The Arrogance of Power

by Anthony Summers

  ’46 financing: (“We drew . . .”) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952; (N. claimed) MEM, p. 34; (“so broke . . .”) Saturday Evening Post, supra.; (job back) MO, p. 285 but see New England Journal of History, Winter ’99/Spring ’00, Vol. 56, p. 19; (savings intact) Mazo, op. cit., p. 38; Spalding, op. cit., p. 176; AMI, p. 136; (Adams) MO, pp. 279, 331; (pre-primary financing) MO, p. 304; (total spend) MO, p. 337, but see JA, p. 43; (“typical”) MEM, p. 42; (Voorhis claimed) Voorhis, Confessions, op. cit., p. 331, but see Gellman, op. cit., p. 59–; (Wray) int. Merton Wray in ed. Schulte, op. cit., p. 207; (oil/liquor) MO, pp. 257, 261; (Perry) AMI, p. 118; (Somebody else) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 153; (unnamed friend) Hoyt, op. cit., pp. 238, 242; (unpub. draft) MO, p. 336; (oil money) MO, pp. 278, 308, 332; (Marshall) MO, pp. 242, 338; (Marsh) MO, p. 308, but see AMI, p. 127; (Ackerman) Ackerman/FB corr. 1979; int. Mrs. William Ackerman.

  Call/Chandler:MO, p. 309–; Robert Gottleib and Irene Wolt, Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times, New York: Putnam, 1977, p. 277.

  Palmer: (tout) MO, p. 299; (meets) MO, p. 298; Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 160; (Hartmann) Gottlieb and Walt, op. cit., p. 271–; (“old head . . .”) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 88; (“He looks . . .”) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 161; (Sinclair) MO, pp. 268, 299; (no Douglas photo) Nation, Mar. 9, 1998; (Palmer wrote) ibid.; (ad. space) MO, p. 301; (RN pines) ints. Pat Brown and Paul Ziffren by FB, FBP.

  Chandlers: (orders IRS) American Journalism Review, Apr. 1997, NYT, Mar. 24, 1997; (“I would never . . .”) Letter RN to N. Chandler, Dec. 29, 1960, VP, NA.

  Copley:San Diego Reader, July 28, 1994.

  Klein: ibid.; Herbert G. Klein, Making It Perfectly Clear, New York: Doubleday, 1980, p. 77; MO, p. 297.

  W. E. Smith: Smith to Drew Pearson, Oct. 27, 1952, DPP.

  Chapter 6

  Salerno: Sid Blumenthal and Harvey Yazijian, Government by Gunplay, New York: Signet, 1976, p. 130.

  Chotiner: (background) int. Nancy Chotiner; MO, pp. 292, 270, FBI 161-1495; (described) MO, pp. 292, 703, 780; (no name) NYT, Oct. 12, 1970; (“Macchiavelli”) Garment, op. cit., p. 57; (“not beyond . . .”) int. Nancy Chotiner; (first set eyes) Kornitzer, p. 153–; (1950) MO, p. 528; (Pink Sheet) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 141; MO, p. 581; (’52) MO, p. 741; (’54) AMI, p. 354; (“campaign school”) NYT, May 13, 1956; (“textbook”) Costello, op. cit., p. 44; (Garment) eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 30; (uniform scam/check) NYT, Apr. 25, 1956 and Bellino Papers, held by family; (accountant) NYT, Apr. 25, 1956; (delaying tactics) Washington Evening Star, Apr. 26, 1956; (testifies) St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 5, NYT, May 4, 1956; (McCarthy) Washington Post Times Herald, June 4, NYT, May 4, 1956.

  Reginelli: (background) NYT, May 4, Newark Evening News, May 25, 1956; (221 cases) “List of Criminal Actions Defended by Chotiner & Chotiner in the Superior Ct. of the State of CA, & the County of LA, 1949–June 1, 1952,” Murray Chotiner file, 1956, Box 178C, File 4, McClellan Collection, Ouachita Baptist University, AK, article by William L. Roper, Nation, July 2, 1955; unid. clip, “Chotiner’s Dual Role in California Politics Told,” by Mary Ellen Leary, DPP; Drew Pearson letter to radio stations, Apr. 1956, DPP; (RN claimed) Nichols to Tolson, May 1, 1956, FBI 63-2766.

  RN/Chotiner relations: (“no contact . . .”) Drew Pearson column, Nashville Tennessean, May 1, 1956; (“on behalf of the VP . . .”) ibid., (Seelye) int. Howard Seelye; (letters to RN) Washington Post Times Herald, Apr. 29, 1956; (dropped) Washington Daily News, May 8, NYT, May 22, June 3, 4, 1956; (“tragedy”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 193; (rift) int. Jerry Pacht by FB, FBP; (“without guts . . .”) Bellino Papers; (1960) Cleveland Press, Oct. 26, 1960; (1962) int. John Rothmann, AMI, p. 656–; int. Chapin in eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 340; (’62 forecast) SF Chronicle, Nov. 24, 1964; (1968) Richard Whalen, Catch the Falling Flag, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1972, p. 53; Garment, op. cit., p. 156; undated story by Vera Glaser, DPP; (RNC chairmanship?) Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Nixon in the White House, London: Davis-Poynter, 1972 p. 71; (FBI check) FBI HQ 161-6284; (pay) WP, Apr. 11, 1969.

  Chotiner misdeeds: (“brilliant”) MEM, pp. 39, 87; (Hughes) memo, DeOreo to Lenzner, Dec. 7, 1973 and int. John Meier, Oct. 23, 1973, WSPF(H-R); (extortion) Sam Ervin, Jr., The Whole Truth, The Watergate Conspiracy, New York: Random House, 1980, p. 264; NYT, May 3, 1974 and—dating back—Nation, July 2, 1955; (Greek exile) ints. Elias Demetracopoulos, Stanley Kutler, The Wars of Watergate, New York: Knopff, 1990, p. 207; (Townhouse) memo, Ruff to McBride, Aug. 3, 1973, Box 23, Folder 4, Archibald Cox Papers, Harvard Law School Library and Victor Lasky, It Didn’t Start with Watergate, New York: Dell, 1977, p. 349; (IRS) Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered, New York: Basic Books, 1994, p. 278; (Goldberg) WP, Aug. 21, 24, 1973, Jan. 23, Feb. 4, 1998, and see Aug. 13, 1972 entry AOP, p. 129; (Vesco) Boston Globe, Apr. 3, 1974, citing Vesco; Dan Moldea, Interference, New York: William Morrow, 1989, p. 458; (mafiosi) int. John Dean in U.S., June 14, 1977; Scanlan’s Monthly, Sept. 1970; NYT, May 26, 1970; int. Michael Ewing; John Dean, Blind Ambition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976, p. 36; (scam) Oakland Tribune, May 4, 1973; Blumenthal and Yazijian, op. cit., p. 135; (Hoffa) WP, May 3, 1973; int. Harry Hall; Clark Mollenhoff, Game Plan for Disaster, New York: Norton, 1976, p. 45; Newsweek, Nov. 26, 1973 and Chotiner int, May 24, 1973, FBI WFO 58-1344; (Marcello) Walter Sheridan, The Rise and Fall of Jimmy Hoffa, New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972, pp. 492, 504; (Pajamas) WP, May 3, 1973; (offices) NM, p. 6; (telephone) Winzola McClendon, Martha, The Life of Martha Mitchell, New York: Random House, 1979, p. 167; (woman on payroll) Washington Star-News, Aug. 19, 1973; (Chapin) int. Chapin in eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 340.

  Pat disapproval:PAT, p. 92; (letterhead) AMI, p. 124.

  Cohen: (principal story) SAC Sacramento to director, Apr. 22, 1969, FBI 161-6284-21, (hereafter “Sacramento FBI”); SAC LA to director, Oct. 10, 1962, FBI 92-3156-338; ed. John Peer Nugent, Mickey Cohen, In His Own Words, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 231; Reid, op. cit.; (Siegel) George Carpozi, Jr., Bugsy, New York: SPI, 1992; Fox, op. cit., p. 283–; Rappeleye and Becker, op. cit., p. 100 et al.; (“a power”) Nugent, op. cit., p. 78; (Goodfellow’s/pols.) Nugent, op. cit., p. 96, (Goodfellow’s/meeting) Sacramento FBI, supra.; (Irvine) NYT, Oct. 17, 1959; History of the Irvine Ranch, pamphlet,1965, Troop 36, Irvine Ranch, history, 1953; www. ocbsa.org., Charlie S. Thomas file, corr. files; Series 320, Box 753, VP, NA; (footnote on Chotiner cases) Nation, July 2, 1955; Behind the Scenes magazine, Mar. 1956 [issued January 1956] FBI HQ 161-6284, Apr. 18, 1969, p. 74; (letter) Carey McWilliams to Drew Pearson, June 23, 1955, Box G230, DPP; (Sicas et al.) FBI 161-6284-21 and name entries, Sifakis, op. cit.; (Samish) Stephen Fox, Blood & Power, New York: Morrow, 1989, p. 126; (Pearson background) Oliver Pilat, Drew Pearson, New York: Pocket, 1973, esp. p. 3; NYT, Sept. 2, 1969; (1956) Chotiner letter to radio station WTSP, St. Petersburg, FL, May 23, 1956, Pearson letters to radio stations, May 23, 31, June 5, 13, 1956, Box G230, DPP; (1959) Chotiner letter to Pearson and subsequent corr., Box G281, DPP; (1962) Sacramento FBI, supra., Nugent, op. cit., p. 231; (1968) ibid., and WP, undated, prob. Oct. 31, 1968; (first lead) P. Thafker telegrams to Pearson, May 8, 23, 1956, Box G230, DPP; (“I don’t know . . .”) LA Examiner, May 14, 1956 (refused), FBI 161-6284-21 and undated Pearson memo, May 1956, Box G198, DPP; (“ratting”) SAC LA to director, Oct. 10, 1962, FBI 92-3156-338; (Chotiner demand) Pearson blind memo, June 16, 1959, Box G281, DPP.

  Syndicate control?: (“the proper persons . . .”) Nugent, op. cit., p. 80; (Costello/Lansky) ints. Hank Messick, Lansky biographer and Richard Hammer, Luciano biographer, for author’s book Official & Confidential, op. cit., p. 240; (Sheridan) Miami Herald, Jan. 22, 1983; int. Pete Hamill by Julie Ziegler.

  RN backing: (“I want you . . .”) MO, p. 314; (Schuyler) int. Schuyler in ed. Schulte, op. cit., pp. 247, 248–, 264; (Stout) MO, p. 284.

  Chapter 7

  Safire: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, New York: HarperCollins, 1995, p. 351.

  DC debut: (Washingt
on Times-Herald) Jan. 21, 1947; (Reedy) int. George Reedy by FB, FBP; (suits/shoes) Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 662; FB, p. 59; Crowley, Nixon in Winter, op. cit., p. 4; int. Hugh Sidey in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 305; Safire, op. cit., p. 606; (Trohan) int. Walter Trohan and Walter Trohan, Political Animals, New York: Doubleday, 1975, p. 367; (arrival DC) PAT, Ch. 10; (thing of the past) PAT, p. 97; (attic) MO, p. 356; int. George Reedy by FB, FBP; (“suppose . . . elated”) Christopher Mathews, Kennedy & Nixon, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 45; (“lost feeling”) MO, p. 356; (“smash . . . bosses”) Costello, op. cit., p. 179; (champions bill) MO, p. 344.

  “pacing”:Time, Aug. 25, 1952.

  Eisler:MO, p. 344; Allen Weinstein, Perjury, New York: Random House, 1997 (hereafter PERJ), p. 77–.

  Hiss main sources:PERJ; Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, New York: Random House, 1997; John Chabot Smith, Alger Hiss, The True Story, New York: Penguin, 1977; Morton and Michael Levitt, A Tissue of Lies, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979; William Reuben, The Honorable Mr. Nixon and the Alger Hiss Case, New York: Action Books, 1957; Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit.

  Hiss detail: (Great Fear) David Caute, The Great Fear, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978; (“A Lesson”) MO, p. 500; (RN told aides) PERJ, p. 554; (“How he loved”) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 49; (Dean) int. John Dean and WHT, Feb. 28, 1973, WSPF, NA.

  job seeking: (NY law firms) MEM, p. 21; MO, p. 179–; Toledano, One Man Alone, op. cit., p. 31; Mazo, op. cit., p. 26; (Donovan) Thomas Troy, Donovan and the CIA, Frederick, MD: Aletheia Books, 1981, p. 23; G.J.A. O’Toole, Honorable Treachery, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991, p. 417; (“highest hope”) Mazo, op. cit, p. 26 and cf. SF Chronicle, Nov. 4, 1968; (Dulles) Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994; Leonard Mosley, Dulles, New York: Dial Press/James Wade, 1978; (“very particular”) Grose, op. cit., p. 92; (Wise) David Wise, The American Police State, New York: Random House, 1976, p. 130fn; (Loftus) John Loftus and Mark Aarons, The Secret War Against the Jews, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994, pp. 220–, 557; int. John Loftus; (Dulles fall 1945) Grose, op. cit., p. 256; (Phleger) William Ackerman to FB, Jan. 2, 1979, FBP; Lurie, The Running of Richard Nixon, op. cit., p. 163; Who’s Who in America, 1982, p. 2653; (toured Europe) Grose, op. cit., p. 280; Parmet, op. cit., p. 326; Mosley, op. cit., p. 243; (dinners) JA, p. 246; (brief RN) Mosley, op. cit., pp. 394, 466; William Corson, The Armies of Ignorance, New York: Dial Press/James Wade, 1977, p. 36; (RN met brothers) MEM, p. 57.

  Hiss OSS counsel?: Troy, op. cit., p. 80.

  warnings about Hiss: (Donovan) Spectator [London], Nov. 23, 1996; (Dulles) ibid.; (run-in) Grose, op. cit., p. 297fn; (close touch) ibid, p. 272; (advisors) ibid, p. 288; Mosley, op. cit., p. 218.

  FBI: (application) Apr. 23, 1937, FBI 67-102459, in Hoover Official & Confidential file 8, NA; (Dean) Horack to Hoover, May 11, 1937, Richard M. Nixon Collection, Duke University Archive; (“Not Qualified”) investigation brief, Aug. 10, 1937, O & C 8, FBI 67-102459; (explanations) Hoover introduction of RN at FBI National Academy, June 11, 1954, FBI 298948- 80; John Mohr testimony, Inquiry into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover’s Files, FBI Recordkeeping, Hearings, House Government Information and Individual Rights Subcommittee on Government Operations, 1975, p. 70; MEM, p. 21; (Assistant Directors) William Sullivan and Bill Brown, The Bureau, New York: Norton, 1979, p. 196; Norman Ollestad, Inside the FBI, New York: Lyle Stuart, 1967, p. 57; (another account) notes of Carmine Bellino, citing Agent Roy Morgan, Bellino Papers, held by family—FBI documents show Vincent was SAC; (Richfield) application form, supra.; Hoover to SAC Los Angeles, July 23, 1937; inspector’s interview, Aug. 2, 1937, FBI 67-102459-15; (incoming congressman) Summers, Official & Confidential, op. cit., p. 194; (“good man”) Ovid Demaris, The Director, New York: Harper’s Magazine Press, 1975, p. 121–; the attorney was Bradshaw Mintener; (meets Hoover) MEM, p. 595; Newsweek, June 9, 1947; (RN/Hoover relations) Summers, Official & Confidential, op. cit., pp. 180, 262, 293, 368; (RN feared) ibid., p. 371 [citing Pete Pitchess] and Demaris, op. cit., p. 96 [citing William Sullivan]; (“Constitution . . . in such danger”) Merle Miller, Plain Speaking, New York: Berkley, 1973, p. 416.

  Hiss suspicions: (alleged Communists) PERJ, p. 311–; (mail) Nation, Fred Cook article, Oct. 11, 1980, p. 342; (Agents interviewed) PERJ, p. 302; (code clerk) ibid., p. 311; (Bentley) ibid., p. 316; (top leaders) ibid., p. 307; (tailing) Nation, Oct. 11, 1980, p. 342; (Chambers reinterviewed/leaks) PERJ, p. 327.

  RN claimed: Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 4 and cf. Notes of RN int. by Herbert Parmet, Parmet papers.

  Cronin:MO, pp. 351, 396 et al.; Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969, p. 26–; (within month) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 172–; Frank Donner, Age of Surveillance, New York: Vintage, 1981, p. 174fn, Cronin int. in “The Trials of Alger Hiss,” History on Film, [documentary script], 1979, supplied to author by Producer/Director John Lowenthal, p. 40–; de Toledano, One Man Alone, op. cit., p. 76; Mazo, op. cit., p. 51; (“stacked deck”) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 76, citing Cronin int. 1974; (“hard-core”) Lowenthal script, supra., p. 41; (Hummer) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 76, but see JA, p. 155, Gellman, op. cit., p. 234 and RN int. by Parmet, supra.; (Nichols/former agents) Nichols to Tolson, Dec. 2, 1948; Ladd to director, Dec. 9, 1948; FBI Hiss file in FBI Reading Room.

  Russell: (triggered?) Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Feb. 17, 1954; Jerris Leonard memo, July 19, 1974, Jim Hougan Collection; (traveled with RN) int. William Birely; (phone with RN) int. Jean (Russell) Hooper; (reported to Hoover) Hottel to Hoover, Sept. 2, 1948; Nichols to Tolson, Dec. 2, 1948; Ladd to Hoover, Dec. 9, 1948; Hiss file, supra.; Nichols to Tolson, Jan. 14, 1949, FBI [hard to decipher] ?37816-260; (Democrat) int. William Birely; (“liberal”) Robert Carr, The House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1945–1950, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1952, p. 268; see also int. Gordon Hess by Jim Hougan, Hougan Collection, and cf. refs. in MO and Smith, Alger Hiss, op. cit.

  Chapter 8

  “They’re trying . . .”: Crowley, Nixon in Winter, op. cit., p. 305.

  RN and Hiss: (Harvard/Whittier) Stripling int. in “The Trials of Alger Hiss,” History on Film, [documentary script], 1979, supplied to author by Producer/Director John Lowenthal, p. 38–; (“opportunistic”) ibid., p. 163; (“hat set”) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 78; (“sonofabitch”) Lowenthal script, supra., p. 39; (visits) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 22–; (trick answer) MO, p. 420; (accommodation/car) PERJ, p. 133; (farm) ibid., pp. 47–, 134; MO, p. 348.

  homosexuality: (RN/“queers”) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 152; (Chambers admission) PERJ, p. 103–; (tried to force) PERJ, p. 343; (secret) PERJ, p. 104; (threesome) PERJ, p. 91–; (stepson) PERJ, p. 359; Bert and Peter Andrews, A Tragedy of History, Washington, D.C.: Luce, 1962, p. 751; (Chambers denied) PERJ, p. 358; (“closest”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 43; (numerous items) Meyer Zeligs, Friendship and Fratricide, New York: Viking, 1967, p. 233; (“He never”/“His attitude”) PERJ, p. 526; Levitt, op. cit., p. 299fn; (unrequited) PERJ, p. 521.

  espionage not involved:MO, p. 452.

  RN behavior: Tannenhaus, op. cit., p. 291–; MO, p. 459; Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 147; (“proof”) MO, p. 473; (promised Pat) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 46; PAT, p. 101; (“exhausted”) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 177; (RN phoned) MO, p. 463; (after Christmas) Robert Stripling, ed. Bob Considine, The Red Plot Against America, New York: Arno Press, 1977, p. 145; (Miller) William Miller as told to Frances Spatz Leighton, Fishbait, The Memoirs of the Congressional Doorkeeper, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977, p. 41–; (logs) Smith, Alger Hiss, op. cit., p. 257; (“Attempt”) MO, p. 467.

  typewriter: (in court) Smith, Alger Hiss, op. cit., p. 355; PERJ, p. 426; Harold Rosenwald int. in Lowenthal script, supra., p. 148; (“murder weapon”) int. Alger Hiss; ibid., p. 151; (RN “major factor”) PERJ, p. 493; (same machine) MO, p. 474; PERJ, p. 515; (junk dealer) PERJ, p. 351; (Woodstock matched) PERJ, p. 354 and cf. 351; Hoover to S
en. Karl Mundt, May 3, 1957, Mundt Archives, Grp. 1, Box 162, File 7, Dakota State College; (convinced jury) PERJ, p. 515, FB, p. 231; (documents sufficient?) int. Agent Jack Danahee; PERJ, p. 519; (RN “key witness”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 59; (“contention”) Levitt, op. cit., pp. 162, 191; (doubt) ibid., p. 162fn; Nation, June 26, 1986, p. 780; (Hiss possession?) Nation, May 12, 1962, p. 416–, but cf. PERJ, p. 352; (manufactured too late?) ibid., p. 776–; Levitt, op. cit., p. 188–, but cf. PERJ, pp. 262fn, 364, 523–.

  Typewriter forgery?: (Hiss “forgery”) Levitt, op. cit., p. 163; (RN “fingerprint”) PERJ, p. 493, Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 60; (replica) PERJ, p. 517; (supporters) ibid., p. 518; Levitt, op. cit., p. 197–; (successful forgery) Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603, New York: Farrar, Strauss, 1963, pp. 135, 145; William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid, New York: Ballantine, 1976, pp. 204, 294, 296, and photo of “30 Ottobre 1941” letter.

  Finding typewriter: (World Telegram) Dec. 13, 1948; (HUAC Report) Levitt, op. cit., p. 206; (McDowell) Nation, May 12, 1962, p. 420; (Sullivan) Peter Irons article, Real Paper, Mar. 12, 1975; Summers, Official & Confidential, op. cit., New York: Putnam, 1993, p. 167; (“On Dec. 13”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 60; (sequel) Nation, May 12, 1962, p. 421; (RN/Oval Office) WHT, Mar. 10, 1972, transcribed for author; (“we built”) Dean, Blind Ambition, op. cit., p. 57; (Colson/RN reactions) PERJ, p. 493; (Dean’s notes) int. John Dean by FB, FBP; (Canada site) Stevenson, op. cit., pp. 222, 204.

  Schmahl: Jim Hougan, Spooks, New York: William Morrow, 1978, p. 289; PERJ, cites, esp. p. 584–; Levitt, op. cit., p. 202–; Nation, Oct. 7, 1978, p. 336.