by Patrick Parr
11. Dobbs Butts, interview by the author.
12. Stone, notes from interview by Branch.
13. “Crozer Loses Some Stately Landmarks,” Chester Times, April 17, 1951.
14. Ibid.
15. ML’s daily class schedule was reconstructed by collating his class list (King, Papers, 1:48) with the course titles and schedules listed in Crozer, Annual Catalogue 42, no. 1 (January 1950). His GPA was computed using current academic calculation methods (e.g., B = 3.0), weighted by credit hours.
16. Pennsylvania Remembers Dr. King (video, Commonwealth Media Services, 1991), available online via Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, YouTube, January 19, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLQiJNBI_6Q.
17. Reddick, Crusader Without Violence, 79. Snuffy Smith cited this quote in his own article: Smith, “Martin Luther King Jr.: Reflections of a Former Teacher.”
18. Pennsylvania Remembers Dr. King (video).
19. Smith, “Martin Luther King Jr.: Reflections of a Former Teacher.”
20. ML’s oral report is collected in King, Papers, 1:436–439. The names of the seminarians in the class are listed in ibid., 462–463. Details regarding his classmate George W. Lawrence are in Lawrence, notes from interview by Branch.
21. King, Papers, 1:436–439.
22. Smith, “Martin Luther King Jr.: Reflections of a Former Teacher.”
23. A good introduction to Rauschenbusch is Christopher H. Evans, The Kingdom Is Always but Coming: A Life of Walter Rauschenbusch (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2004; paperback publ. Baylor University Press, 2010).
24. Smith, “Martin Luther King Jr.: Reflections of a Former Teacher.”
25. Quoted in Jeffrey Hart, These Days, Daily Notes, August 1972.
26. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2003; orig. publ. 1907), 368.
27. “A pity” comes from Beshai, correspondence with the author, May 14, 2015. “Tremendous capacity” is in Reddick, Crusader Without Violence.
28. Smith and Zepp, Search for the Beloved Community, 26.
29. The outline was compiled using three sources: Smith and Zepp, “Personalism,” in Search for the Beloved Community (Valley Forge, PA: Judson, 1974), 99–118; and two works by Edgar S. Brightman, Philosophy of Religion and The Finding of God. Both of Brightman’s books are cited in essays by King, collected in Papers, 1:232, 433.
30. King, Where Do We Go from Here (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010; orig. publ. 1967), 105.
31. King, Papers, 1:432.
32. Beshai, correspondence with the author, May 12, 2015.
33. “Crozer Begins Commencement,” Chester Times, May 5, 1951.
34. “Awards Made at Seminary Exercises,” Chester Times, May 8, 1951.
35. Marcus Wood, “Reflecting: My Life with the Late Martin Luther King,” typed report, May 5, 1986, found in folder 703, p. 1, Taylor Branch Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
36. Ibid.
37. “Degrees Awarded to Ten at Crozer Commencement” and “Awards Made at Seminary Exercises,” Chester Times, May 8, 1951.
38. “Awards Made,” Chester Times.
39. King, Papers, 3:294. After leaving Crozer, Batten went on to coauthor a short 1960 book titled Fit To Be Tied: An Approach to Sex Education and Christian Marriage.
40. King, letter to Francis Stewart, July 26, 1954, collected in Papers, 2:280.
41. King Sr., Daddy King, 130.
42. Crozer, Annual Catalogue 42, no. 1 (January 1950).
43. “Awards Made,” Chester Times.
44. Sakurabayashi’s original letter can be found in Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Archive, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University. The letter was also published in Patrick Parr, “A Note of Concern to Wounded MLK from a Friend in Japan,” Japan Times, January 14, 2015.
45. King, “A Conception and Impression of Religion Drawn from Dr. Brightman’s Book Entitled A Philosophy of Religion,” collected in Papers, 1:416. This quote was also included in Clayborne Carson, with Peter Holloran et al., “Martin Luther King, Jr., as Scholar: A Reexamination of His Theological Writings,” Journal of American History 78 (June 1991): 99.
Epilogue: Beyond Crozer
1. “Dr. King’s Notes on Ministry,” King Center Digital Archive, www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/dr-kings-notes-ministry.
2. King, Papers, 2:158–159.
3. Information on ML’s Niagara visit comes primarily from Whitaker, notes from interview by Branch.
4. Ibid. According to King, Papers, 6:159, “Going Forward by Going Backward” was also known as “Rediscovering Lost Values.” Under the latter title, King was recorded delivering a version of this sermon in Detroit on February 28, 1954. It is the earliest known recording of a King speech.
5. The original typed copy of this letter, dated March 22, 1962, is available at the King Center Digital Archive, www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/letter-pastor-h-edward-whitaker-mlk.
6. Moitz, interview by the author, January 3, 2016.
7. King, Papers, 5:571.
8. The Moitz Christmas card was in the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Archive, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University. Reprinted with permission.
9. Bennett, What Manner of Man, 40.
10. Martin Luther King Jr., address at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, April 19, 1961, typed transcript, 6, available at the King Center Digital Archive: www .thekingcenter.org/archive/document/address-mlk-southern-baptist-theological-seminary
11. Moitz, interview by the author, January 3, 2016.
12. Martin Luther King Jr.: The Man and the Dream (A&E Biography, January 19, 1998). The film misidentifies Betty as “Betty Moatz.” (It also has an ominous, foreboding score throughout, which struck me a bit odd.)
13. King, Papers, 4:463–464.
14. Ibid., 2:323
15. Ibid., 4:463.
16. Barbour, “A Defense of the Negro Preacher,” in Reid, The Negro Baptist Ministry, 13–14.
17. Frank Galey and Jack Hopkins, “‘He Had Very Definite Feeling About Rights,’” Delaware County Daily Times, April 5, 1968.
18. King, Papers, 3:129–130.
19. Ibid.
20. Pat Warren, “Dr. Martin Luther King Colleague Remembers His Legacy,” CBS Baltimore, August 22, 2011, http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2011/08/22/dr-martin-luther-king-colleague-remembers-his-legacy/.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Smith, notes from interview by Branch, October 12 and November 3, 1983. It’s clear from Branch’s notes that Mac and Snuffy shared great friendship and respect; in the November interview, Smith referred to his friend as the “salt of the earth.”
24. McCall, transcript of interview by Holmes.
25. Ibid. According to Snuffy Smith, the pool table ML used while at Crozer was, as of 1983, in the possession of a professor named Ted Wheaton. Smith, notes from interview by Branch, November 3, 1983.
26. Esther Smith, interview by the author.
27. Smith, notes from interview by Branch, October 12, 1983, revealed the margin of votes Snuffy lost by.
28. Reagan’s full remarks are available at the American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=40708.
29. Kenneth Smith, “The Radicalization of Martin Luther King Jr.: The Last Five Years” (speech, Bexley Hall, Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School, Rochester, NY, January 15, 1986). The quote is from around three to four minutes into the lecture.
30. Kenneth Smith, remarks at Martin Luther King Day celebration (Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School, Bexley Hall, Rochester, NY, 1979), cassette.
31. Smith, “The Radicalization of Martin Luther King Jr.” The quote is from around three to four minutes into the lecture.
32. Ibid.
&nb
sp; 33. Farris, “The Young Martin.”
Appendix B: Events from ML’s Student Body Presidency
1. Orientation schedule adapted from “Crozer Seminary Orientation Program Is Launched Today,” Chester Times, September 7, 1950. Commencement schedule from “Crozer Begins Commencement,” Chester Times, May 5, 1951.
Appendix C: A Brief History of the Crozers and Old Main
1. MacQueen, Crozers of Upland, 20. In addition, pp. 20–32 were used for reference throughout.
2. “The Crozer Theological Seminary,” Evening Telegraph (Philadelphia, PA), November 5, 1867.
3. Ibid.
4. MacQueen, Crozers of Upland, 21.
5. “Crozer Theological Seminary,” Evening Telegraph.
6. MacQueen, Crozers of Upland, 20.
7. “Crozer Theological Seminary,” Evening Telegraph.
8. Ibid.
9. See, for instance, Crozer, Annual Catalogue 42, no. 1 (January 1950).
10. Anecdote told by Norman Baumm and reported in MacQueen, Crozers of Upland, 107.
Selected Bibliography
Books
Bennett, Lerone. What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Chicago: Johnson, 1964.
Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Brewster, Gurdon. No Turning Back: My Summer with Daddy King. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2007.
Burrow, Rufus, Jr. God and Human Dignity: The Personalism, Theology and Ethics of Martin Luther King Jr. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006.
Cone, James H. Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, NY. Orbis, 1991.
Davis, George Washington. Existentialism and Theology: An Investigation of the Contribution of Rudolf Bultmann to Theological Thought. New York: Philosophical Library, 1957.
Diedrich, Maria. Love Across Color Lines. New York. Hill and Wang, 1999.
Enslin, Morton Scott. Christian Beginnings. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938.
Farris, Christine King. Through It All: Reflections on My Life, My Family, and My Faith. New York: Atria Books, 2009.
Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Morrow, 1986.
———. The FBI and Martin Luther King Jr. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
———. Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978.
Keighton, Robert E. The Man Who Would Preach. New York: Abingdon Press, 1956.
King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Edited by Clayborne Carson. New York: Warner Books, 1998. NOTE: This is not actually a formal autobiography written by Dr. King but a curated collection of material meant to demonstrate the arc of King’s life.
———. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Edited by Clayborne Carson. Vols. 1–6. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992–2007. Vols. 1 and 6 were especially helpful with the material in this book.
———. Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1958.
King, Martin Luther, Sr., with Clayton Riley. Daddy King: An Autobiography. New York: Morrow, 1980.
Lewis, David L. King: A Critical Biography. University of Illinois Press, 1970; Illini, 1978.
Lischer, Richard. The Preacher King: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Word That Moved America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995; paperback ed. 1997.
MacQueen, David A. The Crozers of Upland, 1723–1926. Wilmington, DE: Serendipity Press, 1982.
Marable, Manning. Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking, 2011.
McKinney, Richard I. Mordecai, the Man and His Message: The Story of Mordecai Wyatt Johnson. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1997.
Miller, Keith D. Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Its Sources. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Miller, William Robert. Martin Luther King, Jr.: His Life, Martyrdom, and Meaning for the World. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968.
Oates, Stephen B. Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Mentor, 1982.
Proctor, Samuel D. The Substance of Things Hoped For: A Memoir of African-American Faith. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1999.
Reddick, Lawrence Dunbar. Crusader Without Violence: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Harper, 1959.
Reid, Ira De Augustine. The Negro Baptist Ministry: An Analysis of Its Profession, Preparation and Practices. Philadelphia, PA: H&L Advertising Co., 1951. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University provided me with a copy of Reid’s survey.
Smith, Kenneth L., and Ira G. Zepp. Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King Jr. Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1974.
Tawney, R. H. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1926.
Warren, Mervyn. King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
Wood, Marcus Garvey. And Grace Will Lead Me Home: The Ministry of Rev. Marcus Garvey Wood; Covering Fifty Years, 1945–1995. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1998.
X, Malcolm, with Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992; orig. publ. 1965.
Interviews by David J. Garrow
Unless otherwise indicated, interviews are on cassette in the DJG Papers.
Carter, Harold. Baltimore, MD, January 27, 1986.
Pyle, Cyril. Philadelphia, PA, January 28, 1986.
Smith, Kenneth. Rochester, NY, January 31, 1986.
Stark, Walter. Philadelphia, PA, January 28, 1986.
Stewart, Francis. Atlanta, GA, March 29, 1984.
Whitaker, Horace. Boston, MA, December 3, 1985. King Papers Project Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Wood, Marcus G. Baltimore, MD, January 27, 1986.
Interviews by Taylor Branch
Quotes from Branch are taken from interview notes collected in folders 701 and 703, Taylor Branch Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
King, Joel. January 9, 1984.
Kirkland, Lydia. December 9, 1983.
Lawrence, George. Phone interview. February 24, 1984.
Pritchard, James. Phone interviews. June 25 and 29, 1984.
Smith, Kenneth. October 12 and November 3, 1983.
Stewart, Francis. December 23, 1983.
Stone, Juanita Sellers. March 6, 1984.
Whitaker, Horace. July 31, 1984
Williams, Larry. December 27, 1983.
Wood, Marcus Garvey. October 4, 1983.
Interviews by the Author
Beshai, Dr. James. E-mail correspondence, May 2015–October 2017.
———. Interview, Media, PA, January 4, 2016.
Bullard, Jack. Phone interview, February 20, 2016.
Burgess, Peter. E-mail correspondence via Michael Frank, June 17, 2016.
Dobbs Butts, June. Phone interview, April 20, 2016. Ms. Dobbs also mailed various helpful materials related to King.
Frank, Michael. E-mail correspondence, January 2014–July 2016.
Hoopes, Roberta “Bobbie.” Letter and e-mail correspondence, September 27, 2015.
McKinney, Rev. Samuel. Interview, Renton, WA, December 12, 2014. A shortened version of this interview was published in Seattle Magazine, January 15, 2015, www.seattlemag.com/article/reverend-samuel-mckinney-remembers-his-friend-dr-king.
Moitz, Betty. Interview, private location, January 3, 2016.
———. Letter and e-mail correspondence, September 2014–February 2016.
Sakurabayashi, Makoto. Correspondence, January 2016.
Smith, Esther. Phone interview, February 21, 2016.<
br />
Tasker, Dorothy. Interview, Media, PA, January 4, 2016.
Thomasberger, Joseph. Phone interview, March 19, 2016.
Whitaker, Horace Edward., Jr. Phone interview, July 3, 2017.
Willie, Charles Vert. Phone interview, April 27, 2016.
Wood, Marcus Garvey. Phone interview, September 4, 2016.
Other Interviews
King, Martin Luther, Jr. Interview by Alex Haley. Playboy, January 1965.
McCall, Walter. Transcript of interview by Herbert Holmes, Atlanta, GA, March 31, 1970. Provided by the King Center, Atlanta, GA.
Articles and Essays
Cannon, Poppy. “Martin Luther King, Jr.” In Heroes for Our Times, edited by Will Yolen and Kenneth Seeman Giniger. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1968.
Cone, James H. “Martin Luther King, Jr., Black Theology—Black Church.” Theology Today 41 (January 1984): 409–420.
Farris, Christine King. “The Young Martin: From Childhood Through College.” Ebony, January 1986, 56–58.