accessing emotional brain through, 206, 206, 236, 353
balance between amygdala and, 62–64
sensory self-awareness and, 90–91, 206, 354, 376n, 408n, 417n
Medicaid, 37
medicine, non-Western, 76, 86, 207–8
meditation, 208
mindfulness, 63, 321, 400n
in yoga, 270
Meltzoff, Andrew, 112
memory:
level of arousal and, 175–76
as narrative, 176, 179, 194, 219
rewriting of, 175, 191, 236, 255–56, 398n
see also repressed memory; traumatic memory
mental health, safety as fundamental to, 351, 352
mental hospitals, population of, 28
mental illness:
disorder model of, 27
genetics and, 151–52
pharmacological revolution and, 36–38
as self-protective adaptations, 278–79
social engagement and, 78–79
methylation, 152
militarism, 186
mindfulness, 62, 63, 96, 131, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270, 283, 292, 321
meditation for, 63, 321, 400n
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), 209
Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, 160–61
Minsky, Marvin, 281
mirror neurons, 58–59, 78, 102, 111–12
misdiagnosis, of childhood trauma survivors, 136–48, 150, 151, 157, 226
model mugging program, 218–19, 308
monomethylhydrazine (MMH), 315
mood dysregulation disorder, 226
mood stabilizing drugs, 225
Moore, Dana, 269
MPFC, see medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
multiple personality disorder, 277–78
Murray, Henry, 105–6
Murrow, Ed, 43
muscular bonding, 333–34
music, in trauma recovery, 242–43, 349, 355
Myers, Charles Samuel, 185, 187, 189
Myers, Frederic, 189
naltrexone, 327
Nathan Cummings Foundation, 155
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 315
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 159
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN), 155–56, 157, 351, 356
National Institutes of Health, 28, 138, 207, 251, 254, 315, 329
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria rejected by, 165–66, 329
nature vs. nurture debate, 153–55, 160
Nazis, shell-shock victims as viewed by, 186–87
neocortex, see rational brain
nervous system, 76–77
autonomic (ANS), 60, 63–64, 77, 80, 225, 266–67
parasympathetic (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
sympathetic (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67
neuroception, 80
neurofeedback, 207, 312–29, 313, 418n
ADHD and, 322
alpha-theta training in, 321, 326
author’s experience of, 313–14
dissociation and, 318
epilepsy and, 315
history of, 315
learning disabilities and, 325
performance enhancement and, 322
PTSD and, 326–28
self-regulation in, 313
substance abuse and, 327–28
Trauma Center program for, 318–20
neuroimaging, see brain scans
neuroplasticity, 3, 56, 167
neuroscience, 2, 29, 39, 275, 347
neurotransmitters, 28–29
see also specific neurotransmitters
Newberger, Carolyn and Eli, 355
New England Journal of Medicine, 374n–75n
New York Times, 334, 375n
nightmares, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 44, 134–35, 327
Nijenhuis, Ellert, 281
1984 (Orwell), 109
non-Western medicine, 76, 86, 207–8
norepinephrine, 29
North American Association for the Study of Obesity, 144
numbing, 14–15, 67, 71–73, 84, 87–89, 92, 99, 119, 124, 162–63, 198, 205, 247, 265–66, 273, 279, 304–5, 306
see also freeze response (immobilization)
obesity, 144, 147, 162, 266
Ogden, Pat, 26, 96, 217–18
Olds, David, 167
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 74
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 150, 151, 157, 282, 392n
orbital prefrontal cortex, 91
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 332
Orr, Scott, 33
Orwell, George, 109
out-of-body experiences, 100, 132–33, 286, 386n
oxytocin, 223
Packer, Tina, 330, 335, 345–46
“Pain in Men Wounded in Battle” (Beecher), 32–33
painkillers, 146, 349
panic attacks, 97, 172
Panksepp, Jaak, 334, 387n, 398n
paralysis, episodic, 228–29
paranoid schizophrenia, 15
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), 77, 83–84, 264, 266–67
parent-child interactive therapy (PCIT), 215
parietal lobes, 91
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 417n
Pasteur, Louis, 164
Patton, George, 186
Pavlov, Ivan, 39
Paxil, 35, 225, 254
PBSP psychomotor therapy, see psychomotor therapy
Pearlman, Chester, 409n
pendulation, 217–18, 245, 286, 333, 408n
Peniston, Eugene, 326, 327
Pennebaker, James, 239–41, 243
performance enhancement, neurofeedback and, 322
periaqueductal gray, 102
Perry, Bruce, 56
Perry, Chris, 138, 141, 296
Pesso, Albert, 297–99
pharmaceutical industry, power of, 374n–75n
pharmacological revolution, 27–29, 36–38, 310
profit motive in, 38
phobias, 256
physical actions, completion of, in trauma survivors, 96
physical activity:
calming effect of, 88
in trauma therapy, 207–8
physiology:
self-regulation of, 38
see also body; brain
Piaget, Jean, 105
Pilates, 199
Pitman, Roger, 30, 33, 222
placebo effect, 35
plane crashes, survivors of, 80
Plutarch, 334
pneumogastric nerve, see vagus nerve
Pollak, Seth, 114
polyvagal theory, 77–78, 86
Porges, Stephen, 77–78, 80, 83, 84–85, 86
positron emission tomography (PET), 39
Possibility Project, 335, 340–42
posterior cingulate, 90–91, 91
Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, 233
pranayama, 86, 270
prefrontal cortex, 59, 68–69, 102
executive function in, 62
see also medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
prefrontal lobes, 254
Prince, Morton, 184
Principles of Psychology, The (James), 277
prisons:
population of, 348
spending on, 168
prolactin, 223
propranolol, 225
proprioceptive (balance) system, 247
protagonists, in psychomotor therapy, 297, 300–302
proto-self, 94
Prozac (fluoxetine), 34
–35, 37, 223, 262
PTSD and, 35–36, 225, 226, 254, 261
psychiatry:
drug-based approach of, 315, 349
socioeconomic factors ignored in, 348
psychoanalysis, 22, 184, 230–31
see also talk therapy (talking cure)
psychodynamic psychotherapy, 199
Psychology Today, 315
psychomotor therapy, 296–308
author’s experience in, 298–99
feeling safe in, 300, 301
protagonists in, 297, 300–302
structures in, 298–308
witnesses in, 297, 300, 301, 306
psychopharmacology, 20, 206
psychotherapy, of child neglect survivors, 296–97
psychotropic drugs, 27–29, 37–38, 101, 136, 315, 349–50
PTSD and, 254, 261, 405n
in trauma recovery, 223–27
see also specific drugs
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder):
acupuncture and acupressure in treatment of, 410n–11n
amygdala-MPFC imbalance in, 62–64
attention and concentration problems in, 311–12
brain scans of, 102, 347, 408n
brain-wave patterns in, 311, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
children of parents with, 118–19
diagnosis of, 136–37, 142, 150, 156–57, 188, 319
dissociation in, 66–68
EMDR in treatment of, 248–49, 253–54
exposure therapy and, 256
flashbacks in, 72, 327
in Holocaust survivors, 118–19
HRV in, 267, 268
hypersensitivity to threat in, 102, 327, 408n
language failure in, 244–45
MDMA in treatment of, 223–24
memory and, 175, 190
numbing in, 72–73, 99
psychotropic drugs and, 254, 261, 405n
reliving in, 66–68, 180–81, 325
and security of attachment to caregiver, 119
sensory self-awareness in, 89–92
social engagement and, 102
substance abuse and, 327
yoga therapy for, 207, 228–29, 268–69
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of accident and disaster survivors, 41–43, 142–43, 348
EMDR and, 260
flashbacks in, 66–67, 68, 68, 196–98
hypersensivity to threat in, 45–47, 68
irritability and rage in, 68, 248–49
Lelog as, 177–78
numbing in, 198
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), of combat veterans, 1–2, 106, 348, 371n
antipsychotic drugs and, 226–27
attention and concentration problems of, 312
CBT and, 194, 220–21
diagnosis of, 19–21
downside of medications for, 36–37
flashbacks in, 8, 13, 16, 227
hypersensitivity to threat in, 11, 327
hypnosis and, 187, 220
in-or-out construct in, 18
irritability and rage in, 10, 14
neurofeedback and, 326–28
nightmares in, 8, 9, 14, 15, 134–35
numbing in, 14–15
pain and, 33
prevalence of, 20
Prozac and, 35–36, 226
serotonin levels in, 33–34, 36
shame in, 13
shell-shock as, 11, 184–85
sleep disorders in, 409n
stress hormone levels in, 30
suicide and, 17, 332
theater as therapy for, 331–32, 343–44
traumatic event as sole source of meaning in, 18
VA and, 19, 187–88, 222–23
yoga therapy for, 270
PTSD scores, 254, 319, 324
Puk, Gerald, 252–53
purpose, sense of, 14, 92, 233
Putnam, Frank, 30, 161–64, 251
qigong, 86, 208, 245, 264
quantitative EEG (qEEG), 323
rage, 83
displacement of, 133–34, 140
in PTSD, 10, 14, 68, 248–49
in trauma survivors, 46, 95, 99, 285, 304
“railway spine,” 177
rape, 1–2, 17, 88, 213–14
increased incidence of, in survivors of childhood abuse, 85, 146–47
prevalence of, 20–21
rational brain, 55, 57–58
balance between emotional brain and, 64–65, 129–30, 205, 310
feelings and, 205
Rauch, Scott, 40, 42
reactive attachment disorder, 150, 151
reciprocity, 79–80
reckless behavior, 120
reenacting, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182
relationships:
emotional brain and, 122
mental health and, 38, 55
in trauma recovery, 210–13
see also intimacy; social engagement
reliving, 66–68, 180–81
Relman, Arnold, 374n–75n
Remarque, Erich Maria, 171, 186
Rembrandt van Rijn, 215
Remembering, Repeating and Working Through (Freud), 219
REM sleep, 260–61, 309–10, 409n
repressed memory, 183, 184–99
of childhood sexual abuse survivors, 190, 397n
false memories and, 189, 190, 191–92
reliability of, 191
see also traumatic memory
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), 165–66
resilience, 105, 109, 161, 278–79, 314, 316, 351, 355, 356
Respiridol, 215
rhesus monkeys:
peer-raised, 154
personality types in, 153
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), IFS in treatment of, 291–92
rhythmic movement, in trauma therapy, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349
right temporal lobe, 319, 324
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 87
Risperdal, 37, 226, 227
Ritalin, 107, 136
ritual, trauma recovery and, 331–32
Rivers, W. H. R., 189
road rage, 83
role-playing, in psychomotor therapy, 298–300
Rorschach test, 15–17, 35
Roy, Alec, 154
Rozelle, Deborah, 214
Rumi, 277
Rwanda genocide, 244
safety:
a fundamental to mental health, 351, 352
as lacking in childhood trauma survivors, 141, 213, 296, 301, 351
in trauma recovery, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353
trauma survivors’ distorted perception of, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 164, 270
Salpêtrière, La, 177–78, 178, 194
Saul, Noam, 51–53, 52, 58, 261
Saxe, Glenn, 119
Scentific American, 149
Schacter, Dan, 93
Schilder, Paul, 100
schizophrenia, 15, 22–23, 27, 29
genetics and, 151–52
schools, see education system
Schwartz, Richard, 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 291, 418n
Science, 94–95
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 35, 36
see also Prozac (fluoxetine)
Self:
disorganized attachment and, 120
in IFS therapy, 224, 283–85, 288, 289, 305
in infants, 113
multiple aspects of, 280–95; see also internal family systems (IFS) therapy
reestablishing ownership of, 203–4, 318
in trau
ma survivors, 166, 233, 247
self-awareness:
autobiographical self in, 236
sensory, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 354, 376n, 382n, 408n, 418n
self-blame, in childhood sexual abuse survivors, 131, 132
self-compassion, 292
self-confidence, 205, 350
self-deceit, as source of suffering, 11, 26–27
self-discovery, language and, 234–35
self-harming, 20, 25, 87, 138, 141, 158, 162, 172, 264, 266, 288–89, 316, 317
self-hatred, 134, 143, 158, 163, 279
self-leadership, 203, 280–95
self-nurture, 113
self-recognition, absence of, 105
self-regulation, 113, 158, 161, 207, 224, 300, 347–48, 354, 401
neurofeedback and, 313
yoga and, 271–72, 274, 275
Seligman, Martin, 29–30
Semrad, Elvin, 11, 26, 237
sensation seeking, 266, 272
sensorimotor therapy, 96, 214–15, 217–18
sensory self-awareness, 87–102, 206, 206, 208–9, 236, 237–38, 247, 273, 347, 354, 376n, 382n, 408n, 418n
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 51–53, 52
children as witnesses to, 119
therapies for trauma from, 230–31
Seroquel, 37, 101, 215, 226, 227
serotonin, 33, 153, 154, 262
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 215, 225
Servan-Schreiber, David, 304
Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), 232
sexual promiscuity, 120, 285, 286
Shadick, Nancy, 291
Shakespeare, William, 43, 230, 343–46, 355
Shakespeare & Company, 335, 343–46
Shakespeare in the Courts, 335, 336, 342–44
Shalev, Arieh, 30
shame, 13–14, 102, 132, 138, 174, 211, 300
Shanley, Paul, 171–74, 183, 191
Shapiro, Francine, 251
Shatan, Chaim, 19
shavasana, 271
shell-shock, 11, 184–85
Shell Shock in France (Myers), 187
singing and chanting, in trauma recovery, 86, 214
“Singing Revolution,” 334
Sketches of War, 331
Sky, Licia, 216–17
sleep disorders, 46, 95
EMDR and, 259–61
in PTSD, 409n
REM sleep and, 260–61, 409n
see also nightmares
SMART (sensory motor arousal regulation treatment), 215
smoking, surgeon general’s report on, 148
Social Brain, The (Gazzaniga), 280–81
social engagement:
as basic human trait, 110, 166
PTSD and, 102
as response to threat, 80–81, 82, 88
in rhesus monkeys, 153–54
in trauma recovery, 204
trauma survivors and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349
The Body Keeps the Score Page 57