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The Body Keeps the Score

Page 58

by Bessel van der Kolk MD


  social support, for childhood trauma survivors, 167–68, 350

  socioeconomic stress, disorganized attachment and, 117–18

  Solomon, Richard, 32

  Solomon, Roger, 260

  somatic experiencing, 217–18

  Somme, Battle of the (1916), 185

  soothing, arousal and, 113

  Sophocles, 332

  South Africa, 213–14, 333, 349

  Southborough Report, shell-shock diagnosis rejected by, 185

  Southwick, Steve, 30

  Sowell, Nancy, 291

  speech centers (brain), 42, 43

  Sperry, Roger, 51

  Spinazzola, Joseph, 156, 339, 351

  Spitzer, Robert, 142

  Sroufe, Alan, 160–61, 166

  Steel, Kathy, 281

  Sterman, Barry, 315

  Stern, Jessica, 7

  Stickgold, Robert, 260, 261

  stimuli:

  adjustment to, 32

  hypersensitivity to, see threat, hypersensitivity to

  Story of My Life, The (Keller), 234

  Strange Situation, 115

  stress:

  gene expression and, 152

  immune function and, 240

  see also trauma

  stress hormones, 30, 42, 46, 60, 61, 66–67, 158, 162, 217, 233

  structural dissociation model, 281

  structures, in psychomotor therapy, 298–308

  subcortical brain structures, 95

  submissiveness, 97, 218

  subpersonalities, 280–95

  substance abuse, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266

  neurofeedback and, 327–28

  withdrawal and, 32, 327

  suicidal behavior and thoughts, 24, 28, 88, 120, 138, 141, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 256, 287, 316, 332

  suicide by cop, 182

  Summit, Roland, 131, 136

  Suomi, Stephen, 153–54, 160

  superior temporal cortex, 386n

  sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 77, 82, 82, 209, 266–67

  Szyf, Moshe, 152

  tai chi, 207–8

  talk therapy (talking cure), 22, 27, 36, 72, 181–82, 230–37, 253

  experience vs. telling in, 235–36

  TAQ, see Traumatic Antecedents Questionaire (TAQ)

  Tavistock Clinic, 109

  Teicher, Martin, 140, 149, 416n

  temporal lobe abnormalities, 416n

  temporal parietal junction, 100

  tension, in trauma survivors, 100–101, 265–66

  terrorism:

  PTSD from, 348

  see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

  testosterone, 163

  thalamocortical networks, 417n

  thalamus, 60, 70–71, 176, 324

  theater, in trauma recovery, 214, 330–32, 334–46, 355

  conflict and, 335

  emotions and, 335, 344–45

  feeling safe in, 336–37

  Theater of War, 332

  Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 106–7

  therapists, in trauma recovery, 212–13, 244

  theta waves, 321, 326, 417n

  Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 22–23

  thoughts, physical sensations and, 209

  threat:

  confusion of safety and, 85, 97, 119, 164

  hypersensitivity to, 2, 11, 17, 33, 45–47, 68, 84, 95, 102, 143, 158, 161, 163, 196–97, 225, 265, 310, 327, 328, 408n

  social engagement as response to, 80–81, 82, 88

  whole-body response to, 53–55, 53, 60–62, 61

  see also fight/flight response; freeze response (immobilization)

  time, sense of, 273

  Tourette, Gilles de la, 177

  trance (hypnagogic) states, 117, 187, 238, 302, 305, 326

  transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 417n

  trauma:

  articulation of, 232–34

  brain changes from, 2–3, 21, 59, 347

  growing awareness of, 347

  as most urgent public health issue, 148, 149–50, 356

  narratives of, 7, 43, 46, 70, 130, 135, 175, 176, 194, 219, 220, 231, 250, 252–53, 261–62; see also traumatic memory

  physiological changes from, 2–3, 21, 53, 53, 72

  prevalence of, 1

  reactivation of, 2

  risk of, socioeconomic status and, 348

  trauma, healing from, 203–29

  animal therapy in, 80, 150–51, 213

  ARC model in, 401n

  art and, 242–43

  body therapies for, 3, 26, 72, 86, 89, 207–8, 215–17, 228–29, 245; see also specific therapies

  calming and relaxation techniques in, 131, 203–4; see also breathing; mindfulness; yoga

  CBT in, 182, 194, 220–21

  community in, 213–14, 244, 331–34, 355

  desensitization therapies in, 46–47, 73, 220, 222–23

  EMDR therapy in, see eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

  emotional self-regulation in, 203–4, 206–8, 212, 353, 401n

  feeling safe in, 204, 212, 270, 275, 300, 301, 349, 353

  focus in, 203, 347–48, 355

  giving up self-deceit in, 204

  IFS therapy in, see internal family systems (IFS) therapy

  integrating traumatic memories in, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 279

  language and, 230–47, 275–76

  limbic system therapy in, 205–6

  living in present as goal of, 204

  mindfulness in, 207, 208–10, 224, 225, 269, 270

  music in, 242–43, 349, 355

  need to revisit trauma in, 204–5, 211

  neurofeedback in, see neurofeedback

  professional therapists for, 212–13, 244

  psychomotor therapy in, 296–308

  reestablishing ownership of one’s self as goal of, 204–5

  relationships in, 204, 210–13

  rhythmic movement and, 85, 207, 208, 214, 242–43, 333–34, 349

  schools as resources for, 351–56

  search for meaning in, 233–34

  self-awareness in, 208, 235–38, 273, 347

  self-leadership in, 203, 280–95

  sensorimotor therapy in, 96, 214–15

  singing and chanting in, 86, 214

  talk therapy in, 230–37, 253

  theater in, see theater, in trauma recovery

  writing and, 238–42

  yoga in, 63, 86, 207, 225, 228–29, 231, 263–76

  Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 189

  Trauma Center, 3–4, 72, 85, 86, 121, 122, 163–64, 166, 214–15, 228, 266, 269, 271, 340, 351

  neurofeedback laboratory at, 318–20, 324

  Trauma Drama program of, 335, 336–37, 339, 355

  Urban Improv study of, 338–39

  Trauma Clinic, 35, 251, 253

  trauma survivors:

  alexithymia in, 98–99, 247, 272–73, 291, 319

  blaming in, 45

  brain scans of, 39–47, 42, 66, 68–70, 68, 71–72, 72, 82, 99–100, 319

  brain-wave patterns in, 311–12, 311, 324

  continued stress mobilization in, 53–55, 53

  denial in, 46, 291

  depersonalization in, 71–73, 71, 99–100, 132–33, 286, 291, 386n, 401n

  derealization in, 401n

  dissociation in, 66–68, 95, 172, 179, 180–81, 194, 211, 247, 281, 294, 316, 317–18

  distorted perception of safety in, 79–80, 85, 96–97, 119, 164, 270

  fear of emotions in, 335

  fear of experimentation in, 305

  flashbacks in, 40, 42, 45
, 70, 176, 193–94, 219

  freeze response (immobilization) in, 54, 54, 80, 82–83, 82, 85, 95, 217, 218

  handwriting of, 241–42

  helplessness of, 217, 341

  hypersensitivity to threat in, 2, 61–62, 84

  immune systems of, 126–27, 291

  inner void in, 296–308

  intimacy as difficult for, 99

  irritability and rage in, 46, 95, 99

  language failure in, 43–44, 243–45, 352–53

  limbic system in, 59, 95, 265

  living in present as difficult for, 67, 70, 73, 312

  loss of imagination in, 17, 96

  loss of purpose in, 92, 233

  medication and, 3

  memory and attention problems in, 46

  nightmares in, 44

  numbing in, 67, 84, 119, 205, 247, 272, 304–5, 306

  panic attacks in, 97

  polarization of self-system in, 281

  reciprocity and, 79–80

  reenacting in, 31–33, 179, 180, 181, 182

  self-harming in, 266, 288–89

  self-protective strategies of, 278–79

  sensation seeking in, 266, 272

  sense of self in, 166, 233, 247

  sense of time in, 273

  sensory overload in, 70–71

  sensory self-awareness in, 89, 96, 247, 418n

  shame in, 102, 138, 211, 300

  sleep disorders in, 46, 95

  social engagement and, 3, 62, 78–80, 84, 86, 161, 349

  somatic symptoms in, 97–98

  stress hormone levels in, 30

  substance abuse by, 70, 120, 146, 151, 225, 266

  tension and defensiveness in, 100–101, 265–66

  trust as difficult for, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253

  see also childhood trauma survivors; PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)

  Traumatic Antecedents Questionaire (TAQ), 138–40, 141

  traumatic memory, 171–83, 246–47, 278

  as disorganized, 193

  hysteria as, see hysteria

  integration of, 181, 219–20, 222, 228, 237, 255–56, 261–62, 279, 308

  narrative memory vs., 176, 179, 194, 219, 231–32, 236

  normal memory vs., 175–76, 180, 181, 189, 192–94, 219, 372n

  “railway spine” as, 177

  see also repressed memory

  Traumatic Neuroses of War, The (Kardiner), 11, 187

  Trevarthen, Colwyn, 111

  Trickett, Penelope, 161–63

  triggered responses, 66–68

  Tronick, Ed, 84, 112

  trust, difficulty of, 18, 134, 141, 150, 158, 163, 253

  Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 213–14, 333, 349

  Tutu, Desmond, 333

  Ubuntu, 349

  United States Association for Body Psychotherapy, 297

  Urban Improv, 334–35

  Trauma Center study of, 337–39

  vagus nerve, 76, 78, 80–82, 81, 207, 245

  Valium, 225

  valproate, 136, 225, 405n

  van der Hart, Onno, 281, 396n

  Van der Kolk Center, 213, 401n

  vasopressin, 223

  ventral vagal complex (VVC), 81–82,

  82, 83–84

  development of, 84

  Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 186

  Veterans Administration (VA):

  Boston Clinic of, 7, 10, 11, 12, 187–88, 227, 331

  PTSD and, 19, 222–23, 226–27, 244–45

  Veterans Affairs Department, U.S, 156, 224, 255

  Vietnam veterans, 7–8, 12, 15, 17–18, 33, 156, 182, 187–88, 190, 222–23, 227, 233–34

  visual cortex, 42, 44

  voice, responses to, 85–86

  Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 322

  War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (Hedges), 31

  Warner, Liz, 214, 418

  Warren, Robert Penn, 22

  Werner, Emily, 392n

  “What Is an Emotion?” (James), 89–90

  What It Is Like to Go to War (Marlantes), 233

  “When the Patient Reports Atrocities” (Haley), 13

  Wiesel, Elie, 356

  Williams, Dar, 203

  Williams, Linda Meyer, 190–91

  Wilson, Scott, 126

  Winfrey, Oprah, 356

  Winnicott, Donald, 109, 113–14

  witnesses, in psychomotor therapy, 297, 300, 301, 306

  Woodman, Marion, 230

  World Enough and Time (Warren), 22

  World I Live In, The (Keller), 235

  World War I, 243–44

  shell-shock in, 11, 184–86, 189

  World War II, 9, 210

  combat trauma in, 187–88

  veterans of, 18, 53, 187, 188

  writing, in trauma recovery, 238–42

  Xanax, 225

  Yale University, Fortunoff Video Archive at, 195

  Yehuda, Rachel, 30, 118

  yoga, 63, 86, 231, 263–76, 354

  asanas (postures) in, 270, 272

  clinical studies of, 273–75, 274

  HRV and, 268–69, 271

  interoception and, 272–74

  meditation in, 270

  pranayama (breathing) in,

  86, 270

  PTSD and, 207, 228–29, 268–69, 270

  self-regulation and, 271–72, 274, 275

  Yoga and the Quest for the True Self (Cope), 263, 272

  Zaichkowsky, Len, 322

  Zoloft, 35, 225, 254

  Zyprexa, 37, 101

 

 

 


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