In Meat We Trust

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In Meat We Trust Page 43

by Maureen Ogle

diet

  calorie-counting and, [>]

  cholesterol and, [>], [>]

  colonial era, [>]–[>]

  in early nineteenth century, [>]–[>]

  heart disease and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  ideas about, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  impact of social changes on, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Diet for a Small Planet, [>]

  dressed beef. See also Beef Trust

  as alternative to livestock, [>]

  benefits of, [>]

  complexities of industry, [>], [>]–[>]

  early years of, [>]

  pioneering shippers, [>]

  reactions to, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  rumors about, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  shipments of, [>]

  strategies of producers of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  economy, national, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Engler, Paul, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Environmental Protection Agency, [>]

  environmentalism, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Escherichia coli O157:H7, [>], [>]. See also antibiotics; Jack in the Box

  extravagance, cycle of, [>]–[>], [>]

  factory farming, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also agricultural crises; broiler industry; cattle feedlots; confinement; vertical integration

  “family farms.” See rural activism

  famine, 1970s, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Farm Aid, [>]

  farm bills, [>]–[>], [>]

  farmers’ markets, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  “fat is bad” theory, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  First Colony Farm (North Carolina), [>]

  Fletcher, Horace, [>]

  food. See also alternative foods; consumer economy; convenience; diet; food, processed

  and convenience, [>], [>]–[>]

  low cost of, [>]

  and national power, [>]–[>], [>]

  niche markets for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  food, processed, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  food miles, [>]. See also community food security

  food prices. See also consumer economy; convenience; retailing, food; retailing, meat

  and agricultural crisis, 1920s, [>]–[>]

  demand for low, [>]

  impact of high, [>], [>]

  1970s and, [>], [>]

  studies of, [>], [>]

  food safety. See also Pure Food and Drug Act

  debates about, [>]–[>]

  disease theories and, [>]

  fears about, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  legislation to regulate, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  public demand for, [>]

  regulation of, and the Constitution, [>]

  frankfurters, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Funk, Casimir, [>]. See also vitamins

  Garfield, James, [>], [>], [>]

  Garst, Roswell, [>]–[>]

  gestation stalls, campaign against, [>]–[>]. See also confinement

  Graham, Sylvester, [>]

  Grand Trunk Railway, [>]

  grazing land. See western range

  Great Depression. See Agricultural Adjustment Act; factory farming; New Deal

  grocery chains, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also retailing, food; retailing, meat

  Guymon, Oklahoma, [>]–[>]

  Hammer, Armand, [>]

  Hammond, George, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Harper, Mike, [>]. See also ConAgra

  Harris, Benjamin Franklin, [>]–[>]

  Harwood, Richard, [>]–[>]

  Haw, Bill, [>]. See also National Farms

  Hegsted, D. M., [>], [>]

  Hightower, Jim, [>]. See also rural activism

  hog production. See also confinement; corporate hog farms; factory farming; manure management

  and Agricultural Adjustment Act, [>]

  agricultural subsidies, impact of on, [>]

  broiler industry as influence on, [>]

  in colonial America, [>], [>]

  in Corn Belt, [>]

  in early nineteenth century, [>]

  export markets and, [>], [>]

  feed manufacturers’ role in, [>]

  geography of, changes in, [>], [>], [>]

  meatpackers’ influence on, [>], [>]

  North Carolina and, [>]–[>]

  number of operations, [>]

  in southern United States, rise of, [>]–[>]

  vertical integration, resistance to, [>]

  Holly Farms, [>]

  Holman, Currier, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also IBP

  Hoover, Herbert, [>], [>], [>]

  Hormel Foods, [>]

  hot dogs, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  hotel, restaurant, and institutional industry (HRI), [>]–[>]. See also restaurants

  Humane Society of the United States, [>]

  IBP (Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Anderson, Andrew D.; boxed beef; Holman, Currier

  industrial livestock production. See factory farming

  Initiative [>] (Nebraska), [>]. See also rural activism

  Jack in the Box, [>], [>]

  Jacobson, Michael, [>], [>], [>]

  Jewell, Jesse D., [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also broiler industry; vertical integration

  Jungle, The, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Sinclair, Upton

  Keys, Ancel, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Knauer, Virginia, [>]

  La Follette, Robert M., [>]

  land grant schools

  and alternative agriculture, [>]–[>]

  and bovine research, [>]–[>]

  and broiler industry, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and commercial cattle feeding, [>]

  complaints about, [>], [>]

  and meat-related industries, [>], [>], [>]

  and rural activism, [>]–[>]

  Langworthy, C. F., [>]

  Lappé, Frances Moore, [>]

  Lean Finely Textured Beef, [>]–[>]

  livestock. See also cattle; chickens; factory farming; hogs; poultry

  changes in geography of production of, [>]

  in colonial America, [>], [>]–[>]

  definition of in colonial America, [>]

  as nuisance in cities, [>], [>]

  transportation of, [>], [>]

  value of in colonial America, [>]

  livestock feed, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also antibiotics; cattle feedlots; corn; DES

  livestock production. See broiler industry; cattle; cattle feedlots; chickens; confinement; corporate hog farms; hogs; poultry

  local food. See community food security

  Lockeretz, William, [>]

  Lorimer, William, [>]–[>]

  Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture, [>], [>], [>]

  manure management, [>]–[>]. See also confinement

  Marquis de Morès (Antoine-Amédée-Marie-Vincent Manca de Vallombrosa), [>]–[>], [>]

  Mayer, Oscar, Jr., [>]–[>]

  MBPXL (meatpacker), [>]

  McCoy, Joe, [>]–[>]

  McDonald’s, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  McDougal Livestock Company, [>]

  McLean, Malcolm, [>]

  McQuoid, Charles, [>]–[>]

  meat. See also beef; pork; poultry

  attitudes toward, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  in colonial America, [>]–[>]

  exports of, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and food fads, [>]

  and nation building, [>]–[>]

  public relations campaigns, [>]–[>], [>]

  meat inspection, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  meatpackers. See meatpacking industry

  meatpacking industry. See also Beef Trust; boxed beef; byproducts; congressional hearings; dressed beef; slaughterhouses; unions; and specific companies

  cattle feeders, partnerships with, [>], [>]

  and consent decree, [>]

  diversification by members
of, [>], [>]

  in early nineteenth century, [>]–[>]

  geography of, changes in, [>], [>]

  influence on cattle feeding, [>], [>]

  international scope of, [>], [>]

  investigation of by Federal Trade Commission, 1918, [>], [>]

  legal challenges to, [>], [>], [>]

  plant design, modern, [>]–[>]

  profit margins, [>]–[>], [>]

  revolution in, mid-twentieth century, [>]–[>], [>]

  survival strategies in, [>]–[>]

  takeover targets in, [>]–[>]

  unions and, [>], [>]

  upheaval in, 1970s, [>]–[>]

  value-added services in, [>], [>]

  microwave oven, [>]

  Missouri Rural Crisis Center, [>]

  Monfort, Charles, [>]

  Monfort, Kenneth (Ken)

  beef consumption, concerns about, [>]–[>]

  described, [>]–[>]

  meatpacking, movement into, [>]–[>]

  quoted, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and vertical integration, [>]

  Monfort, Warren, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Monfort Feed Lots, Inc., [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Monfort of Colorado, Inc.

  boxed beef and, [>], [>]

  early years, [>]

  financial woes of, [>]–[>], [>]

  initial public offering, [>]

  meatpacking arm of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  and natural beef, [>]

  sale of to ConAgra, [>]

  unions and, [>], [>]

  vertically integrated venture, [>], [>]

  monopoly, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Morrell & Co., John, [>], [>]

  Morris, Nelson, [>], [>]

  Mottern, Nick, [>]

  Murphy, Wendell, [>], [>]

  Murphy Farms, [>]–[>]

  Nader, Ralph, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  National Farms, Inc., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  National Heart Institute/National Heart Council, [>]

  National Organic Standards Board, [>], [>]–[>]

  National Packing Co., [>], [>]. See also Beef Trust

  nationalization of meatpacking industry, proposed, [>]–[>]

  Native Americans, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  natural foods/meat. See alternative agriculture; alternative foods; community food security

  New Deal, [>], [>], [>]

  New Jersey Stockyard and Market Company, [>]. See also Communipaw Abattoir

  Niman, Bill, [>], [>]

  Niman Ranch, [>], [>]–[>]

  Nixon, Richard M., [>]–[>]

  Nixon administration, [>]–[>]

  Occidental Petroleum Corp., [>]

  oleomargarine, [>]–[>]

  organic (agriculture, foods, meat). See alternative agriculture; alternative foods

  Packingtown. See Chicago

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, [>]

  paradox of plenty, [>]–[>]

  pernicious anemia, [>]

  Peterson, Robert, [>]

  “pink slime,” [>]–[>]

  Plankinton, John, [>]. See also Armour, Philip

  Pollan, Michael, [>], [>]

  pork, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also hogs; livestock; meatpacking industry; pork packing

  pork packing, [>]–[>]. See also meatpacking industry

  Porkopolis, [>], [>]

  poultry. See also chickens; broiler industry; diet

  fast-food restaurants and, [>]

  as healthy alternative, [>]

  low fat content of, [>]

  natural/organic, [>]–[>]

  per capita consumption of, [>]

  preservation of meat, [>]

  Poultry Improvement Program (USDA), [>]

  Premium Standard Farms, [>], [>]–[>]

  prices, food. See food prices

  property rights, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  public health, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also cities; Slaughterhouse Cases

  Pure Food and Drug Act, [>], [>]. See also food safety

  railroads, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  refrigerated railcars, [>]. See also dressed beef; Swift, Gustavus

  restaurants, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  retailing, food, [>]–[>]. See also grocery chains

  retailing, meat, [>]–[>], [>]. See also boxed beef; grocery chains

  Ricketts, Ralph, [>]

  riots, food, [>]

  Rodale, J. I., [>]

  Rodale, Robert, [>]

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., [>]

  Roosevelt, Theodore, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  rural activism, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Russell, Charles Edward, [>]

  Russian grain deal, [>], [>]

  Salatin, Joel, [>]

  Schell, Orville, [>], [>]

  Schlosser, Eric, [>]

  Seaboard Corporation, [>]

  Sherman Antitrust Act, [>], [>]

  Silent Spring, [>]–[>]

  Sinclair, Upton, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Slaughterhouse Cases, [>]–[>]

  slaughterhouses. See also meatpacking industry

  and cities, [>]–[>]

  complaints about, [>]

  conflicts over, [>]–[>]

  municipal regulation of, [>]–[>], [>]

  nineteenth century, described, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  removal from cities, [>]

  twentieth century, described, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Smith, Adolph, [>]

  Smithfield Foods, [>]–[>]

  socialism, [>], [>]

  sorghum, [>]

  stockyards, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  strontium [>], [>]

  sustainable agriculture. See alternative agriculture

  Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE), [>]

  Swift, Edwin, [>]

  Swift, Gustavus (Gus), [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also Beef Trust; dressed beef; Swift and Company

  Swift, Louis, [>], [>]

  Swift and Company, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also Beef Trust; dressed beef; meatpacking industry; Swift, Gustavus

  swine. See hogs

  Taylor, R. Lee, [>]

  Taylor Grazing Act, [>]. See also western range

  Texas fever, [>], [>]

  Tovrea Land and Cattle Company, [>]

  trusts, [>]. See also Beef Trust; monopoly

  Tyson, Don, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also Tyson Foods

  Tyson, John, [>]

  Tyson Foods

  and broiler industry, [>]–[>]

  growth of, [>]–[>]

  and hog farming, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  and Holly Farms, [>]–[>]

  and processed foods, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Union Stock Yards (Chicago), [>], [>]

  unions, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  urban growth, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also agricultural subsidies; agriculture; cities; consumer economy; factory farming

  U.S. Department of Agriculture. See also agricultural legislation; factory farming

  and alternative agriculture, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  broiler industry and, [>], [>], [>]

  complaints about, [>]–[>]

  creation of, [>]

  and livestock industry, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  and meatpacking industry, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  role of in shaping cattle industry, [>]

  vertical integration, [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also broiler industry

  vitamins, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also antibiotics; livestock feed

  Waters, Alice, [>], [>]

  western range, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also cattle; cattle feedlots

  Wiener Jingle, [>]

  Wilson, James, [>], [>]

  Wilson, Woodrow, [>], [>]

  Wilson & Co., [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Winfrey, Oprah,
[>]

  World War I, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  World War II, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Youngberg, Garth, [>], [>]

  CHAPTER ONE

  German Beer, American Dreams

  LATE SUMMER, 1844. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Territory. Phillip Best elbowed his way along plank walkways jammed with barrels, boxes, pushcarts, and people. He was headed for the canal, or the “Water Power,” as locals called it, a mile-long millrace powered by a tree-trunk-and-gravel dam on the Milwaukee River. Plank docks punctuated its tumbling flow and small manufactories—a few mills, a handful of smithies and wheelwrights, a tannery or two—lined its length. Best was searching for a particular business as he pushed his way past more carts and crates, and dodged horses pulling wagons along the dirt street and laborers shouldering newly hewn planks and bags of freshly milled grain. He had been in the United States only a few weeks, and Milwaukee’s bustle marked a sharp contrast to the drowsy German village where he and his three brothers had worked for their father, Jacob, Sr., a brewer and vintner.

 

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