CHAPTER 14
A portion of this chapter is reprinted from
“The Color of Discipline: Civil Rights and Black Sexuality,” American
Quarterly 60:1 (2008), 101–128. © 2008 American Studies Association.
Reprinted with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
CHAPTER 16
A portion of this chapter is reprinted from the essay
“Citizenship and the Problem of Desire in the
Postwar Labor and Civil Rights Movements,”
in The Columbia History of Post-World War II America,
Mark C. Carnes, ed. © 2007 Columbia University Press.
Reprinted with permission of the publisher.
ART
Fig. 02 (p. 117) Permission granted by MacBride Museum of Yukon History
Fig. 05 (p. 255) “You are the front” poster: Courtesy of Randall Bytwerk
Fig. 07 (p. 255) Hitler poster: Courtesy of Randall Bytwerk
Fig. 08 (p. 321) © Charles Moore/Black Star
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abdul, Paula, 179
Abercrombie, Anthony, 62
Abernethy, Arthur T., 160
abolitionists, 53–54, 99, 122, 240
as opponents of freedom, 62–70
abortions, 111, 200
Acuff, Roy, 333, 336
Adams, Abigail, 27–28
Adams, Charles, 17
Adams, John, 3–4, 5–6, 7, 11, 14, 17, 18–19, 21, 22–23, 27, 28, 32, 36–38, 135
Adams, John Quincy, 136
Adams, Samuel, 3, 26, 27, 29
Adamson, Frank, 74
Addams, Jane, 238
Adler, Cyrus, 161
Adler, Felix, 162
adultery, 12, 14, 36, 59, 88
Adventures of Roderick Random, The, 19
advertising industry, 225–26
African Americans, 8–9, 10–11, 113, 141, 143, 146, 149, 154, 224, 241, 293
as “bad niggers”, 295–97, 307, 312, 315–16, 323
citizenship and, 295–96, 297, 304–5, 314, 337
cohabitation with whites by, 144–45, 186, 197
draft resistance among, 271–73, 305
“Great Migration” of, 121
Irish compared to, 142-149
Italians compared to, 181–82, 184
Jews and, 168–72
Jews as, 160–63
King’s criticisms of, 295–97, 301
lynching of, 161–62
materialism and, 296, 297, 298–99, 308
nationalists, 301, 304, 322
as portrayed in movies, 307
riots of Italian Americans against, 198
whites’ participation in culture of, 309–11
work ethic, resistance to among, 297
see also civil rights movement; freedmen; Reconstruction; slaves
Agnes M., 215–16, 228
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 252
agriculture, 102
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 256
Air Corps, U.S., 268
Airey, Josephine “Chicago Joe,” 106
alcohol, 231–32, 236
home production of, 189
Irish consumption of, 142–43
taxes on, 31–33
U.S. consumption of, 6–7, 95–96, 209
see also drinking
alcoholism, 6–7, 30, 59, 250
Allen, Henry “Red,” 193
Alweye, Ann, 18
American Basketball League (ABL), 166–67, 178
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 312, 315
American Expeditionary Force, 305
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 211
American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, 86–87
American Hebrew, 162, 167, 174, 176
American Jewish Committee, 161
American Liberty League, 241
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 330
American Reform Judaism, 162
American Revolution, 3–7, 12, 20–21, 23, 28–29, 38, 69, 130, 136, 240
dance schools during, 136–37
Americans:
the “amusement problem” and, 208–15
as corrupt and depraved, 3–4
drinking of, 6–7, 33, 95–96
as lacking rhythm, 127–39
shopping and, 207–28
spending habits of, 209, 212–13
American Sociological Association, 183, 195–96
American Spelling Book (Webster), 50, 58
amphetamines, 271
amusement parks, 228
Anderson, Andy, 61
androgyny, 330
Anti-Defamation League, 175
antihomosexual culture, 324
anti-Semitism, 163–64, 165, 264, 265, 266
antiwar movement, 332–33, 334, 341
Apollo Theatre, 195
Arlen, Harold, 170
Armstrong, Louis, 170, 191, 193, 195, 229–30
Army, U.S., 97, 253
Sanitary Corps, 267
Special Services, 279
arson, 59, 198, 199
Asbury, Herbert, 145
asylums, 34, 65
Attucks, Crispus, 20
Atwood, Albert, 224
Auburn State Prison, 60
austerity, boycott of British goods and, 26
Autobahn, 254
“automatic marriage” statute, 91
automobile industry, 332
Bachelor Girls Social Club, 218
Backrach, Joseph, 111
“bad niggers,” 295–97, 307, 312, 315–16, 323
Bailyn, Bernard, 130
Baker, Ella, 309
Baldwin, James, 304
Bands, Isaac, 13
Bankhead, Tallulah, 233
banking industry, 165
Baquet, Achille, 192
Baraka, Amiri, 302
Barlow, Joel, 71
Barnes, Julius, 246
Barnum, P. T., 147–48
Barrow, Bennet, 60–61
basketball, 172
Baxandall, Lee, 329
Beard, Charles, 246
Beastie Boys, 179, 180
Beats, 309–10
Beck, James M., 241
Beddoe, John, 141
Beecher, Henry Ward, 208–9
Bellamy, Joseph, 132
Bellocq, E. J., 118
Bellows, Henry, 257
Bem Sex-Role Inventory, 330
Benedict, Ruth, 177, 198
Bentley, Thomas, 225
Berg, Gertrude, 178
Berkeley, Busby, 259, 262
Berlin, Irving, 168–69, 170
Berlin Wall, 288, 290, 294
Berman, Davey, 237
Berrin, Michael (“MC Serch”), 179–80
Berry, Chuck, 310
Berry, Fanny, 75
Berthier, Alexandre, 14–15
Bérubé, Allan, 279, 280
Bill Haley and the Comets, 289
Bill of Rights, U.S., 33
Birmingham, Ala., 310, 316–19, 321, 321
Police Department of, 317, 321–22
Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, 323
birth control, 101, 110–12, 166
“Black and tans,” 120–22
Black Arts Movement, 302
Black Bart, see Roberts, Bartholomew
Blackburn, George M., 104, 107
Black Codes, 86, 96
blackface minstrels, 39–40, 45–47, 70, 75–76, 147, 149–50, 153, 158, 168, 169, 172, 311
Black Hand Gang, 198
Black Panther Party, 200, 302
Black Reconstruction in America (DuBois), 99
Black Stork, The, 267
Blaszczyk, Regina Lee, 225
Block, Sharon, 69
Blonde Venus, 233
blues, 46–47, 99, 170
Bodner, Allen, 178
Boettiger, John, 262
Bolden, Buddy, 230
Bond
, Pat, 278
Boone, Pat, 334
Boston, Mass., 4, 5, 8, 16, 18, 20–21, 24-27, 29, 110, 153, 159
racial residential patterns of, 144–45
Boston Massacre, 20–21, 26
Boston Tea Party, 27
Bosworth, Louise Marion, 213–14
Boulard, Garry, 194
Bowles plantation, 55
Brace, Charles Loring, 181
Bradford, William, 48
Braham, David, 154
Brandfon, Robert, 186
Breintnall, Hannah, 16
Brennan, Helen, 156
Brice, Fanny, 264
Brinton, Daniel G., 160
Britt, Elton, 333
Broadway, 230, 328
Brokaw, Tom, 270, 276
Brooks, William, 29
brothels, 11–12, 35, 96, 104, 106, 121, 124, 166, 229, 307
dancing in, 112–13
as racially integrated, 119–22
Brown, James, 308, 311
Brown, Mary Frances, 51
Brown v. Board of Education, 314–15
Bryant, Dan, 147
Buchanan, James, 29
Buckingham, James Silk, 142
Buckley, C. W., 90–91
Bunker Hill, battle of, 28
Burg, B. R., 19
Burgess, John, 78n
burlesque clubs, 192, 237
Burnett, W. R., 232
Burton, Mary, 11
Bush, Barbara, 119
Bush, Laura, 119
Butera, Sam, 202, 203
Byrd, William, II, 8
Caesar (leader of 1741 slave conspiracy), 10–11
Cagney, James, 158, 232
Cale, William, 9
California, 266, 267, 274, 276, 312
Japanese-language newspapers in, 275
male population of, 103
California Commission of Immigration and Housing, 121
Callen, Eugene, 329
Cammermeyer, Margarethe, 331
Camp, Stephanie, 68
Campaign for Citizenship, 296
Campbell, Elen, 74
Cannon, Sylvia, 60
Cantor, Eddie, 168, 264
Cape Verde, 299
capitalism, 209–11, 224
Capone, Al, 230, 232
Cappello, Michael, 203
Carlyle, Thomas, 140
Carnegie, Andrew, 209–10
Carter, Boake, 257
Carter, Jimmy, 336
Carter, John, 317
Carter, Rosalynn, 119
Cartwright, Samuel, 56
Cash, Johnny, 335, 336
casinos, 236, 237
Cassidy, Daniel, 149n
Catholic Church, 151–52, 257
CBS, 257
Celio; or, New York Above-ground and Under-ground (Foster), 109
Celler, Emmanuel, 291
censorship during New Deal, 238, 256, 257–58, 261
Channing, William Ellery, 62–63
Chapin, Robert, 213
Charles, Ray, 311
Charleston, S.C., 4, 16, 29, 72
Charlotte, N.C., 299, 301
Charyn, Jerome, 230
Chase, Stuart, 214–15
Chastellux, Marquis de, 137
Checker, Chubby, 293
Cherington, Paul T., 226
Chernow, Ron, 210
Chicago, Ill., 112, 113, 153, 155, 186–87, 189, 191, 197, 198–99, 238
gangsters in, 230
prostitution in, 118–19, 121, 122
Vice Commission of, 104–5
Chicago Tribune, 183, 237–38
Chicanos, 339–40
children, 49–50, 61
corporal punishment and, 58-59
illegitimate, 13–14, 36, 65, 92
Choate, Harry, 333
Christianity, 296–97
Christy, E. P., 147
Church of All Nations, 121
Ciccone, Madonna Louise, 204
Cincinnati, Ohio, 42, 43, 95
cities, 15, 37, 99, 217
counterrevolution against pleasure culture of, 23–24
pleasure culture in, 4–6, 13, 34, 220
citizenship, 70, 309, 311, 334, 337
African Americans and, 295–96, 297, 304–5, 314, 337
ex-slaves and, 96, 98–99, 100
in West, 103
Citrin, Jack, 200
City College of New York, 167
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 253
Civilian Exclusion Order, 274
“Civilization (Bongo, Bongo, Bongo)” (Prima), 202
civil liberties, 223–24
civil rights, 162, 176, 188, 200
Civil Rights Act (1866), 86, 316
civil rights movement:
attack on African American culture during, 295–323
black citizens vs. “bad niggers” during, 295–97
blackness as issue in, 298–302
freedom schools and, 303–4
integration and, 304–9
materialism and, 296
violence as benefiting, 312–23
whites’ attraction to black culture and, 309–11
white volunteers in, 302–4
Civil War, 43, 52, 69, 72, 251
Clarke, Father James, 151
Clarke, Kenneth, 312, 315
Clifford, Barbara, 34
Clinton, Catherine, 68
Clinton, Hillary, 119
Cockrell, Dale, 39–40
Coercive Acts (1774), 27
Cohan, George M., 158
Cohens and Kellys, The, 265
Cohn, Harry, 265
Colbert, Claudette, 233
Cold War, 285–94
Columbia Pictures, 265
Columbia University, 13, 248, 249
Colvin, Claudette, 315
comic books, 292
committees of correspondence, 26–27
Committee of Fourteen, 123, 217
Committee on Civil Rights, 313
communes, hippie, 337–40
communism, communists, 223, 264
Communist Party, 241
Comstock, Anthony, 111
Comstock Law (1873), 111, 166
Comstock Silver Lode, 103
Concord, battle of, 28
condoms, 111–12
Coney Island, N.Y., 216, 227–28
Congress, U.S., 32, 86, 96–97, 111, 157–58, 164–65, 196, 197, 201, 204, 244–45, 247, 253, 263, 270, 291, 292, 324
Congress on Racial Equality, 313–14
Connecticut, 27, 266
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 316, 321–22
Connors, Sarah B. “Babe,” 107
Conrad, Carolyn, 331
Constitution, U.S., 32, 33, 96, 130
Eighteenth Amendment of, 231
Fifteenth Amendment of, 97
Fourteenth Amendment of, 96–97
Fourth Amendment of, 21
Third Amendment of, 21
Thirteenth Amendment of, 78–79
Constitutional Convention, 31
consumer revolution, 207–28
Continental Army, U.S., 3, 28
Continental Congress, U.S., 3, 5, 11, 27, 28, 136
“contraband” camps during Civil War, 87–88
contraceptives, 166
Cook, Margaret, 16
Cooke, Sam, 308
Cooper, Ralph, 195
corporal punishment, 58–59, 62–63
corporations, 207–8
cosmetics, 115–19
Cott, Nancy, 35
Cotton, John, 128
Cotton, Norris, 292
Cotton Club, 170
country music, 333–36
coverture, 69
Cowen, Philip, 162
Coxe, Tench, 31
Cranch, Elizabeth, 136
Crawford, Joan, 233
Cresswell, Nicholas, 134
Crockett, Davy, 58–59
Crosby, Bing, 201
Crowe, Eyre, 73
Cullinane, John P., 156
> Cunningham, Matilda, 319–20
Curtis, William, 51–52
D’Agostino, James (“DJ Green Lantern”), 204
Daily Jewish Courier, 174–75
Dames, 262
dance halls, 120, 164, 172, 175, 216, 220–21, 222, 227, 248
dance schools, 129, 130
during American Revolution, 136–37
dancing, 102, 127–39, 146–47, 155–56, 159, 173, 176, 189–90, 191, 192–93, 213, 216, 220–21, 227–28, 287, 290
in brothels, 112–13
buck, 170
clog, 156
crazes of the 1910s and 1920s, 158–59
disco, 203
Founding Fathers’ antipathy to, 135–36
French immigrants and, 129
Irish, 147–48, 155
of Italian Americans, 189-90
of Jews, 170-71, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179
Locke on, 135
in movies, 175
of Native Americans, 132–33
outlawing of, 113, 129, 133, 173, 175, 292
Puritan views on, 127–28
sexuality and, 114, 220–21, 258
of slaves, 72–75, 133
tap, 148, 156, 158
twist, 293
of vaudeville, 171
Daniels, Bruce C., 129, 136
D’Aquisto, Steve, 203
Daughters of Bilitis, 324
Davis, Eddie, 194
Davis, Jefferson, 52
Davis, Mac, 174
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 195
“De Boatman’s Dance” (Emmett), 40–41
Debs, Eugene, 211
Declaration of Independence, 28
Declaratory Act (1766), 25
Def Jam Records, 179
DeJarnette, Joseph S., 268
Delaware, USS, 17
Delsa, George, 230
D’Emilio, John, 64
democracy, 4, 22–24, 250, 256–69
Democratic National Committee, 241
Democratic Party, 98, 144, 187–88, 200, 241, 251, 336
Democratic-Republicans, 36
Denver Red Book, 109
depression, economic, 30, 197, 232, 243, 249, 251, 260, 265
desegregation, 107, 309
vs. integration, 316, 321-23
Detroit, Mich., 298, 300, 307
Detroit Council of Churches, 300
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 330
Diamond, “Master” John, 147–48
Diamond, Michael, 179
Dickens, Jimmie, 333
Dietrich, Marlene, 233
Diggins, John P., 246
Diner, Hasia, 173, 176
Dion and the Belmonts, 202
Divelbess, Diane, 331
divorce, 4, 14, 15, 35–36, 66, 89–90
self-, 15, 35–36
“Dixie,” 43-44, 76
Dodd, William, 242
Domino, Fats, 308
doo-wop, 202
Dorsey, George A., 183
“Double-V” campaign, 271
Douglass, Frederick, 82–83
Downhill Farm, 340
“Downright Disgusted Blues” (Manone), 193
draft, 69-70, 251, 305, 334
resistance to, 270–73
resistance to, among African Americans, 271–73, 305
A Renegade History of the United States Page 45