The Oxford History of the French Revolution
Page 67
11. Quoted in C. Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: The Example of Javogues and the Loire (Oxford, 1973), 357.
12. Quoted in N. Hampson, A Concise History of the French Revolution (London, 1975), 139.
13. Quoted in Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution, 133.
Chapter 12: Thermidor, 1794–1795
1. Quoted in R. Cobb, Les Armées révolutionnaires (2 vols., Paris, 1963), ii. 856.
2. Quoted in Robespierre: Textes choisis, iii. 112–15.
3. Quoted in Stephens, Orators, ii. 508.
4. Quoted ibid. ii. 563.
5. Quoted in de la Gorce, Histoire religieuse, iii. 503.
6. Quoted in Thompson, English Witnesses, 254.
7. Quoted ibid. 248.
8. Quoted in Schmidt, Tableaux, ii. 244.
9. Quoted ibid. 240.
10. Journal de Célestin Guittard de Floriban, bourgeois de Paris sous la Révolution, ed. R. Aubert (Paris, 1974), 495.
11. Thompson, English Witnesses, 257–8.
12. Schmidt, Tableaux, ii. 302.
13. Journal de Guittard, 506.
14. Ibid. 514.
15. Correspondance inédite de Mallet du Pan avec la cour de Vienne (1794–1798), ed. A. Michel (2 vols., Paris, 1884), i. 51. 8 Jan. 1795.
Chapter 13: Counter-Revolution, 1789–1795
1. Quoted in Lacour-Gayet, Calonne, 283–4.
2. Quoted ibid. 283.
3. Quoted by N. Hampson, in F. Lebrun and R. Dupuy (eds.), Les Résistances à la Révolution (Paris, 1987), 446.
4. Quoted in Legg, Select Documents, ii. 135.
5. Quoted in J. Vidalenc, Les Émigrés français 1789–1825 (Caen, 1963), 77.
6. Mémoires d’outre-tombe (Paris, 1961 edn.), 282.
7. Quoted in Vidalenc, Les Émigrés, 156.
8. Quoted in H. Mitchell, The Underground War Against Revolutionary France (Oxford, 1965), 34.
9. Quoted in M. G. Hutt, Chouannerie and Counter-Revolution: Puisaye, The Princes and the British Government in the 1790s (2 vols., Cambridge, 1983), ii. 227.
10. Quoted in P. Mansel, Louis XVIII (London, 1981), 79.
11. Quoted in W. R. Fryer, Republic or Restoration in France? 1794–97 (Manchester, 1965), 36.
Chapter 14: The Directory, 1795–1799
1. Quoted in P. H. Beik (ed.), The French Revolution (London, 1970), 317–18.
2. Schmidt, Tableaux, ii. 338.
3. Journal de Guittard, 575.
4. Quoted in A. Soboul, Le Directoire et le Consulat (Paris, 1967), 25.
5. The Writings of Theobald Wolfe Tone 1763–1798, eds. T. W. Moody, R. B. McDowell, and C.J. Woods (3 vols., Oxford 1998–2007), ii, 50. 13 Feb. 1796.
6. Schmidt, Tableaux, iii. 95.
7. Quoted in R. B. Rose, Gracchus Babeuf: The First Revolutionary Communist (London, 1978), 239.
8. Quoted by M. Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge, 1975), 47.
9. Quoted by C. Lucas, in G. Lewis and C. Lucas (eds.), Beyond the Terror (Cambridge, 1983), 183.
10. Quoted in I. Woloch, Jacobin Legacy: The Democratic Movement under the Directory (Princeton, 1970), 197.
11. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance générale, i, 1784–1797 (Paris, 2004), no. 2065, 21 Sept. 1797.
Chapter 15: Occupied Europe, 1794–1799
1. Memoirs, ii. 25–6.
2. Quoted in Schama, Patriots and Liberators, 354.
3. Quoted ibid. 370.
4. Quoted in J. Godechot, La Grande Nation (2 vols., Paris, 1956), ii. 541.
5. Quoted ibid. i. 91.
6. Quoted in T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany (Oxford, 1983), 87.
7. Quoted ibid. 304.
8. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution, ii: The Struggle (Princeton, 1964), 413.
9. Quoted ibid. 417.
10. Quoted in Blanning, French Revolution in Germany, 330.
11. Letters and Documents of Napoleon, ed. J. E. Howard (London, 1961), 122.12.
12. Napoléon, Correspondance générale, i, no. 1525.
13. Quoted in Godechot, La Grande Nation, ii. 563.
14. Quoted ibid. ii. 465.
15. Quoted in Acton, Bourbons of Naples, 389.
16. Quoted in S. J. Woolf, A History of Italy 1700–1860 (London, 1979), 186.
17. Quoted in T. Pakenham, The Year of Liberty (London, 1969), 351.
Chapter 16: An End to Revolution, 1799–1802
1. Quoted by C. H. Church, ‘In Search of the Directory’, in Bosher, French Government and Society, 286.
2. Quoted in M. Crook, Elections in the French Revolution: An Apprenticeship in Democracy (Cambridge, 1996), 154.
3. J. Godechot, The Counter-Revolution: Doctrine and Action 1789–1804 (London, 1971), 344.
4. Napoléon, Correspondance générale, i, no. 2065.
5. Quoted in J. Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1968), 555.
6. Adapted from Letters and Documents of Napoleon, 323.
7. Quoted in A. Fugier, Histoire des relations internationales, iv: La Révolution française et l’empire Napoléonien (Paris, 1954), 153.
8. Quoted in Godechot, Counter-Revolution, 365–6.
9. Quoted ibid. 364.
10. Quoted by M. J. Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse (24 December 1800)’, in Bosher, French Government and Society, 300.
11. Quoted ibid. 306.
12. Quoted in A. Latreille, L’Église catholique et la Révolution française (2 vols., Paris, 1946), i. 229.
13. Quoted in Blanning, French Revolution in Germany, 224–5.
14. Quoted in F. M. H. Markham, Napoleon (London, 1963), 92–3.
Chapter 17: The Revolution in Perspective
1. The Diary of Fanny Burney: A Selection, ed. L. Gibbs (London, 1940), 347–8.
2. Quoted in C. Maxwell, The English Traveller in France, 1698–1815 (London, 1932), 219.
3. Mémoires de Malouet (2 vols., Paris, 1874), ii. 10.
4. Quoted in M. Wiener, The French Exiles, 1789–1815 (London, 1960), 44–5.
5. Quoted by R. Forster, ‘The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution’, Past and Present, 37 (1967), 83.
6. Quoted in J. McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (London, 1969), 33.
7. Quoted in Latreille, L’Église catholique et la Révolution, ii. 38–9.
8. Swinburne, Courts of Europe, ii. 114–15.
9. Quoted in F. Aftalion, L’Économie de la Révolution française (Paris, 1987), 247.
10. Swinburne, Courts of Europe, ii. 105–6.
11. Quoted in M. P. Fitzsimmons, The Parisian Order of Barristers and the French Revolution (Cambridge, MA., 1987), 65.
12. Quoted in R. L. Stein, Léger Félicité Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic (London, 1985), 76.
13. Clausewitz: On War, ed. A. Rapoport (London, 1968), 384–6.
14. Quoted in D. Mack Smith (ed.), The Making of Italy, 1796–1870 (New York, 1968), 15.
15. Malouet, Mémoires, ii. 11.
16. Quoted by O. H. Hufton, ‘The Reconstruction of a Church 1796–1801’, in Lewis and Lucas, Beyond the Terror, 48.
17. Quoted by H. B. Applewhite and D. G. Levy, ‘Women, Democracy and Revolution in Paris, 1789–1794’, in S. A. Spencer (ed.), French Women and the Age of Enlightenment (Bloomington, 1984), 75.
Index
Aachen 171
absolute monarchy 75, 82, 329, 418
Académie française 48, 49, 50
Academies 47–8
accountability 319, 377
active citizenship 124, 125, 126, 142, 185, 421
Adams, John (1735–1826) 63
Addington, Henry (1757–1844) 380–1
administration 125, 127, 395
administrative reform 61–2, 76
agrarian law 421
agriculture pre-Revolutionary 5–12, 16–18, 86
during the Revolution 407
Aiguillon, Arman
d Desiré du Plessis-Richelieu d’Agenois, Duke d’ (1761–1800) 116
Aix 182, 306
Alba 346, 359
Alembert, Jean Le Ronde d’ (1717–83) 51
Alexandria 340
Alfieri, Vittorio (1749–1803) 44
Alsace 8–9, 10, 115, 145, 413
Amar, André (1755–1816) 274, 280, 284
America 159
American War of Independence 32, 63, 66–7
Amiens, peace of (1801) 383, 391, 393
Amis des Noirs 413
ancien règime 119, 157
Angers 36, 243, 256
annexation Avignon 139, 142, 146, 150, 173, 182, 199, 389
Belgium and Rhineland 352
Geneva 412
Mulhouse 356
Piedmont 367
anti-Catholicism 336
anti-clericalism 53, 94, 109, 132, 139, 144, 148, 261 Directory 336, 339, 362, 363, 387
anti-Jacobinism 284–6, 288
anti-revolutionary movements 408–9
anti-royal demonstrations 148, 152
anticipations 84–5
Antonelli, Leonardo, Cardinal 399–400
Antraigues, Emile Louis Henri Alexandre de Launay, Count d’ (1754–1812) 183, 302, 310–11, 317, 328, 329
Arc, Chevalier d’ (1721–95) 30
Ardèche 183
aristocracy, see nobility
Aristotle 49
Arles 182
arms industry 205–6, 251, 285, 406
army 30–1 Brienne’s reforms 83
bulk-purchasing 265
diminishing numbers 203
logistics 205–6
loyalty to the king 126
military commissions 30
mutinies 147, 183, 300
in Paris 108–9, 110
size 198, 205
suspected reliability of 326–7
volunteers 192
War of Independence veterans 64, see also individual regiments
army officers 27 emigration 156, 173, 302–3
execution of failed 203
gains made by Revolution 411
oaths 156
arrondissements 326
artillery 198
artisans 20, 97, 100, 194
Artois 93, 95, 109
Artois, Count d’ (brother of Louis XIV) (1757–1836) 74, 155, 293 counter-revolution 298, 299, 302, 303, 307, 308, 310, 312–13, 314
emigration 112
in Koblenz 171
Necker 102, 105, 108, 299
plotting in exile 143, 146, 147, 299
Ashkenazim Jews 413
Assembly of Notables 70–5, 89–90, 91, 93
assignats (bonds) 133–4, 141, 149, 168, 179, 182, 192, 199 army of occupation 348
arrested decline of 266
collapse of 288–9, 323
decline in value of 223, 250, 418
depreciation 286, 410
inflation 320, 404
territorial mandates 324–5
Association for the Preservation of Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers 200
atheism 168, 262
Augereau, Pierre François Charles (1757–1816) 217, 332
Austria 57, 60, 157, 165 Belgium overrun by 164
Campo Formio peace 217, 333, 362
expansion of territory 416
income tax 418
Italy 360, 376
nationalism 419
occupation of Poland 208
peace of Lunéville 381
peace with France 217
Prussian alliance 201
Switzerland 357
war with France 88, 179–81, 183–4, 191, 192–3, 197, 202, 204, 206, 211, 213–14, 226
Austrian Netherlands 161, 197
Austrian troops 151, 153
Auvergne 130
Avignon 239 annexation 139, 142, 146, 150, 173, 182, 199, 389
massacres in 177
Babeuf, François-Noël (Gracchus) (1760–97) 131, 288, 292, 325–8, 328, 331, 335, 337, 338, 345, 358, 373, 379, 386, 423
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626) 50
bagarre 301
Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736–93) 101, 103, 112, 122, 154, 176, 253
Baltic 382
bandits 408
Bank of England 216
Bank of France 386
bankruptcy 85, 334–5
Barère, Bertrand (1755–1841) 228, 233, 235, 251, 256, 280, 283, 284, 285, 289, 292
Barnave, Antoine-Pierre (1761–93) 26, 89, 95, 101, 113, 120, 138, 144, 149, 150, 155, 175, 179, 253, 396
Barras, Paul, Viscount de (1755–1825) 255, 281, 322, 323, 331, 335, 372–3
Barruel, Augustin de (1741–1820) 218–19, 400
barter 334
Barthélemy, François, Marquis de (1750–1830) 330, 331, 332
Basle 355, 356
Basle, treaty of (1795) 210
Basque provinces 210
Bastille 45, 83, 112 dismantling 149
replaced by woodyard 394
storming of the 110, 111, 160, 169
Batavian Legion 200
Batavian Republic 209–10, 334, 345, 349, 357, 375, 381
Batz, Jean Pierre, Baron (1754–1822) 267, 278
Bavaria 65, 168, 204
Bavarian Illuminati plot 218
Bayeux 33, 47, 404
Beccaria, Cesare, Marchese di (1738–94) 55
beggars 14, 15
Beijing 424
Belfast 213
Belgium 45, 161–3, 164, 184–5, 197, 214, 279, 312, 416 Austria and 203, 209, 217, 226
French expelled from 203
incorporation in the Republic 200–1, 349–50
occupied by French 199, 209, 211, 349–51
trade with France 406
Waterloo 406
Bergerac 142
Berne 355, 356
Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne François (1737–89) 112, 396
Besançon 36, 38, 61
Besenval, Pierre Victor, Baron de (1722–91) 131
bicameralism 320, 345, 379
Billaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolas (1756–1819) 250, 251, 263, 268, 274, 280, 282, 285, 289, 292
Birmingham 170
Biron, Armand-Louis de Gontaut, Duke de (1747–94) 247
bishops 116, 136 Civil Constitution of the Clergy 139, 141, 143, 144, 145
Concordat 389, 390
first-estate deputation 99
pre-Revolution 7, 34, 36, 55, 72
Black Legion 303
black market 269
blacksmiths 149
blockades 223, 247, 323, 405
bocage 5, 145, 226, 256, 291
Boisgelin, Raymond, Cardinal de (1756–1804) 392
Boissy d’Anglas, François Antoine (1756–1826) 319
Bologna 360
Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844) 363
Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840) 373, 376, 377
Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769–1821) 331 Brumaire coup 376–7
Civil Code 387
closure of Jacobin clubs 326
as Consul for life 392
Egyptian campaign 333–4, 339–40, 369, 388
as Emperor Napoleon 397, 411, 413, 415
as First Consul 379–80, 384–91, 415
independent action by 215
interrogation of d’Antraigues 317
Italian campaigns 213–14, 331, 339, 357–62, 367, 381
military education 30
peace of Amiens 382–3
peace of Campo Formio 217, 339, 381
product of Revolutionary equality 396
re-establishment of the Church 387–91, 400
Swiss Confederation reform 355
Toulon 206, 254–5
Vendémiaire uprising 322
book publication 46, 77
booty 334, 359, 411
Bordeaux 6, 18, 38, 138, 234, 238, 248–9, 255, 405, 406
Bordelais 242
Bouches du Rhône 239, 249
Bouillé, François Claude, Marquis
de (1739–1800) 147, 151, 153, 156
Bourbons 196, 202, 216, 241, 384, 409, 412 counter-revolution for restoration of 126, 301, 305, 307, 308
Naples 358, 365, 366, 382, 384
Bourdeaux 126, 181
bourgeoisie 407 Belgian 351
gains made by the Revolution 409–10
Italian 359
nobility and the 26–30
pre-Revolutionary 22–6
reading 48
Terror victims 259
third estate representation 90–1, 93–4
Bourges Convention 239
Brabant Revolution 162–3
bread 149, 231, 403 rationing 287, 291, 294
riots 1, 21–2, 58, 109, 121, see also food shortages; grain
Brécourt 247, 248
Brest 5
Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1730–1807) 108, 112
Brienne, Loménie de, archbishop of Toulouse, see Loménie de Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse
brigandage 14, 387
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre (1754–93) 64, 174, 176, 192, 221 elected to national Convention 193
petition against king’s reinstatement 153–4
on Rhineland frontier 200
slave uprising on Saint-Dominique 181, 413
warmongering 178, 179, 201, 405
British empire 66
Brittany 2, 4, 5, 61, 83, 92, 94–5, 96, 174, 245 chateau-burning 130
counter-revolution 240–1, 242–3, 306, 309, 310–11, 312, 313–14, 315, 316
deputies from 115–16
domaine congéable 11
new religious policy in 291
risings in 226
second-estate boycott 100
Terror 256
Broglie, Victor François, Marshal de (1718–1804) 108, 110
Brottier, André Charles (1751–98) 329
Brune, Guillaume (1763–1815) 356, 364, 375
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm, Duke of (1735–1806) 188, 192, 233, 316
Brunswick Manifesto 307
Brutus, Lucius Junius (d. 508 bc) 260, 420
bullion 359
Buonarroti, Philippe Michel (1761–1837) 327, 357
Bureau of General Police 278
bureaucrats 410
Burgundy 8, 115
Burke, Edmund (1729–97) 166–9, 170, 171, 212, 218, 424
Burney, Fanny (1752–1840) 393