Man of the Hour

by Jennet Conant

  isolationism, 162, 163, 167, 168, 190, 191, 196, 197, 199, 200, 204, 209–11, 222, 223, 379, 380, 384, 435, 436

  Iwo Jima, 327, 342, 382

  Jackson, Andrew, 156

  Jaeger, Werner, 144

  James, Alice, 81

  James, Henry, 18, 81, 118, 124

  James, Henry, Sr., 18

  James, William, 18, 39, 81, 116

  James S. Conant & Co., 18

  Jefferson, Thomas, 15, 277, 278, 482, 495

  Jensen, J. Hans D., 304n

  Jewett, Frank, 165, 188, 192, 193, 208

  John Harvard Scholarship, 46

  Johnson, Edwin C., 355

  Johnson, Louis, 428, 429, 434, 435

  Johnson, Luther, 210

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 287, 490

  Joint Chiefs of Staff, 308, 373, 410, 422, 426, 429

  Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), 429, 432

  Joint War Plans Committee, 387

  Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 229

  Jones, Jesse H., 246, 248

  Journal of Biological Chemistry, 95

  Journal of the American Chemical Society, 95

  Jumbo, 322, 335

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, 102–3, 230, 300, 303

  Karlsruhe (German warship), 140

  Kelley, George L., 51, 59

  Kennan, George, 368, 396, 425, 436

  Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 489

  Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 40, 287, 291, 487–89, 495

  Kennedy, Joseph P., 40, 197, 211, 291, 489

  Kennedy, Joseph W., 227, 295, 297

  Kennedy, Robert F., 498

  Keppel, Frank, 487

  KGB, 264

  Kheifetz, Gregory, 264

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 463, 480–81, 487, 489

  Killian, James, 477

  King, Mackenzie, 359

  Kirkland, John, 32

  Kistiakowsky, George “Kisty,” 15, 94, 106, 135, 182, 183, 229–30, 234, 298–99, 309, 310, 321, 332, 333, 335, 432, 433, 440, 477, 495

  Kittredge, George Lyman, 39, 116

  Kohler, Elmer P., 44–45, 52, 57, 64, 93

  Korean War, 433–35, 437, 472, 474

  Kristallnacht, 164

  Kubie, Lawrence S., 176, 483

  Kwantung Army, 340

  L.P.C. Laboratories (Aromatic Chemical), 55–57

  La Follette, Robert, 109

  La Guardia, Fiorello, 210

  Lafayette Flying Squad, 52

  Lamb, Arthur, 64

  Lamont, Thomas W., 127, 278–80

  Landon, Alfred M., 162, 168

  Lane, Robert E., 165

  Laniel, Joseph, 453

  Lansdale, John, Jr., 265–66, 304

  Lapworth, Arthur, 91, 93

  Last Puritan, The (Santayana), 78

  Late George Apley, The (Marquand), 35

  Laurence, William L., 325, 373, 409

  Lawrence, Ernest O., 181, 183, 200, 226–34, 239, 241, 249, 254, 255, 257, 259, 264–66, 268, 270, 291–92, 325, 326, 331, 336, 350, 384, 419, 422, 423, 428

  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 424

  League of Nations, 86, 87, 142

  Leahy, William D., 315

  Lee, Roger I., 115

  Legion d’Honneur, 403

  Lehman, Herbert, 165

  Lemann, Nicholas, 133, 479

  LeMay, Curtis, 328, 408

  Lend-Lease, 203, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 216

  Lenin, Vladimir, 2, 278

  Leonardo da Vinci, 62

  Lerner, Max, 353

  Leverett, John, 126

  Leverett House gang, 170

  Lewis, William, 229

  Lewis, Winford Lee, 67–68, 74–75, 261

  lewisite (G-34), 68–75, 78, 103, 198, 251, 261

  Life magazine, 423

  Lilienthal, David E., 365, 374, 397, 398, 404–7, 423, 426, 428, 429

  Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 197

  Lindbergh, Charles, 167, 197, 203, 210, 211, 223

  Lindemann, Frederick (Lord Cherwell), 213, 214, 215, 219–20, 228, 229, 285, 286, 315

  Lippmann, Walter, 41, 130, 141–42, 163, 386, 394–96, 398–99

  Littauer School of Public Administration, 441

  Little Boy bomb, 311, 336, 341

  Llewellin, J. J., 287

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 86

  Loeser, Charles, 81, 83

  Lombardo, Guy, 191

  London Foreign Ministers Conference, 4, 5

  Look magazine, 435

  Loomis, Alfred Lee, 181–83, 200, 230, 236, 270

  Loomis, Chauncey, 54–57

  Loomis Institute for Scientific Research, Tuxedo Park, 181–83, 200

  Los Alamos laboratory, New Mexico, 269, 271–74, 283, 291–303, 308–14, 320–22, 332, 351, 438, 455–56

  Los Alamos Primer, The, 294, 431

  Los Angeles Examiner, 487

  Lowell, A. Lawrence, 13, 14, 33, 40–43, 48, 53, 104, 111, 114–25, 127, 130–32, 142, 151–52, 155, 160, 175, 247, 452

  Lowell, Percival, 80

  Lowen, Irving S., 313

  loyalty oaths, 152–54, 415, 416

  Luce, Clare Booth, 468

  Luce, Henry, 196, 312

  Luftwaffe, 198, 217

  Luther, Hans, 145

  MacArthur, Douglas, 7, 377

  MacLeish, Archibald, 149, 162, 166, 191, 194

  MacMillan, Edward, 268

  Mallinckrodt, Teddy, 122

  Malloy, Sean, 391

  Malony, Harry J., 216

  Manchester, William, 214

  Manhattan Engineering District, 251, 253, 261, 263

  Manhattan Project, 3, 15, 259, 262, 282, 285, 292, 295, 300–303, 308–14, 320–24, 331–36, 338, 343, 347, 355, 360, 363, 365, 371, 374, 378, 380, 383, 386, 405, 407, 408, 416, 423, 472, 492, 493

  Manley, John, 271, 427

  Mann, Thomas, 145

  Mannes, Leopold, 180–81

  Mao Tse-tung, 414

  Marbury, William, 354, 412–13, 432, 440

  March, Peyton C., 76

  March of Time documentary, 381

  Marks, Herbert S., 365

  Marquand, John P., 32, 35–37, 40, 42

  Marshall, George C., 233, 260, 306, 311, 323, 326, 341, 383, 391, 401, 428, 435, 449

  and European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), 394–95

  Harvard address by, 393–94

  Marshall, James, 269

  Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program), 44, 394–95, 398, 412, 435

  Marx, Karl, 278

  Maryland Subversive Activities Act of 1949, 417

  Massachusetts Bay Colony, 11

  Massachusetts Bay Company, 16

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 44, 182, 214, 254, 272

  Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab), 200, 236, 270, 294

  massive retaliation strategy, 467

  Mather, Cotton, 153

  Mather, Kirtley, 153

  Matthiessen, F. O., 414

  MAUD Committee, 230, 234

  MAUD Report, 230, 231, 282, 292

  May, Andrew Jackson, 355

  May-Johnson Act, 355–57, 371, 372, 412

  Mayflower (ship), 16

  McAdams, William Henry, 72

  McCarthy, Joseph P., 402, 431, 432, 437, 442, 445, 449–51, 455, 472

  McCloy, John J., 319, 365, 438–40, 446, 460

  McKellar, Kenneth D., 404

  McKelway, St. Clair, 328

  McLeod, R. W. Scott, 449

  McMahon, Brien, 356, 367, 429

  McMahon Act, 356, 367, 371, 405

  Medal for Merit, 403, 445

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 101

  Meitner, Lise, 184, 230n

  Menand, Louis, 480

  Menjou, Adolphe, 191

  Metcalf, Elinor Gregory, 39

  Metcalf, Keyes DeWitt, 348–49

  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), 380, 386

  Meyer, Agnes E., 442

  Meyer, Eugene, 246, 442

  MI5, 431

 
Midvale Steel Company, Philadelphia, 51, 87

  Military Intelligence Division, 301

  Military Liaison Committee, 407

  Military Policy Committee, 253, 260, 270

  Miller, Francis, 196

  Milton Academy, Massachusetts, 23

  Miscamble, William D., 382n

  Mises, Richard von, 144

  Mitchell & Bryant, 17

  Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, 341

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 1, 2, 4–8, 359–61, 395

  Monk, Ray, 265

  Monsanto Chemical Company, 295, 365

  Morgan, J. P., 33

  Morgan, Thomas A., 457, 460

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 319

  Morison, Samuel Eliot, 33, 35, 126, 155

  Morrison, Philip, 296

  Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference (1945), 1–8

  Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, 495

  Muir, John, 99

  Murdock, Harold, 19

  Murdock, Kenneth, 19, 36, 46, 54, 90, 91, 99, 111, 115, 116, 118, 123, 134, 170–72

  Muroc Army Air Base, California, 299

  Murphree, Eger V., 243, 252

  Murrow, Edward R., 208, 437, 471–72

  Mussolini, Benito, 154, 162

  mustard gas (Yellow Cross), 63–67, 69, 92, 103, 218, 260, 261

  My Several Lives: Memoirs of a Social Inventor (Conant), 9–10, 73, 135, 173, 228, 305, 341, 352, 385, 475, 491–92

  Nagasaki, Japan, 7, 329, 341, 342, 350, 351, 377, 378, 381, 382n, 384, 387, 390, 391

  napalm, 342

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 469

  Nation, 175

  National Academy of Sciences, 107, 110, 192, 432–33

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 486

  National Council of American Education, 415

  National Defense Education Act of 1958, 477

  National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 192–96, 198, 200, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 220, 226, 230, 236, 244, 262, 271, 328, 433

  National Research Council, 165

  National Science Foundation, 433

  National Security Council, 422, 452

  National Security Council Planning Board, 482

  National Security Council Report 68 (NSC68), 436

  National War College, 375, 397–98, 408

  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 439, 445, 461, 462, 467, 469, 480

  Nazi bomb program, 300–305, 319

  Nazism, 101, 138–49, 161, 187, 211, 223, 396, 464

  Neddermeyer, Seth H., 295–96, 298, 309, 310

  neoprene, 68

  Nernst, Walther, 44, 62

  Neumann, John von, 298, 310

  Neutrality Acts, 1, 166–69, 187, 199

  New Church School, Waltham, 18

  New Deal, 109, 149–51, 279

  New England Society, 238

  New Jerusalem Church, 17–18

  New Look Doctrine, 467

  New Republic, 41

  New World, The (Hewlett and Anderson), 287, 357

  New York Herald Tribune, 195, 246, 247, 289, 451, 466

  New York Times, 122, 134–35, 137, 141, 151, 153, 165, 180, 184, 195, 209, 224, 247, 302, 325, 328, 339–41, 344, 356, 370, 373, 389, 393, 409, 417, 444, 463, 486, 495

  New York Times Magazine, 73

  New York World, 116

  New York World-Telegram, 139

  New Yorker magazine, 156–57, 328, 376–78, 430

  Newsweek magazine, 328, 441

  Nichols, Kenneth D., 269, 431, 456

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 379–80

  Nieman Fellowship, 441

  Nieuwland, Julius Aloysius, 67–68

  Nitze, Paul, 436–37

  Nixon, Richard M., 413, 438, 445

  NKVD, 264

  Nobel Prize, 52, 85, 102, 121, 124

  Nonpartisan Committee for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Law, 169

  Normandy landings, 305, 308, 311

  Norris, James F., 61, 64, 71

  Norsk Hydro heavy water plant, 301, 302

  North Atlantic Treaty, 410

  Noyes, Arthur A., 26, 104

  nuclear deterrence theory, 375

  nuclear fission, 214

  nuclear weapons, 3

  Nuremberg trials, 464

  Nye, Gerald P., 163, 197

  Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 254, 269, 291, 292, 308, 355

  Ober, Frank B., 417

  Office of Economic Opportunity, 490

  Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 301

  Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 3, 226–28, 231, 233, 234, 237, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 262, 271, 274, 290, 313, 324, 336, 476

  Uranium Section (Section S-1), 234, 239–44, 252, 253, 257, 259, 266, 267, 274, 282, 283, 323

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 236, 301, 304, 418

  Okinawa, 327, 342, 382

  Oliphant, Mark, 231, 264, 265, 281, 292

  Omaha Beach, 307

  On Active Service in Peace and War (Stimson), 391

  On Understanding Science: An Historical Approach (Conant), 494–95

  open skies proposal, 463

  Operation Gold, 448–49

  Operation Overlord, 288, 307, 308

  Operation Peppermint, 306, 307

  Oppenheimer, Frank, 405, 407

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 263–74, 292–94, 296, 299, 303, 304, 306, 308–11, 320, 321, 325–27, 329, 332–34, 338–40, 350, 356, 365–67, 369, 371, 377, 381, 384, 397, 404, 425, 437, 442–43, 472

  appointment as director of Los Alamos Laboratory, 270. See also Manhattan Project

  appointment to General Advisory Committee (GAC), 405–7

  and Chevalier, Haakon, 265, 405, 432, 459, 460

  and Conant, James Bryant, 271, 273, 310–11, 404, 406–7, 426, 431–33, 455–61

  FBI file of, 405, 432, 456

  and Groves, Leslie R., 267–73, 405, 406, 408

  and hydrogen bomb, 422–27, 431–32, 457–59

  left-wing tendencies of, 264–65, 405

  personality of, 404

  and security hearing, 455–61

  and Teller, Edward, 423, 424

  Oppenheimer, Katherine “Kitty,” 264, 405

  Organic Chemistry: A Brief Introductory Course (Conant), 108

  Organic Syntheses journal, 93

  Orwell, George, 375

  Ostertag, Harold C., 466

  Ostwald, Wilhelm, 44, 102

  Oxford University, 117, 124, 146

  Palmer, George Herbert, 39, 116

  Parade magazine, 481

  Paris Peace Conference, 395

  Parsons, William S., “Deak,” 295–99, 309, 310

  Patterson, Robert, 355, 373, 406

  Patton, George, 312, 382

  Peabody, Elizabeth, 17

  Peace Corps, 490

  Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 7, 234–37, 322, 341, 342, 476

  Pearson, Drew, 402, 411

  Pedagogical Center, Berlin, 488, 490

  Peierls, Rudolf, 230, 284, 292

  Pennock, Stanley B., 54–56

  Peril and a Hope, A: The Scientists’ Movement in America, 1945–47 (Smith), 372

  Perkin, William Henry, Jr., 91

  Perkins, Thomas Neldon, 115, 172

  Perry, Bliss, 39

  Peterson, Arthur V., 307

  Phillips Exeter Academy, 174, 197

  phosgene, 62, 63, 261

  plutonium, 227–29, 232, 239–40, 242, 252, 255, 257, 259, 283, 295, 297, 298, 301, 304, 307–9, 311, 320, 322, 335, 338

  poison gas, 61–76, 94, 102–3, 154, 198, 251, 260

  Pope, Sir William Jackson, 64–65, 92

  Porcellian Club, 37

  Porton Down, England, 217

  Potsdam Conference, 5, 330, 333, 336, 337, 341, 347, 382, 400, 404

  Potsdam Declaration, 340, 344

  Pound, Roscoe, 144–45

  Powers, Thomas, 304, 305

  Practical Chemistry (Black and Conant), 87, 108

  Pravda, 37
3

  Presidential Medal of Freedom, 488, 490

  President’s Reports (Conant), 131, 150

  President’s Science Advisory Committee, 477

  preventive war movement, 408, 410

  Princeton University, 41, 122, 179, 182, 406, 424

  Pringle, Henry F., 156–57

  Purnell, William R., 254

  Pusey, Nathan, 452

  Putney School, Vermont, 245, 330

  Quadrant Conference, 287, 288

  Quebec Agreement, 287

  Quebec Conference, 318

  Quincy, John, III, 32

  Rabi, Isidor I., 270, 272, 273, 294, 299, 333, 335, 424, 425, 428, 460

  radar, 81, 198, 200, 216, 218, 221–22, 229, 231, 270, 273, 290

  Radcliffe College, 237

  Radford, Arthur, 466

  Radford Plan, 466–67

  radiation poisoning (nuclear fallout), 335, 376–77

  radiological warfare, 228, 305–8, 410, 419

  Ramsay, William, 91

  Ramsey, Norman, 299

  Rand, E. K., 39, 129

  Randall, Clarence, 40

  Rathenau, Walther, 101

  Rayleigh, Lady, 91

  Redman, Laurence V., 79

  Reed, John, 34, 41

  Reid, Paul, 214

  Reuter, Ernst, 448

  RIAS radio station, 448

  Richards, Alfred, 416

  Richards, Anna Matlack, 82

  Richards, Arthur Newton, 432

  Richards, Betty, 136

  Richards, Grace “Patty.” See Conant, Grace Richards, “Patty”

  Richards, Greenough Thayer, 83, 96, 136, 181, 473, 475

  Richards, Herbert Maule, 81, 107

  Richards, Miriam Stuart Thayer, 80–81, 83–85, 88–91, 96, 97, 107, 110–12, 124, 136, 175–77, 179–81, 187, 245, 419, 420, 434, 473, 475

  Richards, Theodore William, 27, 28, 31, 43–45, 49, 52, 54, 55, 60, 81–93, 96, 100, 102, 103, 107–8, 116, 180, 475

  Richards, William “Bill,” 83, 85, 86, 96–97, 122, 136, 175, 176, 179–86, 214, 263, 473, 475

  Richards, William Trost, 81–82

  Rickover, Hyman G., 477

  Rjukan, Norway, 301, 302

  RMS Lusitania, 50

  Robb, Roger, 458, 459

  Roberts, Owen, 353–54

  Rockefeller Corporation, 142

  Rockefeller Foundation, 11, 181

  Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 109, 144

  Rommel, Erwin, 221

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 195–96, 313

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 4, 114, 123, 125, 129, 131, 134, 137, 149, 152, 160–62, 199, 226, 227, 233, 245, 279, 280, 299, 303, 382, 402

  and atomic bomb program, 243–44, 251, 260, 262, 314–17, 323, 324

  and Churchill, Winston, 203, 281–88, 315

  and Conant, James Bryant, 190, 202–4, 209, 220–23

  death of, 322

  and draft, 192

  Einstein’s letter to, 185, 215, 264

  and election of 1920, 87

  and election of 1932, 109

  and election of 1936, 150, 162–63, 438