition for missions to, 52, 92, 109, 187, 191

 

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