In Meat We Trust
Page 43
diet
calorie-counting and, [>]
cholesterol and, [>], [>]
colonial era, [>]–[>]
in early nineteenth century, [>]–[>]
heart disease and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
ideas about, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
impact of social changes on, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Diet for a Small Planet, [>]
dressed beef. See also Beef Trust
as alternative to livestock, [>]
benefits of, [>]
complexities of industry, [>], [>]–[>]
early years of, [>]
pioneering shippers, [>]
reactions to, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
rumors about, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
shipments of, [>]
strategies of producers of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
economy, national, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Engler, Paul, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Environmental Protection Agency, [>]
environmentalism, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Escherichia coli O157:H7, [>], [>]. See also antibiotics; Jack in the Box
extravagance, cycle of, [>]–[>], [>]
factory farming, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also agricultural crises; broiler industry; cattle feedlots; confinement; vertical integration
“family farms.” See rural activism
famine, 1970s, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Farm Aid, [>]
farm bills, [>]–[>], [>]
farmers’ markets, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
“fat is bad” theory, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
First Colony Farm (North Carolina), [>]
Fletcher, Horace, [>]
food. See also alternative foods; consumer economy; convenience; diet; food, processed
and convenience, [>], [>]–[>]
low cost of, [>]
and national power, [>]–[>], [>]
niche markets for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
food, processed, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
food miles, [>]. See also community food security
food prices. See also consumer economy; convenience; retailing, food; retailing, meat
and agricultural crisis, 1920s, [>]–[>]
demand for low, [>]
impact of high, [>], [>]
1970s and, [>], [>]
studies of, [>], [>]
food safety. See also Pure Food and Drug Act
debates about, [>]–[>]
disease theories and, [>]
fears about, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
legislation to regulate, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
public demand for, [>]
regulation of, and the Constitution, [>]
frankfurters, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Funk, Casimir, [>]. See also vitamins
Garfield, James, [>], [>], [>]
Garst, Roswell, [>]–[>]
gestation stalls, campaign against, [>]–[>]. See also confinement
Graham, Sylvester, [>]
Grand Trunk Railway, [>]
grazing land. See western range
Great Depression. See Agricultural Adjustment Act; factory farming; New Deal
grocery chains, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also retailing, food; retailing, meat
Guymon, Oklahoma, [>]–[>]
Hammer, Armand, [>]
Hammond, George, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Harper, Mike, [>]. See also ConAgra
Harris, Benjamin Franklin, [>]–[>]
Harwood, Richard, [>]–[>]
Haw, Bill, [>]. See also National Farms
Hegsted, D. M., [>], [>]
Hightower, Jim, [>]. See also rural activism
hog production. See also confinement; corporate hog farms; factory farming; manure management
and Agricultural Adjustment Act, [>]
agricultural subsidies, impact of on, [>]
broiler industry as influence on, [>]
in colonial America, [>], [>]
in Corn Belt, [>]
in early nineteenth century, [>]
export markets and, [>], [>]
feed manufacturers’ role in, [>]
geography of, changes in, [>], [>], [>]
meatpackers’ influence on, [>], [>]
North Carolina and, [>]–[>]
number of operations, [>]
in southern United States, rise of, [>]–[>]
vertical integration, resistance to, [>]
Holly Farms, [>]
Holman, Currier, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also IBP
Hoover, Herbert, [>], [>], [>]
Hormel Foods, [>]
hot dogs, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
hotel, restaurant, and institutional industry (HRI), [>]–[>]. See also restaurants
Humane Society of the United States, [>]
IBP (Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Anderson, Andrew D.; boxed beef; Holman, Currier
industrial livestock production. See factory farming
Initiative [>] (Nebraska), [>]. See also rural activism
Jack in the Box, [>], [>]
Jacobson, Michael, [>], [>], [>]
Jewell, Jesse D., [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also broiler industry; vertical integration
Jungle, The, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Sinclair, Upton
Keys, Ancel, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Knauer, Virginia, [>]
La Follette, Robert M., [>]
land grant schools
and alternative agriculture, [>]–[>]
and bovine research, [>]–[>]
and broiler industry, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and commercial cattle feeding, [>]
complaints about, [>], [>]
and meat-related industries, [>], [>], [>]
and rural activism, [>]–[>]
Langworthy, C. F., [>]
Lappé, Frances Moore, [>]
Lean Finely Textured Beef, [>]–[>]
livestock. See also cattle; chickens; factory farming; hogs; poultry
changes in geography of production of, [>]
in colonial America, [>], [>]–[>]
definition of in colonial America, [>]
as nuisance in cities, [>], [>]
transportation of, [>], [>]
value of in colonial America, [>]
livestock feed, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also antibiotics; cattle feedlots; corn; DES
livestock production. See broiler industry; cattle; cattle feedlots; chickens; confinement; corporate hog farms; hogs; poultry
local food. See community food security
Lockeretz, William, [>]
Lorimer, William, [>]–[>]
Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture, [>], [>], [>]
manure management, [>]–[>]. See also confinement
Marquis de Morès (Antoine-Amédée-Marie-Vincent Manca de Vallombrosa), [>]–[>], [>]
Mayer, Oscar, Jr., [>]–[>]
MBPXL (meatpacker), [>]
McCoy, Joe, [>]–[>]
McDonald’s, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
McDougal Livestock Company, [>]
McLean, Malcolm, [>]
McQuoid, Charles, [>]–[>]
meat. See also beef; pork; poultry
attitudes toward, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
in colonial America, [>]–[>]
exports of, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and food fads, [>]
and nation building, [>]–[>]
public relations campaigns, [>]–[>], [>]
meat inspection, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
meatpackers. See meatpacking industry
meatpacking industry. See also Beef Trust; boxed beef; byproducts; congressional hearings; dressed beef; slaughterhouses; unions; and specific companies
cattle feeders, partnerships with, [>], [>]
and consent decree, [>]
diversification by members
of, [>], [>]
in early nineteenth century, [>]–[>]
geography of, changes in, [>], [>]
influence on cattle feeding, [>], [>]
international scope of, [>], [>]
investigation of by Federal Trade Commission, 1918, [>], [>]
legal challenges to, [>], [>], [>]
plant design, modern, [>]–[>]
profit margins, [>]–[>], [>]
revolution in, mid-twentieth century, [>]–[>], [>]
survival strategies in, [>]–[>]
takeover targets in, [>]–[>]
unions and, [>], [>]
upheaval in, 1970s, [>]–[>]
value-added services in, [>], [>]
microwave oven, [>]
Missouri Rural Crisis Center, [>]
Monfort, Charles, [>]
Monfort, Kenneth (Ken)
beef consumption, concerns about, [>]–[>]
described, [>]–[>]
meatpacking, movement into, [>]–[>]
quoted, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and vertical integration, [>]
Monfort, Warren, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Monfort Feed Lots, Inc., [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Monfort of Colorado, Inc.
boxed beef and, [>], [>]
early years, [>]
financial woes of, [>]–[>], [>]
initial public offering, [>]
meatpacking arm of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and natural beef, [>]
sale of to ConAgra, [>]
unions and, [>], [>]
vertically integrated venture, [>], [>]
monopoly, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Morrell & Co., John, [>], [>]
Morris, Nelson, [>], [>]
Mottern, Nick, [>]
Murphy, Wendell, [>], [>]
Murphy Farms, [>]–[>]
Nader, Ralph, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
National Farms, Inc., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
National Heart Institute/National Heart Council, [>]
National Organic Standards Board, [>], [>]–[>]
National Packing Co., [>], [>]. See also Beef Trust
nationalization of meatpacking industry, proposed, [>]–[>]
Native Americans, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
natural foods/meat. See alternative agriculture; alternative foods; community food security
New Deal, [>], [>], [>]
New Jersey Stockyard and Market Company, [>]. See also Communipaw Abattoir
Niman, Bill, [>], [>]
Niman Ranch, [>], [>]–[>]
Nixon, Richard M., [>]–[>]
Nixon administration, [>]–[>]
Occidental Petroleum Corp., [>]
oleomargarine, [>]–[>]
organic (agriculture, foods, meat). See alternative agriculture; alternative foods
Packingtown. See Chicago
Palmer, A. Mitchell, [>]
paradox of plenty, [>]–[>]
pernicious anemia, [>]
Peterson, Robert, [>]
“pink slime,” [>]–[>]
Plankinton, John, [>]. See also Armour, Philip
Pollan, Michael, [>], [>]
pork, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also hogs; livestock; meatpacking industry; pork packing
pork packing, [>]–[>]. See also meatpacking industry
Porkopolis, [>], [>]
poultry. See also chickens; broiler industry; diet
fast-food restaurants and, [>]
as healthy alternative, [>]
low fat content of, [>]
natural/organic, [>]–[>]
per capita consumption of, [>]
preservation of meat, [>]
Poultry Improvement Program (USDA), [>]
Premium Standard Farms, [>], [>]–[>]
prices, food. See food prices
property rights, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
public health, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also cities; Slaughterhouse Cases
Pure Food and Drug Act, [>], [>]. See also food safety
railroads, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
refrigerated railcars, [>]. See also dressed beef; Swift, Gustavus
restaurants, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
retailing, food, [>]–[>]. See also grocery chains
retailing, meat, [>]–[>], [>]. See also boxed beef; grocery chains
Ricketts, Ralph, [>]
riots, food, [>]
Rodale, J. I., [>]
Rodale, Robert, [>]
Roosevelt, Franklin D., [>]
Roosevelt, Theodore, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
rural activism, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Russell, Charles Edward, [>]
Russian grain deal, [>], [>]
Salatin, Joel, [>]
Schell, Orville, [>], [>]
Schlosser, Eric, [>]
Seaboard Corporation, [>]
Sherman Antitrust Act, [>], [>]
Silent Spring, [>]–[>]
Sinclair, Upton, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Slaughterhouse Cases, [>]–[>]
slaughterhouses. See also meatpacking industry
and cities, [>]–[>]
complaints about, [>]
conflicts over, [>]–[>]
municipal regulation of, [>]–[>], [>]
nineteenth century, described, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
removal from cities, [>]
twentieth century, described, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Smith, Adolph, [>]
Smithfield Foods, [>]–[>]
socialism, [>], [>]
sorghum, [>]
stockyards, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
strontium [>], [>]
sustainable agriculture. See alternative agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE), [>]
Swift, Edwin, [>]
Swift, Gustavus (Gus), [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also Beef Trust; dressed beef; Swift and Company
Swift, Louis, [>], [>]
Swift and Company, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also Beef Trust; dressed beef; meatpacking industry; Swift, Gustavus
swine. See hogs
Taylor, R. Lee, [>]
Taylor Grazing Act, [>]. See also western range
Texas fever, [>], [>]
Tovrea Land and Cattle Company, [>]
trusts, [>]. See also Beef Trust; monopoly
Tyson, Don, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also Tyson Foods
Tyson, John, [>]
Tyson Foods
and broiler industry, [>]–[>]
growth of, [>]–[>]
and hog farming, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and Holly Farms, [>]–[>]
and processed foods, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Union Stock Yards (Chicago), [>], [>]
unions, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
urban growth, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also agricultural subsidies; agriculture; cities; consumer economy; factory farming
U.S. Department of Agriculture. See also agricultural legislation; factory farming
and alternative agriculture, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
broiler industry and, [>], [>], [>]
complaints about, [>]–[>]
creation of, [>]
and livestock industry, [>], [>], [>], [>]
and meatpacking industry, [>], [>], [>], [>]
role of in shaping cattle industry, [>]
vertical integration, [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also broiler industry
vitamins, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also antibiotics; livestock feed
Waters, Alice, [>], [>]
western range, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also cattle; cattle feedlots
Wiener Jingle, [>]
Wilson, James, [>], [>]
Wilson, Woodrow, [>], [>]
Wilson & Co., [>], [>], [>], [>]
Winfrey, Oprah,
[>]
World War I, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
World War II, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Youngberg, Garth, [>], [>]
CHAPTER ONE
German Beer, American Dreams
LATE SUMMER, 1844. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Territory. Phillip Best elbowed his way along plank walkways jammed with barrels, boxes, pushcarts, and people. He was headed for the canal, or the “Water Power,” as locals called it, a mile-long millrace powered by a tree-trunk-and-gravel dam on the Milwaukee River. Plank docks punctuated its tumbling flow and small manufactories—a few mills, a handful of smithies and wheelwrights, a tannery or two—lined its length. Best was searching for a particular business as he pushed his way past more carts and crates, and dodged horses pulling wagons along the dirt street and laborers shouldering newly hewn planks and bags of freshly milled grain. He had been in the United States only a few weeks, and Milwaukee’s bustle marked a sharp contrast to the drowsy German village where he and his three brothers had worked for their father, Jacob, Sr., a brewer and vintner.