The Arrogance of Power

by Anthony Summers

  Cosmos: (briefcase contents) Jaffe statement to be read to Inspection Service, Sept. 5, 1975, Jaffe Papers, Oversight Hearings, supra., p. 143; (photographs) ibid., pp. 142, 178; (use of initials) Paul Michel to Henry Ruth, closing memo, supra., WSPF, NA; (Clesner) int. Virginia Clesner—who still as relevant documents from her husband’s files; (Hartford) int. and orig. notes of Dan Moldea—to whom the author is grateful; Moldea, Hoffa Wars, op. cit., p. 458n6; (“Do you want?”) int. Huntington Hartford; (Crosby stock) Fidelifacts report, supra., p. 907; (20 percent P.I. Bridge) Barrons, Sept. 26, 1977, file of Sy Alter, compiled by IRS informant Sally Woodruff, p. 5, Block collection; Stockholder’s List, P.I. Bridge Co., Cosmos Bank, Box B78, E, NA; (bank details) unid. economics journal, Sept. 14, 1974, Casper Papers, Euromoney, Oct. 1974, Bankers Directory, New York: Rand McNally, 1973, p. F466, Fidelifacts report, supra., p. 902–.

  Morgenthau: (Sixties) Leslie Waller, The Swiss Bank Connection, New York: Signet, 1972, p. 90–; Messick, Lansky, op. cit, pp. 249, 257, 268–; (Suspicion re: RN) ints. Robert Morgenthau; (Paris attorney) James Traub notes of Morgenthau int., supplied to author; int. James Traub and see Traub article, The New Yorker, July 28, 1997; (Morgenthau/Committee/removal) Waller, op. cit., p. 90–; Messick, Lansky, op. cit., p. 270.

  anon. communication: letter and enclosure, Morgenthau to author, June 5, 1998.

  Cantrade:Bankers’ Almanac, 1969/70, p. 885, Vol I, Jan. 1998, p. 1441, Vol. II, p. 3623, and Website information from Cantrade Investment Managment Ltd., June/July 1998.

  “Rebozo/nice guy”: int. Maurice Stans.

  de Gendre: int. Raoul de Gendre.

  Chapter 21

  “He has been vaporized”: int. Bryce Harlow in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 7.

  RN after ’62 defeat: (hurting for money?) Witcover, op. cit., p. 41; (promise) ibid., NYT Magazine, Sept. 13, 1970; (intimates/“cake”) Witcover, op. cit., p. 40–; (wanted job) ibid., p. 42.

  Nixon, Mudge, Rose: (Rebozo/Ball) ed. Weisman, op. cit., p. 262, citing Women’s Wear Daily, 1969; (RN/Bobst) MEM, p. 247; Bobst, op. cit., p. 326–; (big business) Saturday Evening Post, Feb. 25, 1967; (“faces commanding”) Hugh Sidey in Life, undated, 1967 and see White, Breach, op. cit., p. 73.

  Nixons in NY: (apartment) PAT, p. 56; Witcover, op. cit., p. 52, Washington Evening Star, July 31, 1970; (no party) int. Maurice Stans; (“vacation”) Troy, op. cit., p. 178; (mink) NYT, July 3, 1968; (Chapin) PAT, p. 219; (Deb.’s) New York, June 9, 1980, NYT, July 3, 1968; (“didn’t want”) Witcover, op. cit., p. 42 and see Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 20; (often alone) int. Walter Trohan; (NY bar) AP, undated 1964 with text of RN essay, and SF Chronicle, (?) July 1973; (office) Saturday Evening Post, Feb. 25, 1967.

  law firm business: (Kendall) int. Don Kendall, Mazo and Hess, op. cit., p. 285; (Abplanalp) AP, May 26, 1973; (Rose) Louis and Yazijian, op. cit., p. 174; (Niarchos) Hougan, Spooks, op. cit., p. 281; (Smith) int. attorney Richard Hodge, recalling case involving Susquehanna Corp.; (Vietnam client) 275 Federal Supplement p. 860, re: Hellenic Lines Ltd., plaintiff, v. The Embassy and Republic of S. Vietnam, Defendants, no. 67 Civ 860, U.S. Dist. Court, S.D. NY, Dec. 1, 1967, Box G 281, DPP; (Trujillo hunt) Mayday, undated, 1968, Box G 119, DPP; Murray Kempton in NY Post, undated; Washington Observer, cited in Hinckle and Turner, op. cit., p. 202; William Turner, Power on the Right, Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971, p. 156 and see William Taub, Forces of Power, New York: Grossett & Dunlap, 1979, p. 216.

  RN/Kennedy: (“cheap bastard”) Bradlee, op. cit., p. 76; (“Bastards”) Lasky, op. cit., p. 65; (audits) MEM, p. 247; WP, Jan. 3, 1997; Crowley, Winter, op. cit., p. 296; (Papal audiences) int. Walter Trohan, RN Library archivist Susan Naulty to author, Apr. 16, 1998; (JFK “hello”) MEM, p. 250.

  JFK assassination: (Baker Hotel) William Manchester, The Death of a President, New York: Popular Library, 1968, p. 101; Witcover, op. cit., p. 59; (“get Kennedys out”) NYT, Nov. 22, 1963; (outbursts) WP, Apr. 21; U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 14, 1963; MEM, p. 253; (JFK irritated) Jim Bishop, The Day Kennedy Was Shot, New York: Bantam, 1975, p. 23; (“courteous reception”) Witcover, op. cit., p. 59; (RN flight) Manchester, Death, op. cit., p. 132; (NY arrival) Bishop, op. cit., p. 197; (cab ride/doorman) MEM, p. 252; (daughters/TV) PAT, p. 219; (Hess) int. Stephen Hess in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 370; (Jacqueline letter) MEM, p. 253–; (“keen intelligence”) Reader’s Digest, Nov. 1964, p. 298; (“mythology”) Parmet, Nixon, op. cit., p. 25; (“neither respected”) int. H. R. Haldeman in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 82; (“it sometimes seemed”) Rush, op. cit., p. 186, citing former agent Marty Venker; (“History intervened”) Garment, op. cit., p. 71; (“already assessing”) int. Stephen Hess in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 371.

  return to politics: (“never had”) SF Examiner, Jan. 11, 1964, reporting RN to Jackie Gleason on Arthur Godfrey Show; (“If all I had”) MEM, p. 265; (World’s Fair) PAT, p. 219; Stans, Terrors, op. cit., p. 129; (Europe) ibid., p. 221; (‘64 campaign) TW64, pp. 140–, 150, 153, 215; Witcover, op. cit., Chaps. 3, 4; (“Because I know”) Wicker, op. cit., p. 272; (Garment joined) int. Leonard Garment, Garment, op. cit., pp. 62, 65, 68; (night in ’65) int. Leonard Garment; Garment, op. cit., p. 85.

  de Gaulle: (“Great Man”) Michael Beschloss in WP, May 1, 1994; (revered) JA, p. 336; Richard Nixon, Leaders, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 40; C. L. Sulzberger, The World and Richard Nixon, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1987, p. 150–; (Paris base) Witcover, op. cit., p. 43; (paying court ’63) MEM, p. 248; Nixon, Leaders, op. cit., p. 61–; JA, p. 318; (first met) Nixon, Leaders, op. cit., p. 42; (Elysee ’63) JA, p. 318– and see Sulzberger, op. cit., p. 160; (JFK funeral) Nixon, Leaders, op. cit., p. 52; (every trip) ibid., p. 62; (emissary) NYT, Sept. 21, 1968— RN emissary was Gov. William Scranton; (respect mutual) Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 387; (“equal”) eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 84; (“awe”) int. H. R. “Bob” Haldeman, 1989; (RN writing on de G.) esp. Nixon, Leaders, op. cit., p. 40–; (RN Library) JA, p. 377; (“as if royalty”) Dickerson, op. cit., p. 36; (Finch) ibid., p. 157 and see int. Robert Finch by FB, FBP and Safire, op. cit., p. 691; (Haldeman) HD, pp. 59, 230; (“giant”) Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 107; George W. Johnson, ed. The Nixon Presidential Press Conferences, New York: Earl Coleman Enterprises, 1978, p. 31; (RN “not a giant”) int. James Schlesinger.

  RN travel: (’63 “vacation”) JA, p. 318–; MEM, p. 248; (“As we were talking”) AP story, July 24, 1963; (Wheeler) London Sunday Telegraph, Feb. 18, 1996; (Moscow ’65) WP, May 25, 1972;Safire, op. cit., p. 6; AP stories, Apr. 11, 12, 17, 18, 1965; (“stupid”) Witcover, op. cit., p. 112; (225,000 miles) Thimmesch, op. cit., p. 92; (Japan) JA, p. 329; (phlebitis) PAT, p. 223; (“shoestring”) RN brief for press responses, undated, Gil Troy papers; (Rebozo companion) e.g., Witcover, op. cit., p. 101; Hong Kong Standard, Aug. 11, 1966; (Reader’s Digest/Pepsi) Thimmesch, op. cit., p. 92, Louis and Yazijian, op. cit., p. 114; (“paid off in end”) int. Hugh Sidey in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 303; (photographs) Saturday Evening Post, Feb. 25, 1967; Whalen, op. cit., p. 25.

  ’66 campaign: (48-hour period) Hess and Broder, op. cit., p. 142; (victory) Witcover, op. cit., p. 169; Klein, op. cit., p. 148.

  ’68 campaign: (tight-lipped) Saturday Evening Post, Feb. 25, 1967, Witcover, op. cit., p. 177.

  mother’s death: (stroke) JA, p. 338–; MEM, p. 287; int. Evlyn Dorn by FB, FBP; (last conv.) MEM, p. 288–; Nixon, Arena, op. cit., p. 94; (father’s death) see Chap. 14, p. 159–, supra.

  decision to run: (Christmas ’67) MEM, p. 294; PAT, p. 234; (“depressed”) PAT, p. 233; (“Mother needed”) ibid., p. 227; (“Miss Ryan”/“failure”?) ibid; (“flatly”) PAT, p. 230; (“never been anybody”) int. Ed Nixon.

  Scarney: Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 21; int.John Ehrlichman.

  “I was looking for wife”: int. Arnholt Smith, San Diego Reader, Mar. 26, 1992.

  Marianna Liu: (“affair” reported) NYT, June 22, 1976; (Enquirer) National Enquirer, Aug. 10
, 24, 1976; (“One of my contacts”) int. Dan Grove and see Summers, Official & Confidential, op. cit., p. 371–; (surveillance) SF Examiner, Feb. 8, 1981; (RN visits) NYT, June 22, 1976; Hong Kong Standard, Feb. 8, Mar. 21, Apr. 6, 8, 1964, Sept. 2, 3, 1965, Aug. 9, 11, 12, 1966, Apr. 8, 1967; (Liu sued) SF Examiner and SF Chronicle, Feb. 8, 1981; LAT, Sept. 18, 1976 and int. Marianna Liu; (Liu 1996) int. for author by Kari Huus, then with Far Eastern Economic Review, and Huus report to author; (RN/Chinese women) Ladies’ Home Journal, June 1970; (“had too much to drink”) int. Mickey Ziffren by FB, FBP.

  Christmas debate: (“resigned”) MEM, p. 292; (“volunteer”) LAT, Feb. 11, Newsweek, Dec. 2, 1968 and see SF Chronicle, Aug. 15, 1968; (applauding self) Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President, New York: Penguin, 1969, p. 157; (not introduced) PAT, p. 241; (“Mr. Nixon publicly”) John Osborne, The Last Nixon Watch, Washington, D.C.: New Republic Book Co., 1975, p. 3; (“I love it”) Wills, op. cit., p. 22; (“what their readers want”) LAT, July 1, 1968; (Steinem) New York, Oct. 28, 1968; Writers Digest, Feb. 1974, int. Gloria Steinem.

  Chapter 22

  “I am inclined to believe”: Walt Rostow, special asst. for national security to President Johnson, memo for record, May 14, 1973, in “X Envelope,” Chennault, Anna–South Vietnam and U.S. Policy folder, LBJL.

  ’68 campaign: (“DC”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 34; Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 16–; Stans, Terrors, op. cit., p. 134; (preparations/HQ) Garment, op. cit., p. 121–; Raymond Price, With Nixon, New York: Viking, 1977, p. 10–; Whalen, op. cit., p. 10–; (men in suits) Garment, op. cit., p. 122 and photo section; (Haldeman/Ehrlichman) ibid., James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change, Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1981, p. 60, Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 22; (Chotiner) int. E. C. Mueller, stepson; NYT, Jan. 14, 1970; Whalen, op. cit., p. 53; Vera Glaser column, undated, end ’68, Box G281, DPP.

  Mitchell: (background) NM, p. 4–; article by Martha Mitchell and Winzola McClendon, Ladies’ Home Journal, Dec. 1974; MEM, p. 279; (DeBoer contacts) WPLG News special report, Aug. 2, 1973, transcript cited in memo, John Sablich to Moerdler, Fidelifacts (corporate investigators) p. 1537, author’s collection, Linda Noonan to Paul Michel re: Richard Stearns, Nov. 15, 1974, Analysis Hughes-Rebozo, Box 113, WSPF, NA, Michael Hershman blind memo, Aug. 7, 1973, Box B 343, E, NA; (“understated”) Kleindienst, op. cit., p. 46; (blank) Mayday, Jan. 3, 1969; (“leader against crime”) NM, p. 5; (jail) ed. Eleanora Schoenberg, Profiles of an Era, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979, p. 445.

  Primaries:TW68, Chap. 5, Witcover, op. cit., p. 233–; int. Sandy Vanocur, (“very troubled”) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 24–; int. John Ehrlichman in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 121–; int. John Ehrlichman; (“New” RN) e.g., Witcover, op. cit., p. 244–; TW68, p. 170; (“runs as President”) ibid., p. 149.

  RFK death: (“We can beat”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 96; (“We’ve just seen”) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 24; (“Why does Bobby?”) Whalen, op. cit. p. 136; (welcomed) ibid., p. 97; Oregonian, undated, RFK Papers, ’68 Pres. Campaign, National HQ files, Pres. Div., Box 11, JFKL; (“wanted to beat”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 143; (RN/King funeral) ibid., p. 148–; (“tragic”) int. Ed Nixon; (funeral/Bahamas) MEM, p. 306; NYT, Jan. 21, 1974.

  Convention: (arrival) The New Yorker, Nov. 16, 1968; (nomination) TW68, p. 287.

  VP choice: (Bush) George Bush with Victor Gold, Looking Forward, New York: Doubleday, 1987, p. 5; (Ford) James Cannon, Time and Chance, New York: HarperCollins, 1993, p. 95; (RN focused) ibid.; MEM, p. 312; Witcover, op. cit., p. 353; (“gasps”/“centrist”/“mediocre”) ibid., pp. 353, 355; Whalen, op. cit., p. 202; JA, p. 356; (Dem. commercials) Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon, Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1999, p. 24; (RN knew corrupt) JA, p. 356.

  acceptance: ed. Bill Adler, The Wit and Humor of Richard Nixon, New York: Popular Library, 1969, p. 109.

  campaign PR: (RN/TV) McGinniss, op. cit., p. 33; (“3-bump”) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 106, and see Gloria Steinem in New York, Oct. 28, 1968; (“controlled”) McGinnis, op. cit., p. 39; (elephant) Whalen, op. cit., p. 192–; (Humphrey) int. Lawrence O’Brien, 1987, LBJL, McGinniss, op. cit., p. xiii; Joseph Califano, Jr., A Presidential Nation, New York: Norton, 1995, p. 105; (Price) ibid.; (“image not man”) Whalen, op. cit., pp. 210, 212; (quits) ibid., p. 212; Garment, op. cit., p. 126.

  RN campaign style: (Sidey) Life, Oct. 4, 1968; (Cronkite) Cronkite, op. cit., p. 227; (“None of us”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 176; (“It hasn’t changed”) ibid., p. 154.

  RN and hecklers: (“may have something”) Time, May 18, 1970; (told staffers) Safire, op. cit., p. 80; (“We would go in”) int. Ron Walker; (Ehrlichman) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 33; int. Ehrlichman, NYT, Sept. 24, 1981; (paid cash) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 33; (busloads) Howard Smith, Events Leading Up to My Death, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996, p. 343.

  spy on plane:WP, Sept. 4, 1973; Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 32; (Dewey) MEM, p. 102, Manchester, Glory and the Dream, op. cit., p. 633; (RN registered) TW68, p. 5.

  RN on lying: (Sears) LAT, Apr. 24, 1974; (“Your never going”) Garment, op. cit., p. 115, transcript of int. Garment, CNN “Burden of Proof,” Feb. 28, 1997.

  contributions ’68: (money matters) Whalen, op. cit., p. 156; (RN/Humphrey spending) Stans, Terrors, op. cit., p. 142; (“refused always”) ibid., p. 134; LAT, Oct. 27, 1973; (president admitted) LAT, Feb. 19, 1976—Phillips president was W. W. Keeler; (Crosby $100,000) NYT, Jan. 20, 1974; int. Seymour Alter; Mahon, op. cit., p. 117, and see supra., Chapter 20, p. 243; (“ecstatic”) Stans, Terrors, op. cit., p. 135, int. Maurice Stans; (Smith) San Diego magazine, Nov. 1976, int. Arnholt Smith, Ramparts, Oct. 1973; int. former IRS agent, San Diego Dep. DA David Stutz; (Pat on Smith) Life, Mar. 24, 1972; (Alessio) Time, Nov. 25, 1972; Penthouse, July, 1974; (Alessio prison) Life, Mar. 1972; (Smith prison) San Diego Union-Tribune, June 10, 1976; (WH efforts) int. David Stutz, and see Summers, Official & Confidential, op. cit., p. 411; (Crosby/Rebozo) int. Seymour Alter; (Davis bros.) Paul Michel to Henry Ruth, closing memo, Hughes-Rebozo, Oct. 16, 1975, WSPF, NA, Miami Herald, May 17, 18, 1974.

  Getty: PAT, p. 228; ed. Miller, Breaking, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 517; WP, May 13, 1973; closing memo, Hughes-Rebozo, supra., pp. 8, 71, 84, 214–; Rolling Stone, May 20, 1976; Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 21; Rebozo/Getty corr., Aug. 22, 1966, Jan. 27, Mar. 8, 16, 1972, Lancing Hayes to Paul Michel, Apr. 17, 1975, and Exhibits, J. Paul Getty Contributions, 1968–1972, Box 19, WSPF, NA, Robert Lenzner, Getty, London: Grafton, 1987, p. 300.

  cash from Hughes: (“You must remember”) Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 451, citing Maheu testimony in Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.; (“I am determined”) Drosnin, op. cit., pp. 47, 309; (“If we select”) ibid., pp. 47, 311; (million for LBJ) Maheu, op. cit., p. 202–; Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 346; ($50,000 for Humphrey) Elaine Davenport and Paul Eddy, The Hughes Papers, London: Andre Deutsch, 1987, p. 119–; (Humphrey denied) ibid., p. 24, but see NYT, Mar. 2, 1974; (“I want you to go see”) E, Report, p. 933n7; (Two demands) Davenport and Eddy, op. cit., p. 129; (helicopter losses) ibid., Bartlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 359–; (“in his debt”) Maheu, op. cit., p. 206; int. Maheu; (Danner diary) For 1968, 1970, 1973, Box 15, WSPF, NA; (RN /Rebozo asked) E, Report, pp. 934, 1053, 1055, E, Vol. 20, p. 9503; (Hughes laughed) Maheu, op. cit., p. 211; (intermediary/Democrat) ibid.—ref. to Edward Morgan; (RN “no time”) ibid. p. 212, E, Report, p. 938; (signed receipt?) ibid, p. 953; (2 $50,000 deliveries) int. Robert Maheu, Maheu, op. cit., pp. 213, 225; E, Report, p. 944–; (“laid the bundles”) Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 452; (participants’ accounts) E, Report, p. 944–, summary at Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 452fn.; Davenport and Eddy, op. cit., p. 157–; (Air West) ibid., p. 160–; E Report, p. 965–; (Mitchell/anti-trust) E, Report, p. 983–; Davenport and Eddy, op. cit., p. 159–; (“obligations”) E Report, p. 988; (“house project”) ibid., p. 939; (fate of money) E Report, p. 1030–; (RN’s attorney recalled) ibid., p. 1063—the attorney was Herbert Kalmbach; (bro
thers’/Rebozo’s denial) ibid., p. 1052, 1066; (Woods denied) E, Vol. 22, p. 10279; (total much higher?) int. Terry Lenzner; Stephen Haberfield of WSPF to Leon Jaworski, Mar. 5, 1974, cited at Higham, Howard Hughes, op. cit., p. 304; (“go to Key Biscayne”) Maheu, op. cit., p. 222–; (Meier) Gerald Bellett, Age of Secrets, Maitland, Ontario, Can.: Voyageur North America, 1995, p. 46–; (Maheu/courier denied) ints. Robert Maheu, Ken Wright; (Meier background) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 162; NM, p. 66; LAT, Aug. 30, 1978; (“There is evidence”) E, Report, p. 946; (“Mr. Rebozo persisted”) ibid., p. 1071, and see p. 932; (“And unfortunately”) ibid.

  Khashoggi: (“arms dealer”) Sampson, op. cit., p. 188; Vanity Fair, Sept. 1989; (“connector”) Fortune, June 1977; (RN relationship) int. Adnan Khashoggi; (Khashoggi and prosecutors) Paul Michel to Files, Aug. 13, 1975, re: int. Khashoggi, Box 95, Michel to Henry Ruth, closing memo, Hughes-Rebozo, Oct. 16, 1975, pp. 9, 79, 92, 218–, WSPF, NA; (plane ’67) int. Adnan Khashoggi, Sampson, op. cit., p. 188; (account) WSPF refs. supra., and see WP, June 27, 1976; (“looks suspicious”/burglary/“If RN asked me”) ibid.; (“he’d given $1 million”) int. Pierre Salinger; (houseboat) int. Adnan Khashoggi; (inaugurals) Michel to Files, Aug. 13, 1975, supra.; NYT, Jan. 21, 1969; (“jewelry”) WP, Nov. 22, 1979; (K. confirmed) int. Adnan Khashoggi—author also questioned Soraya Khashoggi.

  foreign contributions: Kenneth Geller to Philip Lacovara, opinion on 18USC.613, Jan. 14, 1974, file 306, Box 23 (Pappas), WSPF, NA.

  Pappas: (at Convention) NY Daily News, Aug. 9, 1968; (background) NYT, May 4, 1969, Jan. 18, 1988; Detroit Sunday News, Nov. 11, 1973; Boston Globe, Oct. 31, 1968; Pappas file, FBI 190-HQ-1262376; Roger Witten to File 306, Feb. 7, 1974, Pappas, Box 23, WSPF, NA; (knew RN) int. former counsel of House Select Cttee. on U.S. Intelligence Agencies & Activities, 1975—unidentified at his request; (photographs) NYT, May 4, 1969; (wedding) Detroit Sunday News, Nov. 11, 1973; (WH dinners) guest lists, WP, Mar. 22, 1972; Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 32; (Box) ibid., Detroit Sunday News, Nov. 11, 1973; (“good old”) RN to Rose Woods, WHT, May 23, 1973; AOP, p. 549; (“Greek bearing”) John Dean/RN conv., Mar. 21, 1973; AOP, p. 256.