Darwin's Ghosts

by Rebecca Stott

  Cushing, Max Pearson. Baron d’Holbach: A Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France. New York: Columbia University Press, 1914.

  Darnton, Robert. The Literary Underground of the Old Regime. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

  ———. “A Police Officer Sorts His Files.” In Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. London: Vintage, 1985.

  Diderot, Denis. Diderot’s Letters to Sophie Volland: A Selection. Translated by Peter France. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

  ———. Oeuvres complètes de Diderot. Edited by Jules Assezat and Maurice Tourneux. 20 vols. Paris: Garnier, 1875.

  ———. Rameau’s Nephew and D’Alembert’s Dream. Translated by Leonard Tancock. Harmondsworth and New York: Penguin, 1976.

  ———, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, eds. Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. 17 vols. Paris, 1751–72. See online project at encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/.

  Fellows, Otis. “Buffon’s Place in the Enlightenment,” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 25 (1963): 603–29.

  Furbank, P. N. Diderot: A Critical Biography. London: Secker and Warburg, 1992.

  Gregory, Mary Efrosni. Diderot and the Metamorphosis of Species. London: Routledge, 2007.

  ———. Evolutionism in Eighteenth-Century French Thought. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.

  Hanley, W. “The Policing of Thought in Eighteenth-Century France.” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 183 (1980): 279–84.

  Hill, Emita. “Materialism and Monsters in Diderot’s Rêve d’Alembert,” Diderot Studies 10 (1968): 67–93.

  Kafker, Frank A., and Jeff Loveland. “Diderot et Laurent Durand, son éditeur principal.” Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 39 (2005): 29–40.

  Kors, Alan Charles. “The Atheism of d’Holbach and Naigeon.” In Michael Hunter and David Wooton, eds., Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

  ———. D’Holbach’s Coterie: An Enlightenment in Paris. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

  Llana, James. “Natural History and the Encyclopaedie,” Journal of the History of Biology 33 (2000): 1–25.

  Lovejoy, Arthur O. “Buffon and the Problem of Species.” In Bentley Glass et al., Forerunners of Darwin, 1745–1859. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1959.

  ———. “Some Eighteenth-Century Evolutionists,” Popular Science Monthly 65 (1904): 238–51.

  Newland, T. C. “D’Holbach, Religion and the ‘Encyclopédie.’ ” Modern Language Review 69, no. 3 (1974): 523–33.

  Roger, Jacques. Buffon: A Life in Natural History. Edited by L. Pearce Williams, translated by Sarah Lucille Bonnefoi. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997.

  ———. “Diderot et Buffon en 1749,” Diderot Studies 4 (1963): 221–36.

  ———. The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought. Edited by Keith R. Benson. Translated by Robert Ellrich. First published 1963. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

  Spanger, May. “Science, philosophie et littérature: Le polype de Diderot,” Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 23 (1997): 89–107.

  Stengers, Jean. “Buffon et la Sorbonne.” In Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin,

  eds., Études sur le XVIIIe siècle. Brussels: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 1974, 113–24.

  Topazio, Virgil W. D’Holbach’s Moral Philosophy: Its Background and Development. Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1956.

  Vartanian, Aram. “From Deist to Atheist: Diderot’s Philosophical Orientation, 1746–1749,” Diderot Studies 1 (1949): 46–63.

  ———. Science and Humanism in the French Enlightenment. Charlottesville, Va: Rookwood, 1999.

  ———. “Trembley’s Polyp, La Mettrie and Eighteenth-Century French Materialism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 2, no. 3 (1950): 259–86.

  Voltaire (J.F.M. Arouet). Cabales (1772). In Oeuvres complètes, 70 vols. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1875, 2.

  Wickwar, W. H. Baron d’Holbach: A Prelude to the French Revolution. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935.

  Wilson, Arthur M. Diderot. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.

  8. ERASMUS UNDERGROUND

  Barlow, Nora. “Erasmus Darwin FRS 1731–1802,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 14, no. 1 (1959): 85–98.

  Bewell, Alan. “Erasmus Darwin’s Cosmopolitan Nature,” ELH 76, no. 1 (2009): 19–48.

  Browne, Janet. “Botany for Gentlemen: Erasmus Darwin and The Loves of the Plants,” Isis 80, no. 4 (1989): 593–621.

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor. Edited by Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956–71.

  Craven, Maxwell. John Whitehurst of Derby: Clockmaker and Scientist, 1713–88. Ashbourne: Mayfield, 1996.

  Darwin, Erasmus. Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life. London: J. Johnson, 1794–96.

  Dean, Bashford. “Two Letters of Dr. Darwin: The Early Date of His Evolutionary Writings.” Science 23, no. 600 (1906): 986–87.

  Dent, Robert K. Old and New Birmingham: A History of the Town and Its People. Wakefield: EP Publishing, 1972–73. Reprint of 1878–80 edition.

  Elliott, Paul. “Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture.” Isis 94, no. 1 (2003): 1–29.

  Ford, Trevor B. Treak Cliff Cavern and the Story of Blue John Stone. Castleton: Harrison Taylor, 1992.

  Garfinkle, Norton. “Science and Religion in England, 1790–1800: The Critical

  Response to the Work of Erasmus Darwin.” Journal of the History of Ideas 16, no. 3 (1955): 376–88.

  Harrison, James. “Erasmus Darwin’s View of Evolution.” Journal of the History of Ideas 32, no. 2 (1971): 247–64.

  Hassler, Donald M. The Comedian as the Letter D: Erasmus Darwin’s Comic Materialism. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.

  Keir, James. Sketch of the Life of James Keir. London: R. E. Taylor, 1868.

  King-Hele, Desmond. The Collected Letters of Erasmus Darwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  ———. Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement. London: Giles de la Mare, 1999.

  ———. Erasmus Darwin and the Romantic Poets. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986.

  ———. “Erasmus Darwin’s Life at Lichfield: Fresh Evidence,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 49, no. 2 (1995): 231–43.

  ———. Letters of Erasmus Darwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

  ———. The Life and Genius of Erasmus Darwin. London: Faber and Faber, 1977.

  McNeil, Maureen. Under the Banner of Science: Erasmus Darwin and His Age. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987.

  Meteyard, Eliza. A Group of Englishmen (1795 to 1815): Being Records of the Younger Wedgwoods and Their Friends. London: Longmans, Green, 1871.

  ———. The Life of Josiah Wedgwood. 2 vols. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1865.

  Moers, Ellen. “Female Gothic.” In George Levine and U. C. Knoepflmacher, eds., The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelley’s Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. First published 1976.

  Palmer, Stanley. Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  Porter, Roy. “Erasmus Darwin: Doctor of Evolution?” In James Moore, ed., History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 39–69.

  Posner, E. “Erasmus Darwin and the Sisters Parker,” History of Medicine 6, no. 2 (1975): 39–43.

  Priestman, Martin. Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1780–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  Priestman, Martin. “Darwin’s Early Drafts for the Temple of Nature.” In C.U.M. Smith and Robert Arnott, eds., The Genius of Erasmus Darwin. Aldershot: As
hgate, 2005, 307–19.

  Primer, Irwin. “Erasmus Darwin’s Temple of Nature: Progress, Evolution, and the Eleusinian Mysteries,” Journal of the History of Ideas 25, no. 1 (1964): 58–76.

  Seward, Anna. Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin. London: J. Johnson, 1804.

  Smith, C.U.M., and Robert Arnott, eds. The Genius of Erasmus Darwin. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.

  Smyser, Jane Worthington. “The Trial and Imprisonment of Joseph Johnson, Bookseller,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 77 (1974): 418–35.

  Stukeley, William. “An Account of the Impression of the almost Entire Skeleton of a large Animal in a very hard Stone, lately presented the Royal Society, from Nottinghamshire.” Philosophical Transactions 30, no. 360 (1719): 963–68.

  Taylor, David. Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750–1914. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

  Uglow, Jenny. The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made the Future, 1730–1810. London: Faber and Faber, 2003.

  Whitehurst, John. An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth. London: Bent, 1778.

  9. THE JARDIN DES PLANTES

  Ambrose, C. T. “Darwin’s Historical Sketch—An American Predecessor,” Archives of Natural History 37, no. 2 (2010): 191–202.

  Appel, Toby A. The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades Before Darwin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

  Bange, Raphaël, and Pietro Corsi. “Chronologie de la vie de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1997. Online at www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/chronologie.

  Blainville, Henri-Marie Ducrotay de. Histoire des sciences de l’organisation et de leurs progrès comme base de la philosophie, rédigée etc. par F.L.M. Maupied. 3 vols. Paris, 1845.

  Bourdier, Frank. “Le Prophète Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Georges Sand et les Saint-Simoniens,” Histoire et Nature 3 (1973): 47–66.

  Burkhardt, R. W. “The Inspiration of Lamarck’s Belief in Evolution,” Journal of the History of Biology 5 (1972): 413–38.

  ———. “Lamarck, Evolution and the Politics of Science,” Journal of the History of Biology 3 (1970): 275–96.

  ———. “The Leopard in the Garden: Life in Close Quarters at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Isis 98, no. 4 (2007): 675–94.

  ———. The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1977.

  Burleigh, Nina. Mirage: Napoleon’s Scientists and the Unveiling of Egypt. New York: Harper, 2007.

  Cahn, Théophile. Vie et l’oeuvre d’Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.

  Corsi, Pietro. The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France, 1790–1830. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

  ———. “Before Darwin: Transformist Concepts in European Natural History,”Journal of the History of Biology 38, no. 1 (2005): 167–83.

  ———. Lamarck, philosophe de la nature. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2006.

  Cuvier, Georges. “Elegy of Lamarck.” Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 20 (January 1836): 21–22.

  Deleuze, Joseph. Histoire et description du Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle, ouvrage rédigé d’après les ordres de l’administration du Muséum. Paris: Royer, 1823. Translated into English 1823.

  Desmond, Adrian. The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine and Reform in Radical London. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

  Endersby, Jim. “ ‘The Vagaries of a Rafinesque’: Imagining and Classifying American Nature,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, no. 3 (2009): 168–78.

  Gould, Stephen Jay. “A Tree Grows in Paris: Lamarck’s Division of Worms and the Division of Nature.” In Stephen Jay Gould, The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History. New York: Harmony Books, 2000, 115–43.

  Grant, Iain Hamilton. Philosophies of Nature After Schelling. New York and London: Continuum, 2006.

  Gregory, Mary Efrosni. Evolutionism in Eighteenth-Century French Thought. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.

  Henry, Freeman G. “Rue Cuvier, Rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Rue Lamarck: Politics and Science in the Streets of Paris,” Nineteenth-Century French Studies 35, no. 3–4 (2007): 513–25.

  Jordanova, Ludmilla. Lamarck. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

  Lee, Mrs. R. Memoirs of Baron Cuvier. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, 1833.

  Le Guyader, Hervé. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire: A Visionary Naturalist. Translated by Marjorie Grene. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.

  Loveland, Jeff. “Daubenton’s Lions: From Buffon’s Shadow to the French Revolution,” New Perspectives on the Eighteenth Century 1 (2004): 29–47.

  Orr, M. “Keeping It in the Family: The Extraordinary Case of Cuvier’s Daughters.” In Cynthia Burek and Bettie Higgs, eds., The Role of Women in the History of Geology. London: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 2007, 281:277–86.

  Outram, Dorinda. “The Language of Natural Power: The Funeral Éloges of Georges Cuvier,” History of Science 16 (1978): 153–78.

  ———. “Le Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle après 1793: Institution scientifique

  ou champ de bataille pour les familles et les groupes d’influence?” In Claude Blanckaert, Claudine Cohen, Pietro Corsi, and Jean-Louis Fischer, Le Muséum au premier siècle de son histoire. Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1997, 25–30.

  ———. Science, Vocation and Authority in Post-Revolutionary France: Georges Cuvier. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

  ———. “Uncertain Legislator: Georges Cuvier’s Laws of Nature in Their Intellectual Context,” Journal of the History of Biology 19, no. 3 (1986): 323–68.

  Packard, A. S. Lamarck: The Founder of Evolution. New York: Longmans, Green, 1901.

  Richards, Robert J. The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

  Rudwick, Martin J. S. Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

  ———. Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones and Geological Catastrophe: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

  Solé, Robert. Les Savants de Bonaparte. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1999.

  Spary, Emma. Utopia’s Garden: French Natural History from Old Regime to Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

  Strathern, Paul. Napoleon in Egypt: The Greatest Glory. London: Jonathan Cape, 2007.

  10. THE SPONGE PHILOSOPHER

  Ashworth, J. H. “Charles Darwin as a Student in Edinburgh, 1825–27.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55 (1935): 97–113.

  Balfour, John Hutton. Biography of the Late John Coldstream. London: J. Nisbet, 1865.

  Beddoe, John. Memories of Eighty Years. Bristol: Arrowsmith, 1910.

  Corbin, Alain. The Lure of the Sea: The Discovery of the Seaside, 1750–1840. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995.

  Corsi, Pietro. “The Importance of French Transformist Ideas for the Second Volume of Lyell’s Principles of Geology,” British Journal for the History of Science 11, no. 3 (1978): 221–44.

  Darwin, Charles. Autobiography with original omissions restored; edited with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter, Nora Barlow. London: Collins, 1958.

  Desmond, Adrian. Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London, 1850–1875. London: Blond & Biggs, 1982.

  ———. The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine and Reform in Radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

  ———. “Richard Owen’s Reaction to Transmutation in the 1830s.” British Journal for the History of Science 18, no. 1 (1985): 25–50.

  ———. “Robert E. Grant’s Later Views on Organi
c Development.” Archives of Natural History 11 (1984): 395–413.

  ———. “Robert E. Grant: The Social Predicament of a Pre-Darwinian Transmutationist.” Journal of the History of Biology 17, no. 2 (1984): 189–223.

  ———, and James Moore. Darwin. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992.

  Grant, Robert. “Observations and Experiments on the Structure and Functions of the Sponge.” Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 13, no. 25 (1825): 99.

  Jespersen, P. Helveg. “Charles Darwin and Dr. Grant.” Lychnos (1948–49): 159–67.

  Marshall, James Scott. The Life and Times of Leith. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986.

  Mowat, Sue. The Port of Leith: Its History and Its People. Edinburgh: John Donald in association with the Forth Ports, 1994.

  Pakenham, Simona. In the Absence of the Emperor: London-Paris, 1814–15. London: Cresset Press, 1968.

  Parker, Sarah E. Robert Edmond Grant (1793–1894) and His Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. London: Grant Museum of Zoology, 2006.

  Porter, Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London: Fontana, 1997.

  Royle, Edward. Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791–1866. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1974.

  Secord, James A. “Edinburgh Lamarckians: Robert Jameson and Robert E. Grant.” Journal of the History of Biology 24 (1991): 1–18.

  Sheppersen, George. “The Intellectual Background of Charles Darwin’s Student Years at Edinburgh.” In M. Banton, ed., Darwinism and the Study of Society. London: Tavistock Publications; Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1961, 17–35.

  Stevenson, Sara. Hill and Adamson’s “The Fishermen and Women of the Firth of Forth.” Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1991.

  Wakley, Thomas. “Biographical Sketch of Robert Edmund Grant, M.D.” Lancet 2 (1850): 686–95.

  Wallace, Joyce M. Traditions of Trinity and Leith. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1997.

  11. THE ENCYCLOPEDIST